debts and liabilities to become a charge upon the United States.

of the monarchy, coupled with the queen's offer of pardon. This proposal was a few days later rejected by Mr. Dole for the "Further, that if the President of the provisional government. These proceed- United States shall in his judgment deem ings became known in the middle of Jan- it most advisable, instead of proceeding uary, 1894, and on Jan. 13 President to submit the foregoing resolution to the Cleveland transmitted the documents to government of Hawaii as an overture on Congress. Mr. Dole was not interfered the part of the United States for admiswith, and affairs in the islands quieted sion, to negotiate with that government, down at once. On Jan. 8, 1896, however, then the following resolution relating to the Hawaiian Islands, offered by Representative Spalding (Republican, of Michigan), was read in the House and referred to the committee on foreign affairs:

"That Congress doth consent that the territory properly included within and rightfully belonging to the government of Hawaii, and commonly known as the Sandwich Islands, may be erected into a new State, to be called the State of Hawaii, with a republican form of government, to be adopted by the people of said government of Hawaii by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing government, in order that the same may be admitted as one of the States of this Union.

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Further, that the foregoing consent of Congress is given upon the following conditions and with the following guarantees, to wit:

"1. Said State to be formed subject to the adjustment by this government of all questions of boundary or jurisdiction that may arise with other governments or former governments of Hawaii; and the constitution thereof, with the proper evidence of its adoption by the people of the government of Hawaii, shall be transmitted to the President of the United States, to be laid before Congress for its final action on or before Jan. 1, 1898.

"2. Said State when admitted into the Union, after ceding to the United States all public property and means belonging to the government of Hawaii, shall retain all public funds of every kind which may belong to or be due said government, and also all the vacant and unappropriated land lying within its limits, to be applied to the payment of the debts and liabilities of said government of Hawaii, the residue of said lands to be disposed of as said State may direct; but in no case are said

Resolved, that a State to be formed out of the present government of Hawaii, with one representative in Congress, shall be admitted into the Union by virtue of this act, as soon as the terms and conditions of such admission shall be agreed upon by the governments of Hawaii and the United States, and that $100,000 be appropriated to defray the expenses of missions and negotiations, either by treaty or articles, as the President may direct."

In 1897, when President Cleveland's term expired, commissioners from Hawaii arrived in Washington to again urge a treaty of annexation. President McKinley was favorable to the plan, and on June 16, 1897, the following treaty of annexation was signed by Secretary of State Sherman for the United States, and Commissioners Hatch, Thurston, and Kinney for the republic of Hawaii:

TREATY OF 1897.

"The United States of America and the republic of Hawaii, in view of the natural dependence of the Hawaiian Islands upon the United States, of their geographical proximity thereto, of the preponderant share acquired by the United States and its citizens in the industries and trade of said islands, and of the expressed desire of the government of the republic of Hawaii that those islands should be incorporated into the United States as an integral part thereof, and under its sover eignty, have determined to accomplish by treaty an object so important to their mutual and permanent welfare.

"To this end the high contracting parties have conferred full powers and authority upon their respectively appointed plenipotentiaries-to wit:

"The President of the United States, John Sherman, Secretary of State of the United States; the President of the re

public of Hawaii, Francis March Hatch, Lorrin A. Thurston, and William A. Kinney.

“Article 1. The republic of Hawaii hereby cedes absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies; and it is agreed that all the territory of and appertaining to the republic of Hawaii is hereby annexed to the United States of America under the name of the Territory of Hawaii.

Islands, not enacted for the fulfilment of the treaties so extinguished, and not inconsistent with this treaty nor contrary to the Constitution of the United States nor to any existing treaty of the United States, shall remain in force until the Congress of the United States shall otherwise determine.

"Until legislation shall be enacted extending the United States customs laws and regulations to the Hawaiian Islands, the existing customs relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the United States and other countries shall remain unchanged.

"Art. 4. The public debt of the republic of Hawaii, lawfully existing at the date of the exchange of the ratification of this treaty, including the amounts due to depositors in the Iawaiian Postal Savings Bank, is hereby assumed by the government of the United States, but the liability of the United States in this regard shall in no case exceed $4,000,000. So long, however, as the existing government and the present commercial relations of the Hawaiian Islands are continued herein before provided, said government shall continue to pay interest on said debt.

"Art. 2. The republic of Hawaii also cedes and hereby transfers to the United States the absolute fee and ownership of all public, government, or crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipments, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining. "The existing laws of the United States relative to public lands shall not apply to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands, but the Congress of the United States shall enact special laws for their management as and disposition; provided, that all revenue from or proceeds of the same, except as regards such part thereof as may be used or occupied for the civil, military, or naval purposes of the United States, or may be assigned for the use of the local government, shall be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands, for educational and other public purposes.

"Art. 3. Until Congress shall provide for the government of such islands, all the civil, judicial, and military powers exercised by the officers of the existing government in said islands shall be vested in such person or persons, and shall be exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct, and the President shall have power to remove said officers and fill the vacancies so оссаsioned.

"Art. 5. There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States, and no Chinese by reason of anything herein contained shall be allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian Islands.

"Art. 6. The President shall appoint five commissioners, at least two of whom shall be residents of the Hawaiian Islands, who shall as soon as reasonable and practicable recommend to Congress such legislation concerning the Territory of Hawaii as they shall deem necessary or proper.

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Art. 7. This treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, "The existing treaties of the Hawaiian by and with the advice and consent of Islands with foreign nations shall forth the Senate, on the one part, and by the with cease and determine, being replaced President of the republic of Hawaii, by by such treaties as may exist or as may and with the advice and consent of the be hereafter concluded between the United Senate in accordance with the constituStates and such foreign nations. The mu- tion of the said republic, on the other, nicipal legislation of the Hawaiian and the ratifications hereof shall be ex

changed at Washington as soon as pos- to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands; sible.

"In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the above articles and have hereunto affixed their seals.

"Done in duplicate at the city of Washington, this sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven. "JOHN SHERMAN,

"FRANCIS MARCH HATCH, "LORRIN A. THURSTON, "WILLIAM A. KINNEY." The President sent the treaty to the Senate on the following day, with a recommendation for its ratification; but that body adjourned without taking action on it.

Failing to secure annexation by direct treaty the advocates in the United States of the measure resorted to a different procedure. On June 11, 1898, the House committee on foreign affairs reported the following joint resolution:

but the Congress of the United States shall enact special laws for their management and disposition; Provided, that all revenue from or proceeds of the same, except as regards such part thereof as may be used or occupied for the civil, military, or naval purposes of the United States, or may be assigned for the use of the local government, shall be used solely for the benefit of the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands for educational and other public purposes.

"Until Congress shall provide for the government of such islands all the civil, judicial, and military powers exercised by the officers of the existing government in said islands shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct; and the President shall have power to remove said officers and fill the vacancies so occasioned.

"The existing treaties of the Hawaiian "Whereas, the government of the re- Islands with foreign nations shall forthpublic of Hawaii having in due form with cease and determine, being replaced signified its consent, in the manner pro- by such treaties as may exist, or as may vided by the Constitution, to cede abso- be hereafter concluded, between the Unitlutely and without reserve to the United ed States and such foreign nations. The States of America all rights of sover- municipal legislation of the Hawaiian Isleignty of whatsoever kind in and over ands, not enacted for the fulfilment of the the Hawaiian Islands and their depend- treaties so extinguished, and not inconencies, and also to cede and transfer to sistent with this joint resolution nor conthe United States the absolute fee and trary to the Constitution of the United ownership of all public, government, or States nor to any existing treaty of the crown lands, public buildings or edifices, United States, shall remain in force until ports, harbors, military equipment, and the Congress of the United States shall all other public property of every kind and otherwise determine. description belonging to the government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto belonging; therefore,

"Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States, and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America.

"Until legislation shall be enacted extending the United States customs laws and regulations to the Hawaiian Islands the existing customs relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the United States and other countries shall remain unchanged.

"The public debt of the republic of Hawaii, lawfully existing at the date of the passage of this joint resolution, including the amounts due to depositors in the Hawaiian postal savings bank, is hereby assumed by the government of the United States; but the liability of the United States in this regard shall in no case exceed $4,000,000. So long, however, "The existing laws of the United States as the existing government and the presrelative to public lands shall not apply ent commercial relations of the Hawaiian

Islands are continued as hereinbefore chief of that name who ruled there was a provided, said government shall pay the terror to the voyageurs upon the Missisinterest on said debt.

"There shall be no further immigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or may be hereafter allowed by the laws of the United States; and no Chinese, by reason of anything herein contained, shall be allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian Islands.

"The President shall appoint five commissioners, at least two of whom shall be residents of the Hawaiian Islands, who shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, recommend to Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as they shall deem necessary or proper.

"Sec. 2. That the commissioners hereinbefore provided for shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

'Sec. 3. That the sum of $100,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and to be immediately available, to be expended at the discretion of the President of the United States of America, for the purpose of carrying this joint resolution into effect."

On the adoption of the resolution the President appointed the following commission: President Sanford B. Dole and Chief-Justice Walter H. Frear, of Hawaii; Senators Shelby M. Cullom and John T. Morgan; and Representative Robert T. Hitt. On August 12 the United States took formal possession of the islands, Sanford B. Dole becoming territorial governor. See UNITED STATES, HAWAII, vol. ix.

GOVERNORS OF HAWAII

Sanford B. Dole..
George R. Carter..

1903 "

sippi.

Hawkins, DEXTER ARNOLD, lawyer; born in Camden, Me., June 23, 1825; graduated at Bowdoin College in 1848; began law practice in New York City in 1854. He took a keen interest in public education and other important questions, and did much to bring about legislation favorable to them. Among his publications are reports on Sectarian Appropriations of Public Moneys and Property; Duty of the State to protect the Free Common Schools by Organic Law; Extravagance of the Tammany Ring. His other works include Donations of Public Property to Private Corporations, and the Illegal Exemption of the Same from Taxation (which led to an amendment of the New York constitution prohibiting such appropriations); The Roman Catholic Church in New York City and the Public Land and Public Money; Free Trade and Protection; The Redemption of the Trade Dollar; The Silver Problem, etc. He died in New York City, July 24, 1886.

Hawkins, ERNEST, author; born in England about 1802; graduated at Oxford University in 1824, and became a clergyman. He was the author of Notices of the Church of England's Missions to the North American Colonies Previous to the Independence of the United States; Annals of the Colonial Church, etc. He died in 1868.

Hawkins, SIR JOHN, naval officer; born in Plymouth, England, in 1520; carried a cargo of 300 slaves from Guinea in 1562, and sold them in Cuba. In 1564 he attempted to capture and enslave a whole town near Sierra Leone, and narrowly escaped being captured himself and 1900 to 1903 sold into slavery. Hawkins was filled with the most pious reflections at his escape, and in his narrative (which is the first English narrative of American adventure printed) he says: "God, who worketh all things for the best, would not have it so, and by Him we escaped without danger. His name be praised for it." His second cargo of slaves he sold in Venezuela and elsewhere. In this second voyage he coasted the peninsula of Florida, and gives a fairly detailed account of it in his narrative. He made a third voy

Hawes, JOEL, clergyman; born in Medway, Mass., Dec. 22, 1789; graduated at Brown College in 1813; was pastor of the First Congregational Church in Hartford, Conn., for more than forty years. He published Tribute to the Memory of the Pilgrims; Memoir of Normand Smith; Washington and Jay, etc. He died in Gilead, Conn., June 5, 1867.

Hawk-eye State. The name is said to have been given to Iowa because an Indian

age in 1568, and in spite of the King of Porto Rico successfully defied him, and, Spain's prohibition, sold his cargoes of much depressed at his reverses. he died slaves to advantage. In the port of San at sea, Nov. 21, 1595.

Juan de Ulloa he met a Spanish fleet

much stronger than his own. He made a born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 22, 1823; solemn compact of mutual forbearance was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal