Wars; and of several volumes in the Gro- cumstance gave birth also to the name of ton Historical Series. Greenbacker, applied to those who opposed the resumption of specie payments, according to the act of Congress of Jan. 7, 1875, which designated Jan. 1, 1879, as the day on which the government and national banks would make such resump Green, SETH, pisciculturist; born in Rochester, N. Y., March 19, 1817; was educated in the public schools of his native city. He early showed a passion for fishing and hunting, and in 1837 discovered how to propagate fish artificially. tion. The opponents of the measure faIn 1838 he went to Canada and studied vored the continual issue of a paper curthe habits of salmon, which he observed rency that should be given the quality of ate their spawn as soon as it was cast. a full legal tender. For several years the He established methods to prevent this Greenbackers formed a considerable body and increased the yield of fish to 95 per of citizens and maintained a national cent. In 1864 he settled in Caledonia, political organization. See FIAT MONEY; N. Y., where he propagated fish by im- CURRENCY, NATIONAL; FINANCES, UNITED pregnating dry spawn by an artificial STATES; GREENBACK PARTY; SPECIE PAYmethod. In 1867 the fish commissioners MENTS. of New England invited him to experiment in the hatching of shad. Going to Holyoke, he made improvements which in an incredibly short time hatched 15,000,000, and in 1868 40,000,000. In the latter year he was made superintendent of the New York State fisheries. In 1871 he sent the first shad ever transported to California. As a result of this trial more than 1,000,000 shad were sent to the Pacific coast in 1885. During his life he hatched by artificial methods the spawn of about twenty kinds of fish. He was the author of Trout Culture and Fish Hatching and Fish Catching. He died in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1888. Greenback Party, a political organization founded at a convention at Indianapolis, Ind., on Nov. 25, 1874. At that time three propositions which have been the foundation of all greenback platforms were endorsed. These read as follows: 1. That the currency of all national and State banks and corporations should be withdrawn; 2. That the only currency should be a paper one, issued by the government, "based on the faith and resources of the nation," exchangeable on demand for bonds bearing interest at 3.65 per cent.; and 3. That coin should only be paid for interest on the present national debt, and for that portion of the principal for which coin had been specifically promGreen, THOMAS, military officer; born ised. For a time the progress of the in Virginia in 1816; settled in Texas early Greenback party was hindered by the in life; served in the war with Mexico; adoption of these three propositions in and when the Civil War began joined the Democratic State conventions, but in the Confederate army, and took part in 1876 the party was again revived. A nathe engagements of Valverde, Bisland, and tional convention was held in IndianGalveston, and the capture of the United apolis, May 17, 1876, and Peter Cooper, States revenue-cutter Harriet Lane. In of New York, was nominated for Presi1863 he defeated the National army dent, with Samuel F. Cory, of Ohio, for in the action of Bayou la Fourche; Vice-President. The election returns showwas promoted major general in recogni- ed a popular vote of 81,737 for these cantion of his gallantry; and was fatally didates. On Feb. 22, 1878, the Labor-rewounded at Pleasant Hill, La., by a form and Greenback parties were united in shot from a United States war - ship, a national convention held in Toledo, O., April 12, 1864, and died two days after- and a few new resolutions in favor of legwards. islative reduction of working-men's hours Greenbacks, the name popularly given of labor and against the contract system to issues of paper currency by the national of using inmates of prisons were added government in the Civil War and recon- to the Greenback platform. This fusion struction periods, because the lettering of the two parties met with much apand devices on the back of the notes probation, as was evidenced in the State were printed with green ink. This cir- and congressional elections of 1878, when more than 1,000,000 votes were polled and roe, Va.; and at various posts in North fourteen congressmen were elected. The next national convention of the party was held in Chicago, June 9-10, 1880, when James B. Weaver, of Iowa, was nominated for President, and B. J. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-President. The whole number of votes then cast was 307,306. In 1884 the Greenback party united with an Anti-Monopolist party in nominating Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for President, and in the election he received 133,825 votes. In succeeding Presidential campaigns the Greenback party had no candidates in the field, the bulk of its former adherents probably uniting with the PEOPLE'S PARTY (q. v.). Carolina till June 10, 1872, when he was In Greene, ALBERT GORTON, lawye1; born in Providence, R. I., Feb. 10, 1802; graduated at Brown University in 1820; admitted to the bar in 1823, and began practice in Providence; president of the tary Engineering at West Point; and Dec. Rhode Island Historical Society in 185468. He was the author of the poems The Militia Muster; Old Grimes; Adelheid; The Baron's Last Banquet; and Canonchet. He died in Cleveland, O., Jan. 4, 1868. Greene, CHRISTOPHER, military officer; born in Warwick, R. I., May 12, 1737; was major in the "army of observation" authorized by the legislature of Rhode Island. He accompanied Arnold through the wilderness to Quebec in the fall of 1775, and was made prisoner in the attack on that city at the close of December. In October, 1776, he was put in command of a regiment, and was placed in charge of Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, which he gallantly defended the next year. He took part in Sullivan's campaign in Rhode Island in 1778, and in the spring of 1781 his quarters on the Croton River, Westchester co., N. Y., were surrounded by a party of loyalists, and he was slain May 13, 1781. For his defence of Fort Mercer, Congress voted him a sword in 1786, and it was presented to his eldest son. 31, 1886, resigned from the army. When the war with Spain broke out in 1898 he was commissioned colonel of the 71st New York Regiment, but before this regiment embarked for Cuba he was sent to Manila with the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and had command of the United States forces in the battle of Malate, June 30, 1898, and in other actions around Manila in August. On Aug. 13, 1898, he was promoted to major-general. Returning from the Philippines in October he was placed in command of the 2d Division of the 7th Army Corps, and was on duty at Jacksonville (Fla.), Savannah (Ga.), and Havana. He resigned his commission Feb. 28, 1899; police commissioner of New York in 1903-04. He is the author of The Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey; Army Life in Russia; The Mississippi Campaign of the Civil War; Life of Nathanael Greene, MajorGeneral in the Army of the Revolution; etc. Greene, GEORGE SEARS, military officer; born in Warwick, R. I., May 6, 1801; graduated at West Point in 1823. He resigned in 1836; became a civil engineer; Greene, FRANCIS VINTON, military and was employed in the construction of officer; born in Providence, R. I., June 27, the High Bridge and Croton reservoir in 1850; son of Gen. George Sears Greene; New York City. In January, 1862, he was graduated at the United States Mili- appointed colonel of the 60th New York tary Academy in 1870, and commissioned Regiment, and commanded in Auger's di a second lieutenant of the 4th Artillery. vision in Banks's corps. Having been ap He served at Fort Foote, Md.; Fort Mon- pointed brigadier-general, he took com mand of Auger's division on the latter's struction at the Brandywine; was in the promotion, and fought gallantly under battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and Mansfield at Antietam. He was in the in March, 1778, accepted the office of battles of Chancellorsville and Gettys- quartermaster-general, but with a guarburg. He was wounded at Wauhatchie in 1863; and was in eastern North Carolina early in 1865; was brevetted major-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865; and was mustered out of the service, April 30, 1866. As the oldest graduate of West Point, Congress authorized his reappointment to the regular army as a first lieu tenant of artillery, Aug. 2, 1894, and he was retired on the 11th. He died in Morristown, N. J., Jan. 28, 1899. Greene, GEORGE WASHINGTON, author; born in East Greenwich, R. I., April 8, 1811; was educated at Brown College; became Professor of History at Cornell University in 1872. His publications include Historical View of the American Revolution; Nathanael Greene; An Examination of the Ninth Volume of Bancroft's History; The German Element in the War of American Independence; Short History of Rhode Island, etc. He died in East Greenwich, R. I., Feb. 2, 1883. antee that he should not lose his right of command in action. This office he resigned in August, 1780. In the battle of Springfield, in June, 1780, he was conspicuous. During Washington's visit to Hartford (September, 1780) he was in command of the army, and was president of the court of inquiry in the case of Major André soon afterwards (see ANDRÉ, JOHN). Greene succeeded Gates in command of the Southern army, Oct. 14, 1780, which he found a mere skeleton, while a powerful enemy was in front of it. He took command of it at Charlotte, N. C., Dec. 4. By skill and energy he brought order and strength out of confusion, and soon taught Cornwallis that a better NATHANAEL GREENE. Greene, NATHANAEL, military officer; born in Warwick, R. I., May 27, 1742; was the son of a member of the Society of Friends or Quakers. His education was confined to the English of the common school, and his youth was spent on the farm, in a mill, or in a blacksmith's shop. At the age of twenty years he studied law and afterwards military tactics. He was fond of books from his childhood. In 1770 he was elected a member of the Rhode Island legislature, wherein he held a seat until appointed to the command of the Southern army in 1780. His military proclivities caused him to be "disowned" general than Gates confronted him. He by Friends, and he became a member of a made a famous retreat through Carolina military company. Three regiments of into Virginia, and, turning back, fought militia were organized in Rhode Island the British army at Guildford Courtafter the affair at Lexington, as an army house, N. C., March 15, 1781. Greene of observation," and these Greene, as provincial brigadier-general, led to Cambridge, where he was created a brigadiergeneral in the Continental army, June 22, 1775. Washington saw and appreciated his soldierly qualities, and in August, 1776, he was made a major-general. He commanded the left wing of the army at Trenton; was active in New Jersey; by a rapid movement saved the army from de 66 then pushed into South Carolina, and was defeated by Lord Rawdon in the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. Soon afterwards he besieged the fort of Ninetysix, and on Sept. 8 gained a victory at Eutaw Springs, S. C., for which Congress gave him thanks, a British standard, and a gold medal. Expelling the British from the Southern country, Greene returned to Rhode Island at the close of the war. Congress presented him with two pieces the hero was settled early in March, 1901, of artillery. The State of Georgia gave when Col. Asa Bird Gardiner, acting in him a fine plantation a few miles from behalf of the Rhode Island Society of Savannah, where he settled in the fall of the Cincinnati, made an exploration of the Jones vault of the long-abandoned colonial cemetery, found the plate that had been on General Greene's coffin and three metal buttons, with the American eagle on them, doubtless from the uniform in which it is known that General Greene was buried. 1785, and died June 19, 1786. South cemeteries in Savannah, Ga., and, in the Carolina also gave him a valuable tract of land. A monument dedicated jointly to Greene and Pulaski stands in the city of Savannah, and the State of Rhode Island has erected an equestrian statue of him at the national capital, executed by H. K. Browne. The doubt that had long existed as to the actual burial-place of TRADING FORD ON THE CATAWBA. While Greene and his army remained on the Santee Hills until late in the fall, his partisan corps, led by Marion, Sumter, Lee, and others, were driving the British forces from post to post, in the low country, and smiting Tory bands in every direction. The British finally evacuated all their interior stations and retired to Charleston, pursued almost to the edge of the city by the partisan troops. The main army occupied a position between |