presiding judge of the court of common pleas in 1875-95. He published American Leading Cases in Law (with Horace B. Wallis), etc.; and was editor of Smith's Leading Cases in Law; White and Tudor's Leading Cases in Equity; Hare on Contracts; and the New England Exchequer Reports.

pretentious Harrison, and a barrel of 1841; became an associate judge of the cider as that of his hospitality. During district court of Philadelphia; and was the campaign, all over the country, in hamlets, villages, and cities, log-cabins were erected and fully supplied with barrels of cider. These houses were the usual gathering-places of the partisans of Harrison, young and old, and to every one hard cider was freely given. The meetings were often mere drunken carousals that were injurious to all, and espe- Harford, HENRY, a natural son of cially to youth. Many a drunkard after- Frederick Calvert, the fifth Lord Balwards pointed sadly to the hard-cider timore, who was a man of some literary campaign in 1840, as the time of his de- accomplishments, but of dissolute habits, parture from sobriety and respectability. and who died without lawful issue. He Hardee, WILLIAM JOSEPH, military bequeathed the province of Maryland to officer; born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. 10, this illegitimate son, who was then 1815; graduated at West Point in (1771) a boy at school. Lord Baltimore's 1838, entering the dragoons; and in brother-in-law, Robert Eden, had suc1860 was lieutenant of the 1st Cavalry. ceeded Sharpe as governor of Maryland, In 1856 he published United States Rifle and he continued to administer the govand Light Infantry Tactics, being main- crnment of the province in behalf of the ly a compilation from French sources. boy, until the fires of the Revolution conResigning in January, 1861, he joined the sumed royalty in all the provinces. Confederates, and in June was appointed Harker, CHARLES G., military officer; brigadier-general in their army. For bra- born in Swedesboro, N. J., Dec. 2, 1837; very in the battle of SHILOH (q. v.) graduated at West Point in 1858, and he was promoted to major general, and in the fall of 1861 was colonel of Ohio in October, 1862, lieutenant - general. volunteers. He was made brigadier-genHe was very active in military oper- eral in September, 1863. He did good ations in Arkansas, Mississippi, Ten- service in Tennessee and Georgia, espenessee, and Georgia; and after the de- cially in the battle of Shiloh, the siege of feat of the Confederates at Missionary Corinth, the battles of Murfreesboro, Ridge, late in 1863, he succeeded Bragg Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge. He in the chief command, until relieved by commanded a brigade under General HowGeneral Johnston. He commanded at ard in the Georgia campaign, and distinSavannah and Charleston at the time of guished himself at Resaca. He was killed their capture, early in 1865; fought at near Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864. Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C.; and surrendered with Johnston's army, April 27, 1865. He died in Wytheville, Va., Nov. 6, 1873.

Hardin, JOHN, military officer; born in Fauquier county, Va., Oct. 1, 1753; participated in Dunmore's expedition, and served throughout the Revolution as lieutenant. He removed to Kentucky in 1786, and took part in various expeditions against the Indians. While bearing a flag of truce near Shawneetown, O., he was killed by the Indians, in April, 1792.

Hards. See HUNKERS.

Hare, JOHN INNES CLARK, jurist; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 1817; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1834; admitted to the bar in

Harlan, JAMES, statesman; born in Clarke county, Ill., Aug. 25, 1820; removed to Iowa in 1853; United States Senator, 1855-65; Secretary of the Interior, 1865-66; United States Senator, 1866-73. He died in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Oct. 5, 1899.

Harlan, JOHN MARSHALL, jurist; born in Boyle county, Ky., June 1, 1833; graduated at Centre College in 1850; colonel of the 10th Ky. U. S. V., 1861-63; attorneygeneral of Kentucky, 1863-67, when he resumed practice. In 1871 and 1875 he was defeated as the Republican candidate for governor. On Nov. 29, 1877, he became an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. In 1893 President Harrison appointed him one of the American

arbitrators of the Bering Sea tribunal, agent for the territory northwest of the

which met in Paris.

Ohio, and in 1787 Congress made him a Harlem Plains, ACTION AT. On the brevet brigadier - general. On Sept. 29, morning of Sept. 16, 1776, the British ad- 1789, he was appointed commander-invanced guard, under Colonel Leslie, occu- chief of the army of the United States, pied the rocky heights now at the north- and had charge of an expedition against ern end of the Central Park. His force the Miami Indians in the fall of 1790, was composed of British infantry and but was defeated. Harmar resigned his Highlanders, with several pieces of artil- commission in January, 1792, and was lery. Descending to Harlem Plains, they made adjutant-general of Pennsylvania in

were met by some Virginians un- 1793, in which post he der Major Leitch, and Connecti- was active in furnishing cut Rangers under Colonel Knowlton. A Pennsylvania troops for Wayne's camdesperate conflict ensued. Washington paign in 1793-94. He died in Philasoon reinforced the Americans with some delphia, Aug. 20, 1813.

Maryland and New England troops, with At the time of his expedition against whom Generals Putnam, Greene, and the Indians, the British, in violation of others took part to encourage the men. the treaty of 1783, still held Detroit and The British were pushed back to the rocky heights, where they were reinforced by Germans, when the Americans fell back towards Harlem Heights. In this spirited engagement the Americans lost about sixty men, including Major Leitch and Colonel Knowlton, who were killed.

Harmar, JOSIAH, military officer; born in Philadelphia in 1753; was educated chiefly in the school of Robert Proud, the Quaker and historian; entered the army as captain of a Pennsylvania regiment in 1776; was its lieutenant-colonel in 1777; and served faithfully through the war in the North and the South. Made brevet colonel in the United States army in September, 1783, he was sent to France in 1784 with the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace. He was made Indian

cther Western military posts. British agents instigated the Indians of the Northwest to make war on the frontier settlers, in order to secure for British commerce the monopoly of the fur-trade. This had been kept up ever since 1783, and the posts were held with a hope that the league of States would fall to pieces, and an opportunity would be afforded to bring back the new republic to colonial dependence. Sir John Johnson, former Indian agent, was again on the frontier, and Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton) was again governor of Canada, which gave strength to the opinion that the discontents of the Indians were fostered for a political purpose. The Northwestern tribes, encouraged by the British agents, insisted upon re-establishing the

to cross the Maumee at the usual ford, and then surround the Indians, who were led by the celebrated chief, Little Turtle. Before this could be effected the Indian encampment was aroused, and a part of them fled. Some of the militia and the cavalry who had passed the ford started in pursuit, in disobedience of orders, leaving the regulars, who had also passed the ford, unsupported, when the latter were attacked by Little Turtle and the main body of the Ind

They were compelled to fall back in confusion towards the ford, and followed the remnant of the regulars in their retreat. The Indians did not pursue. The whole expedition then returned to Fort Washington.

Ohio River as the Indian boundary. At- ians, and driven back with great slaughtempts to make a peaceable arrangement ter. Meanwhile the militia and cavalry were unsuccessful. The Indians would pursuers were skirmishing with the Indlisten to no terms; and in September, ians a short distance up the St. Joseph's. 1790, General Harmar led more than 1,000 volunteers from Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) into the Indian country around the head-waters of the Maumee (or Miami), to chastise the hostile Indians. He did not succeed. He found the Indians near the head of the Maumee, at the junction of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, late in October, 1790. Four hundred men were detached to attack them, of whom sixty were regulars, under Major Wyllys. These reached the Maumee after sunrise on Oct. 23. Militia under Major Hall proceeded to pass around the Indian village at the head of the Maumee, and assist, in their rear, an attack of the main body on their front. The latter were

Harmony Society. A communistic so- Henry Clinton, in which exception was inciety settled at Economy, near Pittsburg. cluded Robert Howe. He was the chief George Rapp, the head of the society, constructor of the constitution of North was born in Würtemburg, Germany, Oc- Carolina, framed in 1776, under which tober, 1757; died at Economy in 1847. Harnett became one of the council; and Rapp and a few of his adherents sailed in 1778 he was elected to Congress. While for America in 1803, and founded the the British held possession of the country town of Harmony in Pennsylvania. In adjacent to Cape Fear River in 1781, Har1814 they established the town of New nett was made prisoner, and died in conHarmony in Indiana, selling their old finement, April 20, 1781. His dwelling home for $100,000. In 1824 they sold the was a fine old mansion, about a mile and town of New Harmony and 20,000 acres a half from the centre of the city of Wilof land to Robert Owen for $150,000, and mington, N. C., on the northeast branch made a new settlement in Pennsylvania of the Cape Fear River. which they named Economy. Originally each family retained its property, but in 1807 they established a community of goods and adopted celibacy. As the society did not seek new members, it rapidly approached extinction, and in 1903 their membership was so reduced that they gave up commercial life and sold their property for $2,500,000.

Harney, WILLIAM SELBY, military officer; born in Louisiana in 1798; entered the army while quite young; was in the Black Hawk War; and was made lieutenant-colonel of dragoons in 1836. Ten years later he was colonel. He served in the FLORIDA, or SEMINOLE, WAR (q. v.), and in the war with Mexico. In 1848 be was brevetted brigadier - general for his Harnett, CORNELIUS, statesman; pre- services in the battle of CERRO GORDO sumably born in North Carolina, although (q. v.). He was promoted to brigadiersome authorities say in England, April general in 1858, and placed in command 20, 1723; became owner of a large estate of the Department of Oregon; and in near Wilmington, being a man of consid- July, 1859, took possession of the island erable wealth. He was influential in of San Juan, near Vancouver, which Eng his State, and was among the first to land claimed to be a part of British Columbia, and which the United States soon afterwards evacuated. Harney then commanded the Department of the West; and in April, 1861, while on his way to Washington, he was arrested by the Confeder ates at Harper's Ferry, Va., and taken to Richmond. He was soon released, and, on returning to St. Louis, issued proclamations warning the people of Missouri of the dangers of secession. In consequence of an unauthorized truce with Price, the Confederate leader, Harney was relieved of his command. He retired in August, 1863; was brevetted major-general, United States army, in March, 1865; and was a member of the Indian Commission in 1867. He died in Orlando, Fla., May 9, 1889.

HARNETT'S HOUSE.

denounce the Stamp Act and kindred measures. He was a leading man in all pub- Harper, IDA HUSTED, author; born in lic assemblages as the Revolutionary War Fairfield, Ind.; received a collegiate eduapproached; was president of the provin- cation; conducted the women's department cial congress in 1775; and on the abdica- in the Terre Haute Saturday Evening Mail tion of the royal governor (Martin) be- and in the Fireman's Magazine for came acting governor of the State. He twelve years; managing editor of the was excepted in an offer of pardon to the Terre Haute Daily News, and later was inhabitants of North Carolina by Sir on the editorial staff of the Indianapolis

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News, McClure's syndicate; and the New of $13,000,000, and citizens of Chicago a York Sun. She was one of the speakers total of about $7,000,000. He wrote Heat the International Congress of Women brew Syntax; Hebrew Vocabularies; An in London in 1899; chairman of the Inter- Introductory New Testament, Greek national Press Committee for five years; Method, etc., and was associate editor of and author of Life and Work of Susan B. The Biblical World; The American JourAnthony and History of Woman Suffrage nal of Theology; and The American Jour to the Close of the Nineteenth Century nal of Semitic Languages and Litera(with Susan B. Anthony). ture. He died in Chicago, Ill., Jan. 10, 1906.

Harper, ROBERT GOODLOE, Senator; born in Fredericksburg, Va., in 1765; removed to North Carolina, and towards the close of the Revolutionary War served as a trooper under General Greene; graduated at Princeton in 1785; admitted to the bar in 1786; and served in Congress from 1795 to 1801. During the War of 1812 he was in active service, attaining the rank of major-general. Afterwards he was elected to the United States Senate from Maryland, to which place he had removed upon his marriage with the daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, but resigned in 1816, when he was the Federal candidate for Vice-President. He published an Address on the British Treaty in 1796, and a pamphlet on the Dispute between the United States and France in 1797. He died in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 15, 1825.

Harper's Farm. See SAILOR'S CREEK. Harper's Ferry, a town in Jefferson county, W. Va.; 49 miles northwest of Washington; at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers; the scene of several stirring events during the Civil War period. Within twenty-four hours after the passage of the ordinance of secession by the Virginia convention, April 17, 1861, the authorities of that State set forces in motion to seize the United States armory and arsenal in the town, in which the national government had 10,000 muskets made every year, and in which from 80,000 to 90,000 stand of arms were generally stored. When the secession movement began, at the close of 1860, measures were taken for the security of this post. A small body of United States dragoons, under the command of Lieut. Roger Jones, Harper, WILLIAM RAINEY, educator; was sent there as a precautionary measborn in New Concord, O., July 26, 1856; ure. After the attack on Fort Sumter, graduated at Muskingum College in rumors reached Harper's Ferry that the 1870; principal of the Masonic College, government property there would be speedMacon, Tenn., in 1875-76; tutor in the ily seized by the Virginians. The rumors preparatory department of Denison Uni- were true. On the morning of April 18 versity, Ohio, in 1876-79, and principal the military commanders at Winchester there in 1879-80. In the latter year he and Charlestown received orders from became professor of Hebrew in the Baptist Richmond to seize the armory and arsenal Union Theological Seminary at Chicago, that night. They were further ordered to where he continued till 1886, when he march into Maryland, where, it was exwas called to the chair of Semitic lan- pected, they would be joined by the minguages in Yale University. In 1891 he ute-men of that State in an immediate became president of the University of attack on Washington. About 3,000 men Chicago, also taking the chair there of were ordered out, but only about 250 were Semitic languages and literature. In at the designated rendezvous, 4 miles from 1903 the university had 347 professors and the Ferry, at the appointed hour-eight instructors; 4,463 students in all depart- o'clock in the evening-but others were on ments; 80 fellowships; 200 scholarships; the march. The cavalry, only about twenty 367,440 volumes in the library; 2,200 strong, were commanded by Captain Ashgraduates since organization; $9,204,195 by. When the detachment was within a in productive funds; $2,437,663 in bene- mile of the Ferry, there was suddenly a factions (previous year); and $982,610 in flash and explosion in that direction. This ordinary income. For various purposes was quickly repeated, and the mountain John D. Rockefeller had given the uni- heights were soon illuminated by flames. versity up to the end of 1903 an aggregate Ashby dashed towards the town,and soon re