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effective troops. Other accounts, however, place the actual number of military fit for service no higher than 300,000 men, and of these a quarter must be kept in Poland.-Triester Zeitung.

SAN FRANCISCO Commerce of. The amount of duties collected at San Francisco, in the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1851, as compared with the corresponding quarter of the year 1850.

July,
August,
September,

1850.
$143.276 48

1831.
$182,396 75

176,656 00

101.128 00

144,318 00

162,558 19

$464,250 48

$459,082 94

Amount of deposits in September, 1851, on account of unascertained, $72,707 30, being in addition to above.

Amount of Bullion reported in manifests at Custom's House was, July, 1851, $3,171,245; August, $3,311,100; Sept., $3,488,171; Total, $10,270,516.

Specie brought into the city in freight was, for July, $81,280; August, $61,195; Sept., $55,351.

Passengers arrived, July,

66

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August,
September,

Males.

Females. Child'n.

Total.

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1,697

1,886

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2,097

1,140

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6,574

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SCHOOLS, originally kept in the porches of churches. Even so late as 1624, John Evelyn, then four years old, was taught by 66 one Frier at the churchporch of Wotton."--E's. Diary. The ragged schools, for the instruction of destitute children in England, originated with John Pounds, a poor cripple and shoemaker at Portsmouth, who, while laboring for his daily sustenance, found time to instruct the vagabond children of his neighborhood. He died, deplored by all his scholars and their relatives, Jan., 1839." Infant schools originated about 1780, with Oberlin, pastor of Waldbach (Germ.); and in England were first put in operation in 1815, by James Buchanan, one of the masters engaged by Robert Owen at Lanark. Wilderspin's plans were subsequent to the above.-West. Review. Sabbath schools were partially in operation previous to the great effort of Mr. Raikes, through the instrumentality of Miss Walker, a Quaker lady of Tottenham, near London, and the Rev. Mr. Lindsay and wife, of Catterick, Yorkshire.-Nor. of Scot. Gaz. The first S. school in the United States is said to have been established by Mrs. Archibald Lake, in the stockade in Marietta, Ohio, March, 1791.

SEWING MACHINES. Invented 1848, and brought to general use by the large tailoring establishments. A machine, with the attention of one girl, will sew six overcoats per day.-Sci. Am.

SHANGHAI The population trading with this Chinese port is between 60,000 000 and 80,000,000. The teas grown here are the finest in the world, and its supplies to foreign countries are about seven-eights of the whole product exported from the empire. The amount sent forward from China in 1850, is given officially as follows: To Russia, 7,000 000 lbs.; France, 2.000 000 lbs.; Holland 3.000 000 lbs.; Great Britain, 52 000 000 lbs.; and the U. States. 30 000 000 lbs. ; the total valuation of which shipments cannot fall far short of $30.000 000. The rich silk fabrics of Suchan are brought to Shanghai. as well as numerous other articles of valuable traffic, all of which may be more readily purchased here than at Canton, which port receives its principal export supplies from the former. The importance of Shanghai as a port of entrance for the American merchant offers incalculable advantages. See N. Y. Courier.

SHIPPING, U. S. A. Vessels built and tonnage thereof in the U. S.: year ending June 30, 1849. Ships. 198; brigs, 148; schooners, 623; sloops and canal boats, 370; steamers, 206. Total, 1,547. Aggregate tonnage, 3,535,000. Iron cylinder masts first fitted in a Dutch E. Indiaman at Liverpool, March, 1851. Amount of tonnage of American vessels engaged in foreign trade, for year ending 30th June, 1850, was entered 2,573,016; cleared. 2 632,788. Foreign tonnage during same period entered, 1,775,623; cleared. 1.728 214. Number of vessels built in 1850 was 1.360 their total tonnage 272,218 54-95. In 1851 the total U. S tonnage was 3,772,439, including the whaling vessels, 181,644; vessels built, 1,367. Massachusetts total tonnage engaged in foreign and domestic trade, 694,402; New-York. 1,041,013; Oregon (smallest), 1,063.-M. Courier. The clipper ship "Flying Cloud," Capt, Cressy, left New-York June 2, 1851, and arrived at San Francisco, August 20, making the trip round Cape Horn in the unprecedented short space of 90 days; the shortest passage on record. In three days the F. C. made 992 miles. SLAVE-TRADE. Official returns made to the foreign office in London show that from the year 1840 to the year 1848, inclusive, 594 vessels, containing 37,824 slaves, were captured by the British squadron, and 556 of them condemned. It has been estimated by the English statician McQueen, that the loss sustained by slave-traders in consequence of the captures or presence of African cruisers, from the year 1800 to 1847, was £30,240,000. SLAVERY, U. S. A. Renewed agitation of this subject caused by the passage and enforcement of the "Fugitive Slave Bill" (passed by Congress in Aug., 1850). In several instances, the claims for fugitive slaves are resisted or defeated in the Northern States, but without serious collision or bloodshed; Sept., Dec., 1850. By decision of Judge Hoadly, Superior Court, Cin., in Oct., 1851, this law was pronounced as "opposed to the spirit and letter of the Constitution of the U. S." The Boston Post of Dec., 1850, states that the original Fugitive Slave Law was drafted by Geo. Cabot, of Mass., Nov. 1792, and passed unanimously by the Senate on the 18th of Jan'y following, by a majority of 41. A Papal Bull of Dec., 1839, prohibits all traffic in human beings by subjects of Roman Catholic States.- Wade's Brit. Hist. SPAIN. Queen Isabella personally opens the Cortes in the new palace, in the Plaza de Cervantes, Oct. 31, 1850. At Madrid, Nov., 1851, the commissioners for regulating the liberty of the press refuse to assent to the ministerial proposition of seizing newspapers before publication.

STAGES. In 1749 there was a daily stage route between Newark, N. J., and New-York, during the summer months only. The number of passengers in one season was considered large at 3,000; the number of passengers over the railroad to the same place was, in 1850, 959,000!

STEAM ENGINE. A patent was granted in England in 1618, for a steam-or as it is there designated, a "fire-engine, for taking ballast out of rivers and for raising fresh water." It is supposed to have been an invention brought from Italy, where it is stated to have been anteriorly used. Brancas, an Italian philosopher, published at Rome, in 1629, a book on the subject.— Wade's Brit. Hist, A complete steam-engine, weighing only three fourths of an ounce, and capable of full motion, was finished and intended for exhibition at the Crystal Palace by an ingenious mechanic of Saddleworth, Yorkshire, in Feb., 1851.—Illus. News. The tubular boiler was invented by Col. John Stevens, Hoboken, N. J., 1805.

STEAM NAVIGATION, U. S. A. The steamer Atlantic, 3,500 tons, the first of the Collins' line, sailed for Liverpool, from New York, April 27, 1850. Steam communication between Philadelphia and Liverpool opened by the "City of Glasgow," arrived at Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1851. The first steamer

that ever crossed the Atlantic was the "Savannah," 350 tons, from Savannah, Geo., to Liverpool, which port she reached 20th July, 1819.-Marwade's Com. Report. The first steamboat that ascended the Mississippi was commanded by Capt. Henry M. Shreeve, who subsequently invented the steam snag-boat; he died in 1851. The number of steamboats on the Western waters in 1850 was estimated at 575, investing a capital of $60,000,000, and employing 15,000 hands. The annual cost to the U. S. government of the Steam Mail Service in 1850. was distributed as follows:-Collins' line, New York and Liverpool, $385,000; Ocean Steam Navigation Company, New York and Bremen, $200,000; do., do., do., do., New York and Havre, $150,000; New York, Havana and New Orleans, $290,000; Panama and Oregon line, $199,000; Charleston and Havana line, $50,000.- Total, $1.274,000. The first steamer on Lake Nicaragua began its trips January, 1851. Duty paid by Cunard steamers at Boston, in 1847, was $1,199.971 78; in 1850, $1,322,383 30. Marine Steam Force of Great Britain in 1851 was147 ships, including 3 in Canada, and 32 iron steamers, 11 ranging from 1,547 to 1,980 tons. A discovery in 1851 of a work in the archives of Venice, of a treatise on "6 Navigation by Fire," by M. Gautier, Mem. Roy. Soc. Paris, shows that the professor's plans for steam navigation were exhibited by him to the Venetian Republic in 1756.

STEAMBOAT BUILDING. The annual report on commerce and navigation, gives the following aggregate of the number of steamboats built in the United States since 1824-twenty-five years, in periods of five years each: From 1824 to 1829, 194 From 1841 to 1849,

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1829 to 1834,

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1834 to 1839,

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Two-thirds of these were built in the West, one-sixth of them in Ohio. STEAM AND POWDER EXPLOSIONS. The most fatal accident of this nature in 1849 was that of the steamboat Louisa, at N. O.. Nov. 15, when 60 persons were killed and 92 wounded and missing. During 1850 the number of steamboats lost in the Western waters was 53, and 64 seriously injured. Nearly 700 persons lost their lives, and $1 500,000 of property was destroyed. Some of the most prominent accidents by explosion in 1850 and 1851, were:

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SUGAR. A hundred years ago the Jesuits brought a few bundles of cane from Hispaniola, and planted them in the second municipality of New Orleans.

In 1759 the first sugar-mill was erected. In 1840 the number of slaves employed in the sugar culture was 148,890, and the product was 119,947 hogsheads, of 1,000 pounds each, and 600,000 gallons of molasses.-Mobile Register.

TEA. Quantity imported into Great Britain in 1849, 53.460.751 lbs. The duty upon it amounted to £5,471,671. This is an increase of nearly 50 per cent. over the imports of 1810.

TELEGRAPH, THE SNAIL. The actuality of telegraphic communication by medium of magnetism in snails, experimentally demonstrated by Prof. Gregory of Edinburgh, May, 1851.

TELEGRAPH-see " Electric."

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. The benevolent influence of these associations may be estimated from the fact that the amount of taxation in the state of New York, in 1850, occasioned by pauperism and crime resulting from intemperance, was nearly $2 600,000, and the amount for the entire Union during that period, and resulting from the evils of intemperance, was over $16,000,000. The daily expenditure in the 5,000 drinking places in New York is calculated at over $40,000.-Mr. Foster's Speech at Tripler Hall, March, 1851.-Father Matthew, the "Apostle of Temperance," after visiting numerous states in the Union during two years, and administering over 600,000 pledges, sailed for Liverpool in steamer Pacific, Nov. 8, 1851. TEXAS. The question of the boundary line between Texas and New Mexico, after much excitement and discussion, is settled by the payment of $10,000.000 by the U. S. to Texas, as indemnity for the territory claimed by New Mexico, Sept., 1850. Population in 1850, 188,403, including 53,346 slaves.

TIDES. The highest known are in the Bay of Fundy, Newfoundland, and the Bay of Tonquin, Cochin China.-Q. Rev., 1819. That of the former rises 60 feet; the tide at Chepstow (Monmouth, Eng.) rises 70 feet.--Idus. News. That of Bathin's Bay only 4 feet.-Capt. Ross, 1819. Seeds dropped accidently into the sea in the W. Indies, were subsequently found on the shores of the Hebrides.--Dr. Walker to Lord Kames.-See Oceans. TIGRE (Island of), Central America, seized by Mr. Chatfield, British Consul, with an armed force, for the "British Queen," Oct. 17, 1849; but the claim was not enforced, and was settled in the " Nicaragua Treaty," signed at Washington, by Clayton and Bulwer, June, 1850.

TURKEY. Battle between the Turks and Syrians, who had revolted against the Turkish recruiting system-Syrians defeated with loss of 1,000 men, 1850. Explosion on board the Neiri Schevket, line of battle ship, at Constantinople, 1,000 persons killed, Oct. 23, 1850.

UNION MEETINGS. Gov. Quitman of Miss.. addresses a disunion meeting with some opposition, at Natchez, Oct 7, 1850. A similar meeting in Yazoo city votes down the resolutions proposed. A convention for amending the constitution of Indiana, assembles at Indianapolis, Oct. 7. A great union meeting at Mobile, Ala., Oct. 8. Convention for amending constitution assembles at Richmond, Va., Oct. 14. A union festival in compliment to Mr. Clay, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 17. A Woman's Rights convention held in Worcester, Mass., Oct. 23. A great union meeting at Dayton, Ohio, Oct. 26, and an immense meeting for like purpose in New York, Oct. 30. Convention to amend constitution of Maryland, meets in Annapolis. Nov. 4; another at Concord, N. H., for revising constitution of that state, Nov. 6; and one at Manchester, N. H., Nov. 20. A great union meeting at Philadelphia, Nov. 21. One at Bath. Me., Dec. 16. Convention of Delegates from Southern

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Rights Association, of S. Carolina, at Charleston, May 8; adjourns after resolving "that with or without co-operation they are for dissolution of the Union!"

UTAH TERRITORY OF U. S. A territorial government provided by Congress, Sept. 9, 1850. The territory is bounded on the west by California, north by Oregon, east by the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and south by the parallel of 37° N. The act provides the sum of $5,000 for a library. VENEZUELA. Gen. J. G. Monagas elected president for four years, Jan.

20. 1851.

VIRGINIA. According to the census returns, the real estate, &c., of Virginia, 1850, was $530,000.000, viz. --Real estate, $278.000.000; value of slaves, $147.000,000; other personal estate, $105 000,000. The returns further show that nearly 83,000 white persons over the age of 21, can neither read nor write! The new Constitution of this state adopted 1851, in the 111th article has the following clause: And no person shall have a right to vote who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, or a non-commissioned officer in the service of the United States." Population of 1850, 1,421,081, including 473,026 slaves.

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WAMPUM. This material as a representative circulating medium. was borrowed by the people of Plymouth, Mass., from the Manhattan Dutch, and was found very profitable in their traffic with the eastern Indians, and subsequently among the colonists generally. Three of the blackbeads and six of the white, were considered as equivalent to a penny; and for convenience' sake, they were strung in lengths of certain value from one penny to 5 shillings, in white; and from twopence to ten shillings in black; as the quantity in circulation increased, the value depreciated and the number of beads to the penny was augmented.-See Hildreth's U. S. America, 1850. WARS MODERN. Those of the 17th century, were wars of religion; of the 18th century. of conquests and dynasties; of the 19th, of monarchs against the people.-Berlin Corres. N. Y. Com. The actual cost of the late Mexican war is estimated at $300,000,000. The wars of Europe from 1783 to 1815, are estimated at $15 000,000,000. The late Hungarian war left 25,000 widows, and 80,000 orphans of soldiers, almost entirely without food, shelter, or clothing.

WASHINGTON. D. C. Population in 1810. 8,201, in 1820, 13,248, in 1830, 18.827, in 1840, 23,364. in 1850, about 42.000.

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. The original MS. was sold at auction in Philadelphia, to a citizen of New York, for $2,300, February 12, 1850.

WESTMINSTER, ARCHBP. OF.

Nicholas Wiseman, having been created Cardinal by the Pope, is installed as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, Nov.. 1850. This, in addition to Dr. Ullathorne's enthronement as R. C. bishop of Birmingham in Oct., together with the parcelling out of all England into Roman dioceses, created great excitement, and petitions from every quarter of the United Kingdom were addressed to the Queen and government, praying their resistance to the monstrous usurpation." WHALE FISHERY. Registered tonnage employed in this branch of commerce, 1850, was 146 016. Fish and sperm oil exported during the year ending June 30, 1850, $1,809,115. The average yield of a polar whale is about 120 barrels oil.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. Inauguration of the statue of this renowned monarch at Falaise, Normandy, his native place, Oct. 26, 1851.

WISCONSIN. The population of this State is shown by the census returns,

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