GENEST-GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES

a troublesome friend on his hands, plainly told Genest that by commissioning privateers he had violated the sovereignty of the United States. With offensive pertinacity, Genest denied this doctrine as contrary to right, justice, and the laws of nations, and threatened to "appeal from the President to the people"; and in this the Republican newspapers sustained him. Secret Democratic societies which had been formed became more bold and active, and Genest, mistaking the popular clamor for the deliberate voice of the nation, actually undertook to fit out a privateer at Philadelphia, in defiance of the government, during the President's absence at Mount Vernon. It was a vessel captured by L'Embuscade, and Genest named her The Little Democrat.

known as "Citizen Genest," a title assumed by the French revolutionists, and imitated by their American admirers. He died in Schodak, N. Y., July 14, 1834.

Geneva Convention. See RED CROSS. Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration. See ALABAMA CLAIMS.

Gentry, MEREDITH POINDEXTER, legislator; born in North Carolina, Sept. 15, 1809; removed with his father to Tennessee in 1813; elected to the State legislature in 1835; to Congress in 1839. When his State seceded he entered the Confederate Congress. He died at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 2, 1866.

Geographical Society, AMERICAN, an organization established in 1852. It aims to encourage geographical exploration and discovery; to examine and spread new geographical information; and to found a suitable place in New York where accurate information of every part of the globe may be obtained. Its headquarters are at 11 West Twenty-ninth street, New York City. Its officers in 1900 were: President, Seth Low; vice-presidents, W. H. H. Moore, Gen. Egbert L. Viele, C. C. Tiffany, D.D.; corresponding secretaries— foreign, William Libbey; domestic, Chandler Robbins; recording secretary, Anton A. Raven. The membership in 1900 was 1,200.

Geological Society of America, founded in 1888. Officers: President, George M. Dawson, Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada; secretary, H. L. Fairchild, University of Rochester; treasurer, I. C. White; editor of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, J. Stanley Brown. In 1900 there were 245 fellows. The entrance fee is $10, and the annual dues $10.

Governor Mifflin, like Jefferson, had become sick of the "Citizen,” and he interfered. Genest would not heed his threats nor the persuasion of Jefferson. He denounced the President as unfaithful to the wishes of the people, and resolved to force him to call Congress together. Washington, on his return to Philadelphia, and informed of the insolence of Genest, exclaimed, "Is the minister of the French republic to set the acts of the government at defiance with impunity?" His cabinet answered "No!" The most exacting country could not counsel longer forbearance, and the French government was requested, July, 1793, to recall its minister; and it was done. There was a reaction in the public mind towards a more patriotic attitude. The insolence of Genest had shocked the national pride. On April 22, 1793, the President issued a proclamation of neutrality, which the radical Democrats denounced as an "edict of royalty." Genest-succeeded by Geological Survey of the United M. Fouchet, a man equally indiscreet- States, a branch of the Department of did not leave the country, as he did not the Interior, founded in 1879, when it inthink it prudent to return. Marrying the cluded only the geological examination of daughter of Gov. George Clinton, he be- the Territories; but in 1881 it was encame a naturalized citizen of the United larged so as to comprise the entire States. He was twice married, his second country, and its corps were gradually inwife being a daughter of Mr. Osgood, the creased till the survey became the most first Postmaster-General under the new important of all governmental organizaConstitution. Fond of agriculture, he tions for the purpose of geological extook great interest in its pursuit; and his amination. The director of the survey last illness was occasioned by attendance has charge of the classification of the at a meeting of an agricultural society public lands, the examination of the geoof which he was the president. He was legical structures, mineral resources, and

the survey of the forest reserves. In 1900 the chief officers were: Director, Charles D. Wolcott; Division of Hydrography, chief, F. H. Newell; Division of Mineral Resources, chief, David T. Day; Division of Physical and Chemical Researches, chief, G. F. Becker; Division of Topography, Forest Reserves, Henry Gannett.

products of the national domain, and of George (AUGUSTUS) II., King of Great Britain; son of the preceding and Sophia Dorothea; born in Hanover, Oct. 20, 1683. In his childhood and youth he was neglected by his father, and was brought up by his grandmother, the Electress Sophia. In 1705 he married a daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach, a woman of superior character and ability. He was made a peer of England the next year, with the chief title of Duke of Cambridge. He was a brave soldier under the Duke of Marlborough. In 1714 he accompanied his father to England, and was proclaimed Prince of Wales Sept. 22. The prince and his father hated each other cordially, and he was made an instrument of intrigue against the latter. The Princess of Wales was very popular, and the father also hated her. At one time the King proposed to send the prince to America, there to be disposed of so that he should have no more trouble with him. He was crowned King Oct. 11, 1727. His most able minister was Walpole (as he was of George I.), and he and the clever Queen ruled the realm for fourteen years. He, in turn, hated his son Frederick, Prince of Wales, as bitterly as he had been hated by his father. It was during the later years of the reign of George II. that the War of the Austrian Succession and the French and Indian War (in which the English-American colonies were conspicuously engaged) occurred. During that reign England had grown amazingly in material and moral strength among the nations. The wisdom of William Pitt had done much towards the acquirement of the fame of England, which had never been greater than in 1760. George died suddenly, like his father, in Kensington Palace, Oct. 25, 1760. He had never been popular with the English people.

George (LEWIS) I., King of Great Britain, born in Osnabrück, Hanover; May 28, 1660; eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, and the first sovereign of the Hanoverian line. His mother was Sophia, daughter of James I. of England. In 1681 he went to England to seek the hand of his cousin, the Princess Anne (afterwards Queen), in marriage, but, being ordered by his father not to proceed in the business, he returned, and married his cousin Sophia Dorothea. By act of the convention of Parliament in 1689, and by Parliament in 1701, the succession of the English crown was so fixed that in the event of a failure of heirs by William and Mary, and Anne, it should be limited to the Electress Sophia, of Hanover, George's mother, passing over nearer heirs who were Roman Catholics. By the treaty of union with Scotland (1707) the same succession was secured for its crown. By the death of Sophia three months before Queen Anne died, George became heir-apparent to the throne of the latter because of failure of heirs, and he succeeded her. His son, the Prince of Wales, became openly hostile to his father in 1718, and at Leicester House he established a sort of rival court. This enmity arose from the treatment of the prince's mother, the unfortunate Sophia Dorothea (to whom he was much attached), who, accused of intrigue with Count Königsmarck, was divorced in 1694, and imprisoned from that time until her death in 1726. George I. was a man of moderate intellectual ability, a cruel husband, a bad father, but not a bad sovereign, for he allowed able men to manage the affairs of the kingdom. He was taken with a fit in his carriage, while on his way to Osnabrück, and died before he reached that place, June 10, 1727. His son, George, by the unfortunate Sophia succeeded him.

There had been peace between France and England for about thirty years after the death of Queen Anne, during which time the colonists in America had enjoyed comparative repose. Then the selfish strifes of European monarchs kindled war again. In March, 1744, France declared war against Great Britain, and the colonists cheerfully prepared to begin the contest in America as King George's War; in Europe, the War of the Austrian Succes

gle had been costly, and fruitless of good except in making a revelation of the strength of the colonists.

sion. A contest arose between Maria colonies. By a treaty made at Aix-laTheresa, Empress of Hungary, and the Chapelle, all prisoners and property seized Elector of Bavaria, for the Austrian by either party were restored. The strugthrone. The King of England espoused the cause of the empress, while the King of France took part with her opponent. This caused France to declare war against Great Britain. The French had built the strong fort of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, after the treaty of Utrecht, and, because of its strength, it was called the Gibraltar of America. When the war was proclaimed, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, perceiving the importance of that place in the coming contest, plans for its capture were speedily laid before the Massachusetts legislature. That body hesitated, but the measure was finally agreed upon by a majority of only one vote. Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut furnished their proper quota of troops. New York sent artillery, and Pennsylvania provisions. Commodore Warren was in the West Indies with a fleet, and was expected to join the provincials in the expedition. After waiting some time, the colonial forces, under Sir William Pepperell, sailed, April 4, 1745, for Louisburg. Warren joined them at Canso early in May, and on the 11th the combined land forces, 4,000 strong, debarked at Gabarus Bay, a short distance from the fortress. The first intimation the French had of danger near was the sudden appearance of this formidable armament. Consternation prevailed in the fort and the town. A regular siege was begun on May 31. Other English vessels of war arrived, and the combined fleet and army prepared for attack on June 29. Unable to make a successful resistance, the fortress, the town of Louisburg, and the island of Cape Breton were surrendered to the English on the 28th. This event mortified the pride of France, and the following year the Duke d'Anville was sent with a powerful naval armament to recover the lost fortress, and to destroy English settlements along the seaboard. Storms wrecked many of his vessels, sick ness swept away hundreds of his men, and D'Anville abandoned the enterprise with out striking a blow. Anchoring at Chebucto (now Halifax), D'Anville died there by poison, it is believed. With the capture of Louisburg the war ended in the

George (WILLIAM FREDERICK) III., King of Great Britain; born in London, June 4, 1737; grandson of George II. His mind was narrow, his disposition was crafty and arbitrary, and during his long reign, while he was sane, his years were passed in continual combat against the growing liberal spirit of the age. Being a native of England (which his two royal predecessors were not), and young and moral, he was at first popular on his accession to the throne, Oct. 26, 1760. In his first speech in Parliament he expressed pride in his English birth, and thereby great enthusiasm in his favor was excited. On Sept. 8, 1761, he married Charlotte Sophia, sister of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who shared his throne fifty-seven years, and bore him fifteen children, all but two of whom grew to maturity. Unfortunately for his kingdom, he neglected the wise counsels of Pitt, and made his preceptor, the Scotch Earl of Bute, his prime minister and confidential friend. The minister and his master became very unpopular, and in 1763 Bute resigned, and was succeeded by GEORGE GRENVILLE (q. v.), who inaugurated the Stamp Act policy and other obnoxious measures towards the EnglishAmerican colonies, which caused great discontent, a fierce quarrel, a long war, the final dismemberment of the British empire, and the political independence of the colonies. With the Stamp Act began the terribly stormy period of the reign of George III. In 1783 he was compelled to acknowledge the independence of his lost American colonies. Then he had continual quarrels with his ministry, and talked of leaving England and retiring to his little kingdom of Hanover, but refrained on being assured that it would be much easier for him to leave England than to return to it.

Like his two royal predecessors, George hated his oldest son, the Prince of Wales, because he was generally in political opposition to him and led a loose life. After a serious dispute with Russia, which threatened to seize Turkey, and another

with Spain, war with revolutionized at Waterloo, June, 1815. In 1810 the France began in 1793, and the most arbi- King lost his youngest and favorite trary rule was exercised in England, driv- daughter, Amelia, by death. His anxiety ing the people at times to the verge of during her illness deprived him of reason. revolution. Ireland was goaded into re- He had been threatened with insanity once bellion, which was suppressed by the most or twice before; now his mind was clouderuel methods-equal in atrocity to any ed forever. The first indication of his perpetrated by the French in La Vendée malady appeared on the day of the comand Brittany. The union of Great Brit- pletion of the fiftieth year of his reign, ain and Ireland was effected in 1800, the Oct. 25, 1810. From that date his reign parliament of the latter ceasing to exist. ceased in fact, and his son George, Prince Against the King's wishes, peace was made of Wales, was made regent of the kingwith France in 1802; but war was again dom (Feb. 5, 1811). For nearly nine begun the next year. Then came the years the care of his person was intrusted struggle with Napoleon Bonaparte, which to the faithful Queen. In 1819 the Duke lasted until the overthrow of that ruler of York assumed the responsibility. The

The same evening a large

Queen was simple in her tastes and habits, to the army. rigid in the performance of moral duties, concourse of soldiers and civilians askind and benevolent. Their lives were sembled at the Bowling Green, pulled models of moral purity and domestic hap- down the statue, broke it in pieces, and piness. The King died in Windsor Castle, sent a portion to the house of Oliver WolJan. 29, 1820. cott, on the western edge of Connecticut, where it was run into bullets by his family. In a letter to General Gates upon this event, Ebenezer Hazard wrote: "His [the King's] troops will probably

There were members of the aristocracy that, through envy, hated Pitt, who, in spite of them, had been called to the highest offices in the kingdom. When young Prince George heard of the death have melted majesty fired at them." The of the King, he went to Carleton House, the residence of his mother, and sent for Newcastle, Pitt's political enemy. He and Lord Bute prevailed upon the young King to discard Pitt and favor their own schemes. Newcastle prepared the first speech from the throne of George III.; and when Pitt, as prime minister, went to him and presented the draft of an address to be pronounced at the meeting of the Privy Council, he was politely informed that the speech was already prepared and the preliminaries were arranged. Pitt immediately perceived that the King's tutor and warm personal friend of the young King's mother, the Earl of Bute, had made the arrangements, and would occupy a conspicuous place in the administration. George chose Bute for his counsellor and guide, and Pitt, to whom England, more than to any other man, owed its present power and glory, was allowed to retire and have his place filled by this Scotch adventurer. The people of England were disgusted, and by this blunder George created a powerful opposition party at the beginning of his reign.

venerable ZACHARIAH GREENE (q. v.); who was present at the pulling down of the statue, said the artist had made an omission of stirrups for the saddle of the horse, and it was a common remark of the soldiers, "The King ought to ride a hardtrotting horse without stirrups." Portions of that statue are now in possession of the New York Historical Society.

The people of New York City, grateful for the repeal of the Stamp Act, voted a statue to the King and to Pitt. That of the former was equestrian, made of lead, and gilded. It was placed in the centre of the Bowling Green, near Fort George, at the foot of Broadway. Raised upon a pedestal, with the head of the King and the horse facing westward, it made an imposing appearance. It was set up, with great parade, Aug. 21, 1770. Within six years afterwards the people pulled it down, with demonstrations of contempt. Washington occupied New York with The arrival of Richard Penn in London Continental troops in the summer of 1776. with the second petition of Congress There he received the Declaration of aroused the anger of the King towards, Independence (July 9), and it was read and his fixed determination concerning,

USUAL APPEARANCE OF GEORGE III. ABOUT 1776. (From a sketch by Gear.)