TANFORD LIBRARY HARPER'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF UNITED STATES HISTORY 66 G. Gabriel's Insurrection (1800). Thom- 1818 he participated in the Seminole as Prosser, of Richmond, Va., owned a War. Later he went with Jackson to slave called "Jack Bowler," or General Pensacola, when the latter took possesGabriel," who fomented an insurrection sion of Florida, and was the first white among the slaves, with the intention of man to cross that peninsula from the Atmurdering the inhabitants of Richmond. lantic to the Gulf. In 1853 he was minisThe militia was ordered out; the ring- ter to Mexico, and on Dec. 10 of that year leaders were captured and punished. negotiated a treaty by which a new boundary was made between the United States and Mexico. He died in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 25, 1858. Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER, patriot; born in Charleston, S. C., in 1724; was educated in England; became a merchant in Charleston, and a sturdy champion of Gadsden Purchase, the name applied the rights of the colonies. He was a dele- to the land bought from Mexico in 1853, gate to the Stamp Act Congress, and ever because its transfer was negotiated by advocated openly republican principles. Gen. James Gadsden, who was United He was also a member of the first Con- States minister to Mexico when the purtinental Congress. Chosen a colonel in chase was made. It includes a strip of 1775, he was active in the defence of land extending from Rio Grande del Charleston in 1776, when he was made a brigadier-general. He was active in civil affairs, and was one of the many civilians made prisoners by Sir Henry Clinton and carried to St. Augustine. He was exchanged in 1781 and carried to Philadelphia. In 1782 he was elected governor of his State, but declined on account of infirmity. He died in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 28, 1805. See ST. AUGUSTINE. Norte, near El Paso, westward about 500 Gag-rule. Adopted by Congress on Gadsden, JAMES, statesman; born in Charleston, S. C., May 15, 1788; grad- Gage, LYMAN JUDSON, financier; born nated at Yale College in 1806. During in De Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., June the War of 1812 his service was marked 28, 1836; was educated at the Academy with distinction, and when peace was in Rome, N. Y.; entered the Oneida Cenconcluded he became aide to General tral Bank when seventeen years old, reJackson in the expedition to investigate the military defences of the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern frontier. In maining there till 1855, when he re- IV.-A in 1891 president of the First National his youth; was with Braddock at his Bank of Chicago. He was the first presi- defeat on the Monongahela, when he was dent of the board of directors of the lieutenant-colonel; and led the advance. LYMAN JUDSON GAGE. World's Columbian Exposition; served three times as president of the American Bankers' Association; first president of the Chicago Bankers' Club; and twice president of the Civil Federation of Chicago. In 1897-1902, he was Secretary of the United States Treasury. See EM BARGO ACTS. Gage, MATILDA JOSLYN, social reformer; born in Cicero, N. Y., March 24, 1826; was an active writer and speaker on behalf of woman's suffrage and the abolition of slavery. In 1872 she was elected president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association. In connection with SUSAN B. ANTHONY (q. v.) and ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (q. v.) she wrote The History of Woman Suffrage, and independently Woman as an Inventor. She died in Chicago, Ill., March 18, 1898. Gage, THOMAS, military officer; born in England about 1721; was second son of Viscount Gage; entered the army in In that hot encounter he was wounded. Late in 1758 he married a daughter of Peter Kemble, president of the council of New Jersey. Gage served under Amherst in northern New York and Canada, and on the capture of Montreal by the English in 1760 he was made military governor of that city. He was promoted tc major-general, and in 1763 succeeded Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. In 1774 he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts, and occupied Boston with troops, much to the annoyance and irritation of the inhabitants. Acting under instructions from his government rather than in accordance with his conscience and judgment, he took measures which brought on armed resistance to British rule in the colonies. When his demand for 20,000 armed men at Boston was received by the ministry they laughed in derision, believing that a few soldiers could accomplish all that was necessary to make the patriots cower. 66 Lord Dartmouth wrote to Gage, in the King's name, that the disturbers of the peace in Boston appeared to him like a rude rabble without a plan, without concert, and without conduct," and thought a small force would be able to encounter them. He instructed him that the first step to be taken towards the reestablishment of government would be to arrest and imprison the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress, whose proceedings appeared like rebellion and treason. He suggested that the measure must be kept a secret until the moment of execution. "If it cannot be accomplished," said Dartmouth, "without bloodshed, and should be a signal for hostilities, I must again repeat, that any efforts of the people, unprepared to encounter with a regular force, cannot be very formidable." This was written only a few weeks before the affairs at Lexington and Concord. Dartmouth continued, "The charter of Massachusetts empowers the governor to use and exercise the law martial in time of rebellion." It appears, from statements in official despatches, he believed there was an "actual and open rebellion" in that province, and therefore vast numbers. In all their wars against the exercise of his powers named were the French they never showed so much justifiable. The movements of ministers were keenly watched. "Your chief de Sho! Gage pendence," wrote Franklin to Massachusetts, "must be on your own virtue and unanimity, which, under God, will bring you through all difficulties." Garnier, the French ambassador at London, wrote to Vergennes, "The minister must recede or lose America forever." In his report of the battle of Bunker Hill, General Gage said to Lord Dartmouth, "The trials we have had show the rebels are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to be; and I find it owing to a military spirit encouraged among them for a few years past, joined with uncommon zeal and enthusiasm. They intrench and raise batteries -they have engineers. They have fortified all the heights and passes around this town (Boston), which it is not impossible for them to annoy. The conquest of this country is not easy; you have to cope with conduct, attention, and perseverance as they do now. I think it is my duty to let your lordship know the true situation of affairs." Franklin wrote to his English friends, Americans will fight; England has lost her colonies forever." Gage, performing no act of courage during the summer of 1775, while Washington was besieging Boston, endeavored to terrify the Americans and to keep up the spirits of his own soldiers by warning the former that thousands of veteran warriors were coming from Russia and the German principalities to crush the "unnatural rebellion." He vented his ill humor upon American prisoners in his hands, casting into prison officers of high rank, thinking thus to terrify the common soldiery, whose intelligence and courage he entirely underrated in reality, though praising them when it suited his purpose. Against this treatment Washington remonstrated; but Gage insolently scorned to promise "reciprocity with rebels," and replied: "Britons, ever pre-eminent in mercy, have overlooked the criminal in the captive; your prisoners, whose lives, by the laws of the land, are destined to the cord, have hitherto been treated with care and kindness-indiscriminately, it is true, for I acknowledge no rank that is not derived from the King." Washington remembered that Gage's want of presence of mind had lost the battle of the Monongahela and replied, in a dignified manner: "I shall not stoop to retort and invective. You affect sir, to despise all rank not derived from the same source as your own. I cannot conceive one more honorable than that which flows from the uncorrupted choice of a brave and free people, the purest source and original fountain of all power. Far from making it a plea for cruelty, a mind of true magnanimity would comprehend and respect it." After the affairs at Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill, Gage was ungenerously held responsible for the blunders of the ministry, and resigned his command in October, 1775, when he was succeeded by Gen. William Howe as chief of the forces in America. He died in England, April 2, 1787. Gaillardet, THEODORE FREDERIC, journalist; born in Auxerre, France, April 7, 1808; emigrated to the United States and established the Courrier des États-Unis in New York; took part in the Presidential canvass of 1872 on behalf of Horace Greeley. He is the author of Profession de foi et considérations sur le système républicain des Etats-Unis, and of a large number of communications on American subjects which appeared in the leading French newspapers. He died in PlessyBouchard, France, Aug. 12, 1882. Gaine, HUGH, journalist; born in Ireland in 1726; emigrated to America and became a printer in New York City in 1750; established The Mercury in 1752, originally a Whig journal. After the capture of New York by the English, The Mercury was a strong advocate of the British. Upon the conclusion of the Revolutionary War he was permitted to remain in New York, but was obliged to give up the publication of his newspaper. He died in New York City, April 25, 1807. Gaines, EDMUND PENDLETON, military his general good services during the war, officer; born in Culpeper county, Va., Congress gave him thanks and a gold March 20, 1777; removed with his family medal. Gaines served under Jackson in to Tennessee in 1790; entered the army as the Creek War, and fought the Seminoles ensign in 1799; and was promoted to lieu- in 1836. Late in life he married Myra tenant-colonel in the summer of 1812. He Clark, of New Orleans, heiress of a large rcɛe to brigadier-general in March, 1814; estate, who, after his death, became fa and after his gallant conduct at Fort mous for her successful persistence in liti. Erie in August, that year, he was brevetted major-general. For that exploit, and gation to secure her rights. He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849. Gaines, FORT. See MOBILE; MORGAN under Gen. Philip St. George Cooke were AND GAINES, FORTS. on flanking service near the ChickahomGaines, MYRA CLARK, claimant; wife iny. The brunt of the battle first fell upon of Edmund Pendleton Gaines; daughter of Sykes, who threw the assailants back in Daniel Clark, who was born in Sligo, confusion with great loss. Longstreet Ireland, and emigrated to New Orleans, pushed forward with his veterans to their where Myra was born in 1805. Her fa- relief, and was joined by Jackson and D. ther inherited a large estate from his H. Hill. Ewell's division also came into uncle in 1799, and died in New Orleans, action. The Confederate line, now in comAug. 16, 1813, devising all his property plete order, made a general advance. A to his mother, Mary Clark. Myra married very severe battle ensued. first W. W. Whitney in 1832, and on his death General Gaines in 1839. She claimed the estate of her father, who was reputed a bachelor at the time of his death, and after a litigation of over fifty years she succeeded in establishing her rights. She died in New Orleans, Jan. 9, 1885. Gaines's Mill, BATTLE OF. In June, 1862, General McClellan transferred his army from the Chickahominy and his stores from the Pamunkey to the James River. He ordered the stores and munitions of war to be sent to Savage's Station, and what could not be removed to be burned, and supplies to be sent to the James as speedily as possible. He also sent his wounded to the same station, and prepared to cross the Chickahominy for the flight with the right wing-a perilous undertaking, for Jackson and Ewell were prepared to fall on Porter's flank. This movement was so secretly and skilfully made, however, that Lee was not informed of the fact until twenty-four hours after it was actually begun on the morning of the 27th. The duty of protecting the stores in their removal was assigned to General Porter. His corps (the 5th) was also charged with the duty of carrying away the siege-guns and covering the army in its march to the James. These troops were accordingly arrayed on the rising ground near Gaines's Mills, on the arc of a circle between Cold Harbor and the Chickahominy, when they were attacked by a Confederate force, in the afternoon, led by Generals Longstreet and A. P. Hill. A few of the siege-guns were yet in position. Morell's division occupied the left, Sykes's regulars and Duryée's Zouaves the right, and McCall's division formed a second line, his left touching Butterfield's right. Seymour's brigade and horse-batteries commanded the rear, and cavalry Slocum's division was sent to Porter's aid by McClellan, making his entire force about 35,000. For hours the struggle along the whole line was fierce and persistent, and for a long time the issue was doubtful. At five o'clock Porter called for more aid, and McClellan sent him the brigades of Meagher and French, of Richardson's division. The Confederates were making desperate efforts to break the line of the Nationals, but for a long time it stood firm, though continually growing thinner. Finally a furious assault by Jackson and the divisions of Longstreet and Whiting was made upon Butterfield's brigade, which had long been fighting. It gave way and fell back, and with it several batteries. Then the whole line fell back. Porter called up all of his reserves and remaining artillery (about eighty guns), covered the retreat of his infantry, and checked the advance of the victors for a moment. Just then General Cooke, without orders, attacked the Confederate flank with his cavalry, which was repulsed and thrown into disorder. The horses, terrified by the tremendous roar of nearly 200 cannon and the rattle of thousands of muskets, rushed back through the Union batteries, giving the impression that it was a charge of Confederate cavalry. The artillerists recoiled, and Porter's whole force was pressed back to the river. While flying in fearful disorder, French and Meagher appeared, and gathering up the vast multitude of strugglers, checked the flight. Behind these the scattered brigades were speedily formed, while National batteries poured a destructive storm of shot and shell upon the head of the Confederate column. Seeing fresh troops on their front, and ignorant of their number, the Confederates fell back and rested upon the field they had won at a fearful cost. In this battle the Nationals |