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attraction or affinity. These are, in the same species of life, the same anifact, immutable relations subsisting mal functions, possessed by many of between the various species of matter. the inferior orders of the animal kingTwo or more given bodies will, at all dom. Something analogous to animal times, if placed in similar circum- life is also sufficiently obvious, though stances, exhibit the same phenomena. in a lower degree, in the vegetable Anomalous cases of chemical attrac- kingdom.

tion were indeed formerly supposed The word vital principle, vital to exist; but in proportion to the in- power, &c. does not signify a being crease of our knowledge upon this sub- existing alone and independently of ject, by accurate investigation, these the actions by which it manifests itsupposed anomalies have disappeared, self: it should only be employed as and we have obtained the most con- an abridged formula, that is used to vincing proofs that on inorganic mat- signify the aggregation of those powers ter Nature operates by invariable laws which animate living bodies, and disThe same uniformity of operation, tinguish them from inert matter. we must necessarily conclude, takes Therefore, in this introduction, when place in the formation of organized we make use of these or any other bodies, and in the production of the equivalent terms, it should be undervarious phenomena which they exhi- stood as if we said the tout ensemble bit. They are not indeed governed of laws that influence the animal ecoby precisely the same, yet certainly nomy. This explanation is absolutely by equally fixed and invariable laws. necessary, since many authors, realThe formation of an organized body, izing the produce of abstracted ideas, whether animal or vegetable, and the have spoken of the vital principle as production and continuance of that something quite distinct from the species of life which it possesses, with body, as a being perfectly separate, to all its phenomena, depend upon im- which they have attributed a kind of mutable relations subsisting between seeing and perceiving, and even envarious species of matter. dued it with reasonable faculties." The phenomena of life in the hu- The vital principle however, whe man species have been attributed to ther a distinct being, or a property of the union of an immaterial substance the bodily organization, is preserved with the corporeal frame. We do in existence by the operation of cernot deny the existence of soul or tain external powers-a subject which spirit, whether purely immaterial, or we shall endeavour to illustrate in a otherwise; but we cannot admit that future report. life in the human species is constituted by the presence of such a distinct substance, because we observe

J. HERDMAN. Charlotte-street, Bloomsbury, 23d March, 1807.

HISTORICAL CHRONICLE.

DOMESTIC OCCURRENCES.

London.

ORD SOMERVILLE'S Spring

the 4th July, 1806; and also, on the earnest recommendation of General Lord Lake, in addition to the per

Locatis sex commenced on mission recently granted to the 76th

Monday, March 2d; the particulars of which, for want of room, we are obliged to defer till our next.

regiment of foot, for placing the word

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Hindostan" on their colours and appointments, as an honorary badge, His Majesty has granted permission the regiment may place the elephant to the 20th, 27th, 58th, 78th, and 81st in their colours, and on their appointregiments of foot, and to the regi- ments, inscribing the word Hinment of Watteville, that they may dostan" around it, as a distinguished bear in their colours and on their ap- testimony of their good conduct and pointments, the word "Maida," as an exemplary valour during their services honourable and lasting testimony of in India. the distinguished gallantry displayed by those corps in the action fought on the plains of Maida in Calabria, on

A building is to be erected on the

• Richerand's Physiology.

site of the old Surgeons' Hall, in the square, to Miss Goldsmid, eldest Old Bailey, contiguous to the Ses- daughter of Abraham Goldsmid, esq. sions House, for the accommodation of witnesses and officers attending the court. The rest of the ground is intended to be added to the back of the London Coffee-House.

At two o'clock the ship intended to take the lead in entering, began to dress in the colours of various nations, and on the tide rising to a level with the water in the bason, the gates were thrown open, and guns were fired as a signal for vessels to enter.

At Mary-ie Bone Church, Peter Touchet, esq. of Mortimer-street, to Miss Ford, eldest daughter of the late Sir Francis Ford, bart.-Hon. Col. Ponsonby, to the flon. Miss Fitzroy, daughter of Lord Southampton.

Two bills have been brought into the House of Commons for building Died.] In St. Bartholomew's Hosbridges across the river Thames at pital, in the most abject state of poVauxhall, and opposite to Southamp- verty and distress, aged 54, John ton-street, in the Strand. Coghlan, esq. some time a Captain The Grand Surrey Canal Bason at in his Majesty's 89th Regiment of Rotherhithe, which has so long been an Foot. It may not be unprofitable to object of attention in the mercantile the younger part of our readers to world, was opened for the reception turn aside from the awful events of of shipping and craft, on Friday 18th the passing day, to contemplate for of March. The ceremony took place a moment the melancholy vicissitudes in the presence of a numerous assem- of private individual life. This unblage of spectators, and the day proved happy man, in the dawn of his days, highly auspicious, though the wea had the brightest prospects. His ther was rather cold. father, a London merchant, though possessing great wealth, destined this his eldest son for the navy, and committed him to the care of his friend, the celebrated Captain Cook, with whom he made a voyage round the world as a midshipman. Not liking the sea, he turned his thoughts sucAbout half past three o'clock, the cessively to the bar, and to the church, Argo, a fine brig of 242 tons, the pro- and at last, entered into the army. perty of Mr. John Hall, made her He served several campaigns in Ame. entry. She was saluted by a dis- rica, was at the storming of Fort charge of cannon on shore, which Clinton, and in several other actions, was returned by the vessel, whilst a where he behaved very gailantly. Atband of martial music on the deck New York he married the beautiful played "God save the King." Four and all-accomplished Miss Moncrieff, other vessels, named the Equity, the so celebrated afterwards in the anBritish Tar, the Nautilus, and the nals of galiantry, as Mrs. Coghlan. Cumberland yacht, immediately fol- From this unfortunate connection, lowed. The whole made a very in- formed without caution, without pruteresting appearance, riding in the dence, may be dated his misfortunes capacious channels of the Commercial Bason, which is a great improvement to the port of London.

and his misery. She was in principle, a strong republigan, which could not well accord with the sentiments Married. At Mary-le-Bone church, of a young soldier, full of spirit and R. Small, esq. late of the Inner Tem- loyalty, then fighting the battles of his, ple, to Miss Savage of Weymouth country. The lady soon chose anostreet, Portland-place, daughter of the ther protector. After the peace of late George Savage, esq. of Madras 1783, he obtained his Majesty's perAt Lambeth, Lieut. Col. George mission under the sign manual, to Cookson, of the Royal Horse Arti- serve in the Russian army. But his lery, to Miss Margaret Remington, domestic disappointment preved on only daughter of Wm. Remington, his mind, and he became dissipated and esq. of Clapham Read-At St. unstable, and served one campaign James's Church, by special license, only with the Russians. laving made the Right Hon. Lord Bagot, to Lady the tour of Europe, he returne! to Louisa Legge, eldest daughter of the England, and entered with avidity inEarl of Dartmouth.-At Morden, E. to eve y fashionable vice and folly of B. Lousada, esq. of Devonshire- the day. Ilis extravagance and at

street, Sir Hyde Parker, Knight, Admiral of the Red. His promotions in the navy were, Post Captain, 1762, Rear Admiral, 1798, Vice Admiral, 1794, and Admiral, 1799. [ An account of the gallant Admiral shall appear in our next.]

tachment to the fair sex, gradually on the 23d of August, 1803, and marinvolved him in poverty and ruin, ried in Dec. 1798, Miss Frances Ann and rendered him in the end, after Agar, only daughter of Charles, Ear! various and uncommon changes of of Normanton, Archbishop of Dubfortune and situation, the broken lin and Primate of Ireland. Dying down, pitiable object of a charitable without issue he is succeeded in titles institution. Highly favoured by na- and estates by his half brother, the ture, he possessed great powers of Hon. Cornwallis Maude, now Visbody and mind, he was social and count Hawarden.-General William convivial, could at will “set the table Dalrymple, aged 72, Colonel of the on a roar," and was accounted one of 47th regiment, and Lieutenant Gothe handsomest men of his time. In vernor of Chelsea Hospital. His prohis happier days, lawyers and medical motions in the army were, Colonel, men had a great deal of his money; Aug. 29, 1777, Major General, Nov. nor was his purse ever shut to the 20, 1782, Lieutenant General, Oct. claims of a brother officer, or to the 12, 1798, General, Jan. 1, 1798, and wants of the unfortunate. He was Colonel of the 47th regiment, March very respectably connected both in 19th, 1794.-In Great CumberlandEngland and Wales, yet the humanity of the officers of the Hospital retained his body a full fortnight, in the dead house, in the vain hope that some relation might come forward to pay the last sad duties to the dead. The charity of a stranger furnished a covering for his remains, In Queen-square, William George which were deposited in the burying Sibley, esq. Treasurer of the East ground of the Hospital.-At Peck- India Company.—Mr. Solomon Soloham, aged 20, Mr. Richard Sause, mons, celebrated as a Broker and son of Capt. Sause, who commanded Underwriter. He is supposed to have la Sensible, under Sir Home Pop- possessed property of different deham, in the Red Sea. He was the scriptions to an amount little short of only officer wounded in the Orion, one million sterling.-In Fleet-street, in the battle of Trafalgar, since which Mr. John Pridden, nearly half a centime he has lingered of his wounds.- tury a Bookseller in that street, who Killed by being crushed between the by his persevering industry, acquired wheel of a waggon and a post in an independent fortune with strict inPaul's Chain, St. Paul's Church- tegrity. The following anecdote of yard, Kyd Wake, Printer, of Albion this worthy man is recorded as a Buildings, Bartholomew Close, who, specimen of the goodness of his heart: about the year 1795, was convicted of seven years ago, on the failure of his insulting his Majesty on his way to less fortunate next door neighbour, the Parliament House, and suffered he invited him to his house, and rean imprisonment of five years for it. linquished business to give him the At her house in Ely Place, Mrs. opportunity of living on the same Knowles. A further account of this spot. His kind intentions met with lady in our next.]-At his house in success, and he frequently expressed Seymour-street, aged 53, General the pleasure he felt on seeing his Charles Crosbie, Colonel of the 53d friend prosper under his roof.-Feb. regiment. His promotions in the 23, Master Henry White, aged 15, army were, Colonel, Nov. 17, 1780, one of the unfortunate sufferers in the Major General, Sept. 28, 1787, Licu- melancholy catastrophe at the Old tenant General, Jan. 26,1797, General, Bailey. Impelled by a curiosity naApril 29, 1802, and Colonel of the tural to young people, and in some 53d regiment, Jan. 3, 1798.-In instances alas! too powerful to be Clarges-street, Feb. 27, aged 39, the controuled, he went to the eventful Right Hon. Thomas Ralph Maude, spot: and though on all occasions he Viscount Hawarden, 1791, Baron de possessed both spirit and conduct, Montalt, 1783, and a Baronet, all yet he was overcome by the pressure Irish titles. He succeeded his father of the immense crowd, swooned and

rose no more! He was just finishing our moderation or forbearance The dehis education through which he had lays, which have since taken place in our passed with credit to himself and sa- negociations with the British Government, tisfaction to his tutor, who loved him appear to have proceeded from causes which as his own child. He was to have do not forbid the expectation that, during the course of the session, I may be enabled been placed in the Counting-house of his father, an eminent wine-mer will be that of the negociations for settling to lay before you their final issue. What chant at Portsmouth, who, together our differences with Spain, nothing which with Mrs. W. have borne this severe had taken place, at the date of the last disdispensation of Providence with a patches, enables us to pronounce. On the truly christian fortitude and resigna- Western side of the Mississippi, she adtion. He was beloved, not only by vanced in considerable force, and took post his relatives and friends, but by all at the settlement of Bayou Pierre, on the who had the pleasure of knowing him. Red River. This village was originally His sorrowful tutor, deeply affected settled by France, was held by her as long by the early and premature death of as she held Louisian, and was delivered to an amiable pupil bears this sad tri- Spain only as a part of Louisiana. Being bute of respect to his memory.

FOREIGN EVENTS.

America.

small, insulated, and distant, it was not observed, at the moment of re-delivery to France and the United States, that she continued a guard of half a dozen men, which had been stationed there. A proposition, A monument is about to be erected however, having been lately made by our to the memory of Lord Nelson, at Commander-in-Chief, to assume the Sabine Montreal, in Canada. It is to be a River, as a temporary line of separation bepillar of solid stone, sixty feet high, ween the troops of the two nations, until surmounted by a figure of the gallant the issue of our negociations shall be known, admiral, of artificial stone, eight feet this has been referred by the Spanish Comhigh upon the capital. Three sides of mandant to his superior, and in the mean the pedestal are to be decorated with emblematical designs of his great victories, of the Nile, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar; on the fourth, in front, an inscription, of which the most striking feature will be the gallant admiral's last order-" England expects every man to do his duty."

The Bill for abolishing the Slave Trade in South Carolina has been thrown out by the Assembly of that province. It was lost by the casting vote of the president.

WASHINGTON CITY, DEC. 2.This day, at twelve o'clock, the President of the United States communicated, by Mr. Coles, his Secretary, the following Message to both Houses of Congress:

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled.

time he has withdrawn his force to the western side of the Sabine River. The cor.

respondence on this subject, now commu nicated, will exhibit, more particularly, the present state of things in that quarter.

The nature of that country requires in dispensably that an unusual proportion of the force employed there should be cavalry, or mounted infantry. In order, therefore, that the commanding officer might be enabled to act with effect, I had authorised him to call on the Governors of Orleans volunteer cavalry. The temporary arrangeand Mississippi, for a corps of five hundred

ment he has proposed, may perhaps render this unnecessary. But I inform you, with great pleasure, of the promptitude with which the inhabitants of those territories have tendered their services in defence of their country. It has done honour to themselves, intitled them to the confidence of their fellow-citizens in every part of the union, and must strengthen the general determination to protect them efficaciously, under all circumstances which may occur.

It would have given me, Fellow Citizens, great satisfaction to announce, in the mo- Having received information, that in ment of your meeting, that the difficulties another part of the United States, a great in our foreign relations, existing at the number of private individuals were comtime of our last separation, had been ami- bining together, arming and organising cably and justly terminated. I lost no time themselves, contrary to law, to carry ou a in taking those measures which were most military expedition against the territories of likely to bring them to such a termination, Spain, I thought it necessary, by proclamaby special missions, charged with such tion, as well as by special orders, to take powers and instructions, as, in the event of measures for preventing and suppressing failure, could leave no imputation on either this enterpaise, for seizing the vessels, armis, UNIVERSAL MAG. VOL. VII. 2 N

and other means provided for it, and for arresting and bringing to justice, its authors and abettors. It was due to that good faith which ought ever to be the rule of action in public, as well as in private transactions; it was due to good order, and regular government, that while the public force was acting strictly on the defensive, and merely to protect our citizens from aggression, the criminal attempts of private individuals, to decide for their country the question of peace or war, by commencing active and unauthorised hostilities, should be promptly and efficaciously suppressed.

Whether it will be necessary to enlarge our regular force, will depend on the result of our negociations with Spain. But as it is uncertain when that result will be known, the provisional measures requisite for that, and to meet any pressure intervening to that quarter, will be a subject for your early consideration.

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The possession of both banks of the Mississippi reducing to a single point the defence of that river, its waters, and the country adjacent, it becomes highly neces sary to provide for that point, a more adequate security. Some position above its mouth, commanding the passage of the river, should be rendered sufficiently strong to cover the armed vessels which may be stationed there for defence; and in conjunction with them, to present an insuperable obstacle to any force attempting to pass. The approaches to the city of New Orleans, from the eastern quarter also, will require to be examined, and more effectually guarded. For the internal support of the country, the encouragement of a strong settlement on the western side of the Mississippi, within reach of New Orleans, will be worthy the consideration of the Legislature.

The gun-boats, authorised by an Act of the last Session, are so advanced, that they will be ready for service in the ensuing spring. Circumstances permitted us to allow the time, necessary for their more solid construction. As a much larger number will still be wanting to place our sea-port towns and waters in that state of defence to which we are competent, and they entitled, a similar appropriation for a further provision of them is recommended for the ensuing year.

A further appropriation will also be necessary for repairing fortifications already established, and the erection of such other works as may have real effect in obstructing the approach of an enemy to our sea-port towns, or their remaining before them.

In a country whose constitution is derived from the will of the people, directly expressed by their free suffrages, where the principal executive functionaries, and those

of the legislature, are renewed by them at short periods, where, under the character of jurors, they exercise in person the greatest portion of the judiciary powers, where the laws are consequently so formed and administered as to bear with equal weight and favour on all, restraining no man in the pursuits of honest industry, and securing to every one the property which that acquires, it would not be supposed that any safe guards could be needed against insurrection or enterprize, on the public peace or authority. The laws, however, aware that these should not be trusted to moral restraints only, have wisely provided punishment for these crimes, when committed. But would it not be salutary to give also the means of preventing their commission? Where an enterprize is meditated by private individuals against a foreign nation, in amity with the United States, powers of prevention, to a certain extent, are given by the laws. Would they not be as rea sonable and useful, where the enterprise preparing is against the United States?→ While adverting to this branch of law, it is proper to observe, that in enterprises me ditated against foreign nations, the ordinary process of binding to the observance of the peace and good behaviour, could it be ex tended to acts to be done out of the juris diction of the United States, would be ef fectual in some cases where the offender is able to keep out of sight every indication of his purpose which could draw on him the exercise of the powers now given by law.

The States on the coast of Barbary seem generally disposed at present to respect peace and friendship. With Tunis alone, some uncertainty remains. Persuaded that it is our interest to maintain our peace with them on equal terms, or not at all, I propose to send, in due time, a reinforcement into the Mediterranean, unless previous information shall shew it to be unnecessary.

We continue to receive proofs of the growing attachment of our Indian neighbours, and of their disposition to place all their interests under the patronage of the United States. These dispositions are inspired by their confidence in our justice, and in the sincere concern we feel for their welfare. And as long as we discharge these high and honourable functions with the integrity and good faith which alone can entitle us to their continuance, we may expect to reap the just reward in their peace and friendship.

The expedition of Messrs. Lewis and Clarke, for exploring the river Missouri, and the best communication from that to the Pacific Ocean, has had all the success which could have been expected. They have traced the Missouri nearly to its source, de scended the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean,

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