lost about 8,000 men, of whom 6,000 were killed or wounded. The loss of the Confederates was about 5,000. General Reynolds was made prisoner. Porter lost twenty-two siege-guns. During the night he withdrew to the right side of the Chickahominy, destroying the bridges behind him. Gaither, HENRY, military officer; born in Maryland in 1751; was actively engaged throughout the Revolutionary War; served under General St. Clair in the campaign against the Miami Indians in 1791; and at one time was in command of Fort Adams and Fort Stoddart. He died in Georgetown, D. C., June 22, 1811. Gale, LEVIN, lawyer; born in Cecil county, Md., in 1824; was admitted to the bar and began practice at Elkton, Md. He published A List of English Statutes Supposed to be Applicable to the Several States of the Union. He died in Baltimore, Md., April 28, 1875. struggling for liberty, he came to Massa- At the Gales, JOSEPH, journalist; born near Sheffield, England, April 10, 1786. His father emigrated to the United States in 1793, and established the Independent Gazetteer in Philadelphia, and in 1799 removed to Raleigh, N. C., where he established the Register. Joseph became a patrimonial estate in 1784, he invested printer, and subsequently a partner of it in land in western Virginia; and in Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of the 1786 he settled on land on the banks of National Intelligencer, in Washington, the Monongahela, in Fayette county, Pa., D. C., the successor of the Independent which he had purchased, and became Gazetteer. In connection with William Winston Seaton he made the Intelligencer a daily newspaper. Both partners were efficient reporters, and to their interest and foresight is due the preservation of many important speeches, notably those of Webster and Hayne. Gales died in Washington, D. C., July 21, 1860. naturalized. Having served in the Pennsylvania State convention and in the legis lature (1789 and 1790-92), he was chosen United States Senator in 1793, but was declared ineligible on the ground that he had not been a citizen of the United States the required nine years. He was instrumental in bringing about a peaceful terGallagher, WILLIAM DAVIS, journalist; mination of the "Whiskey Insurrection," born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 21, 1808; and was elected a member of the House became a printer and eventually an edi- of Representatives in 1795. An active tor; was connected with the Backwoods- member of the Republican, or Democratic, man at Xenia; the Cincinnati Mirror; party, he even went so far, in a speech the Western Literary Journal and Month- in Congress (1796), as to charge Washly Review; The Hesperian; Ohio State ington and Jay with having pusillaniJournal, and the Cincinnati Gazette. mously surrendered the honor of their Among his writings are A Journey country. This, from the lips of a young Through Kentucky and Mississippi; The Progress and Resources of the Northwest. He died in 1894. foreigner, exasperated the Federalists. He was a leader of the Democrats in the House, and directed his attention parGallatin, ALBERT, financier; born in ticularly to financial matters. Mr. GalGeneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761; was latin remained in Congress until 1801, when President Jefferson appointed him where he negotiated several important Secretary of the Treasury, which office he beld until 1813, and obtained the credit of being one of the best financiers of the age. The opponents of Jefferson's administration complained vehemently, in 1808, that the country was threatened with direct taxation at a time when the sources of its wealth, by the orders and decrees of Great Britain and France, were drying up. Gallatin replied to these complaints by reproducing a flattering but delusive suggestion contained in his annual report the preceding year. He suggested that, as the United States were not likely to be involved in frequent wars, a revenue derived solely from duties on imports, even though liable to diminution during war, would yet amply suffice to pay off, during long intervals of peace, the expenses of such wars as might be undertaken. Should the United States become involved in war with both France and Great Britain, no internal taxes would be necessary to carry it on, nor any other financial expedient, beyond borrowing money and doubling the duties on imports. The scheme, afterwards tried, bore bitter fruit. Gallatin's influence was felt in other departments of the government and in the politics of the country. Opposed to going to war with Great Britain in 1812, he exerted all his influence to avert it. In March, 1813, he was appointed one of the envoys to Russia to negotiate for the mediation of the Czar between the United States and Great Britain. He sailed for St. Petersburg, but the Senate, in special session, refused to ratify his appointment because he was Secretary of the Treasury. The attempt at mediation was unsuccessful. When, in January, 1814, Great Britain proposed a direct negotiation for peace, Gallatin, who was still abroad, was appointed one of the United States commissioners to negotiate. He resigned his Secretaryship. In 1815 he was appointed minister to France, where he remained until 1823. He refused a seat in the cabinet of Monroe on his return, and declined to be a candidate for Vice-President, to which the dominant Democratic party nominated him. President Adams appointed him minister to Great Britain, commercial conventions. Returning to the United States in 1827, he took up his residence in the city of New York. He was the chief founder (1842) and first president of the American Ethnological Society, and was president of the New York Historical Society from 1843 until his death, in Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. Although strictly in private life, Mr. Gallatin took special interest in the progress of the country. Gallaudet, THOMAS HOPKINS, educator; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 1787; graduated at Yale College in 1805, where he was a tutor for a while. At Andover Theological Seminary he prepared for the ministry, and was licensed to preach in 1814. Becoming interested in the deaf and dumb, he began his labors for their instruction in 1817, with a class of seven pupils. He became one of the most useful men of his time, labored incessantly for the benefit of the deaf and dumb, and was the founder of the first institution in America for their instruction. He was president of it until 1830, when he resigned. The asylum was located at Hartford, where Dr. Gallaudet became chaplain for the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane in 1833, which office he retained until his death, Sept. 9, 1851. Dr. Gallaudet published several works for the instruction of the young, besides other books. He was of Huguenot descent. His two sons, THOMAS and EDWARD MINER, also devoted their lives to the instruction of the deaf and dumb. The former, an Episcopal clergyman, was instrumental in organizing churches for the deaf and dumb; and the latter established in Washington, D. C., the National DeafMute College, in 1864, of which he became president. THOMAS died Aug. 27, 1902. Gallinger, JACOB H., legislator; born in Cornwall, Ont., March 28, 1837; was a printer; later studied medicine and practised till he became a member of Congress. He was a member of the New Hampshire legislature in 1872-73 and in 1891; of the State constitution convention in 1876; of the State Senate in 1878, 1879, and 1880, and its president in 1879 and 1880; member of Congress in 1885-89; and United States Senator in 1891-1909. Gallitzin, PRINCE DEMETRIUS AUGUS TINE, clergyman; oorn in The Hague, Hol- abandoned the Whig, or republican, cause, land, Dec. 22, 1770, where his father was and was thenceforward an uncompromisRussian ambassador. He belonged to one ing Tory. When the British army evacuof the oldest and richest families among ated Philadelphia, in 1778, he left his the Russian nobles. In 1792 he came country, with his daughter, went to Engto the United States for the purpose of land, and never returned. He died in travel, but determined to become a Roman Watford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803. Catholic priest. He entered the St. Sul- Gally, MERRITT, inventor; born near pice Seminary in Baltimore, and was or- Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; learned dained a priest March 18, 1795, being the the printer's trade; graduated at the Unifirst priest who had both received holy versity of Rochester in 1863, and at orders and been ordained in the United the Auburn Theological Seminary in 1866; States. He was sent on missions, but was was a Presbyterian minister for three recalled in consequence of his impetuos- years. In 1869 he founded a manufactory ity and over-zeal. In 1799 he was ap- for the construction of the "Universal " pointed pastor at Maguire's settlement. printing-press, which he had shortly before He purchased 20,000 acres in the present designed. His patents aggregate more Cambria county, Pa., which he divided than 400, including the "Orchestrone,” into farms and offered to settlers on easy an automatic musical instrument; the terms. Although constantly hampered by back vent system, for tubular church lack of money to carry out the grand organs; the counterpoise pneumatic sysschemes he contemplated, his colony took root and soon sent out branches. He had adopted the name of Schmettau, which was anglicized into Smith, but in 1811 he resumed his own name. He died in Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1841. Galloway, JOSEPH, loyalist; born near West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., about 1730; was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1764, and at one time Speaker and, with Franklin, advocated a change of the government of Pennsylvania from the proprietary to the royal form. A member of the first Continental Congress, he was conservative in his views, yet his line of argument in his first debates tended towards political independence. He proposed a plan of colonial government, which was rejected. It contemplated a government with a president-general appointed by the King, and a grand council, chosen every three years by the colonial assemblies, who were to be authorized to act jointly with Parliament in the regulation of the affairs of the colonies. Parliament was to have superior authority, with a right to revise all acts of the grand council, which, in turn, was to have a negative in British statutes relating to the colonies. This plan was, at first, favorably considered by many in the Congress; but it was rejected, and not permitted to be entered on the minutes of the journal. After the question of independence began to be seriously agitated, Galloway tem of the æolian, pianola, and other automatic musical instruments; a machine for making type from cold metal; differential telephone; etc. Galveston, city, seaport, and commercial metropolis of Texas; on an island of the same name. It was settled in 1837; captured by National forces in 1862; retaken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 1900, which destroyed nearly 3,000 buildings, caused a loss of between 8,000 and 10,000 lives, and damaged property and trade to the extent of more than $45,000,000. To prevent a recurrence of the disaster the city constructed a sea-wall, 17,593 feet long, 16 feet wide at the base, 5 feet wide at the top, standing 17 feet above mean low tide, and having a riprap apron extending 27 feet out on the Gulf side. The wall was completed in July, 1904, and cost $1,198,118. The protective scheme also provided for the elevation of the grade of the city from one to fifteen feet, so that it will slope gradually from the top of the sea-wall. This work will. cost $1,500,000 more. The foreign commerce of the port in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, was: Imports, $1,847,646; exports, $145,316,457; the manufactures in the census year 1900 aggregated in value $5,016,360; the assessed property valuation in 1903 was $20,574,098; and the net city debt, $2,747,541. The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 16, 1779. Galvez, without waiting to be 1900. 37,789. In the early part of the Civil War at tempts were made to repossess" important posts in Texas, especially Galveston. On May 17, 1862, Henry Eagle, in command of war-vessels in front of Galveston, demanded its surrender, under a threat of an attack from a large land and naval force that would soon appear. "When those forces appear," said the authorities, "we shall reply." So matters remained until Oct. 8, when Galveston was formally surrendered by its civil authorities to Commodore Renshaw, of the National navy. To hold the city more securely, a Massachusetts regiment, under Colonel Burrill, was sent there from New Orleans. In front of the city (Dec. 28) lay six National war-vessels, under the command of Renshaw. General Magruder, of the Confederate army, then in command of the Department of Texas, collected a land and naval force near Galveston, and before daylight on Jan. 2, 1863, he attacked the National forces by land and water. At first the men from Massachusetts repulsed those of Magruder, but, Confederate vessels coming up with a fresh supply, the National soldiers were overpowered. After a brief action, the Harriet Lane (one of the National vessels) was captured, and the Westfield, Renshaw's flag-ship, was blown up by his order, to prevent her falling into the hands of the Confederates. The firing of the magazine of the Westfield was done prematurely, by an intoxicated man, and Commodore Renshaw, a lieutenant, and an engineer, with about a dozen of her crew, perished by the explosion. Nearly as many officers and men were killed in a gig lying by the side of the Westfield. Magruder's victory was almost a barren one, for Farragut re-established the blockade before the Harriet Lane could be converted into a Confederate cruiser. reinforced, marched north and took Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge, Fort Panmure. and Fort Natchez. In February, 1780, he captured Mobile; and soon after invaded Florida, where he met with several successes. On May 9, 1781, he forced the surrender of Pensacola and gained control of the whole western coast of Florida. He died in the city of Mexico, Nov. 30, 1786. See VASCO DA GAMA. Gamble, HAMILTON ROWAN, statesman; born in Winchester, Va., Nov. 29, 1798; admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1817; went to Missouri in 1818. In 1861 the State constitution convention appointed him provisional governor. He served in this office until his death in Jefferson City, Mo., Jan. 31, 1864. Gamble, ROBERT JACKSON, lawyer; born in Akron, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1851; was graduated at Lawrence University in 1874; admitted to the bar in 1875, and began practice in Yankton, Dak.; was a State Senator in 1885; a member of Congress in 1895-97 and in 1899-1902; and a United States Senator from South Dakota in 1901-07. Gammell, WILLIAM, educator; born in Medfield, Mass., Feb. 10, 1812; graduated at Brown University in 1831; became professor of history and political economy there in 1880. His publications include the lives of Roger Williams and Gov. Samuel Ward, in Sparks's American Biographies. He died in Providence, R. I., April 3, 1889. Gannett, HENRY, scientist; born in Bath, Me., Aug. 24, 1846; graduated at Lawrence Scientific School in 1869; became connected with the United States Geological Survey in 1882. He is the author of Statistical Outlines of the Tenth and Eleventh Censuses; Commercial Geography; Building of a Nation; United States; and was employed on the 10th, 11th, and 12th Censuses, and on those of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines. Galvez, BERNARDO, military officer; born in Malaga, Spain, in 1755; became govern- Ganse, HERVEy Doddridge, clergyman; or of Louisiana in 1776; secretly aided the born in Fishkill, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1822; Americans with military supplies and graduated at Columbia University in $70,000 in money in 1778. About the 1839, and at the New Brunswick Theosame time Spain's offer of mediation be- logical Seminary in 1843; was ordained tween the United States and Great Brit- to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed ain was declined, whereupon Spain de- Church. He was the author of Bible clared war against Great Britain, June Slave-holding not Sinful, a reply to Dr. Samuel B. How's Slave-holding not Sin general. General Gansevoort filled civil ful. offices, particularly that of commissioner for Indian affairs, with great fidelity. In 1803 he was made military agent and brigadier-general in the regular army. He died in Albany, N. Y., July 2, 1812. Gansevoort, HENRY SANDFORD, military officer; born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1835; grandson of Gen. Peter Gansevoort; entered the regular artillery service, April, 1861, and fought gallantly Garakonthie, DANIEL, chief of the Onduring the Peninsular campaign of 1862, ondaga Indians. In 1658, although the and in several battles afterwards. He French were compelled to flee from Onfirst became lieutenant-colonel and then ondaga, Garakonthie became a protector colonel of the 13th N. Y. Volunteer Cav- of Christian doctrines and an advocate for alry, with which he performed gallant peace. It was not, however, till 1669 service in Virginia. In 1865 he was that he was converted and baptized. The brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers name Daniel was given him at his bap "for faithful and meritorious services," tism, and he learned to read and write. and became captain of artillery in the regular army. His health failed, and when returning from the Bahama Islands he died, April 12, 1871. Gansevoort, PETER, military officer; born in Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1749; was appointed major of a New York regiment in July, 1775, and in August joined the army, under Montgomery, that in His influence went far in checking the superstition of the Indians and in settling difficulties between Indian tribes, and also in protecting French colonists. He died in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1676. Garcia, CALIXTO, military officer; born in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836. He studied law and began practice, but subsequently joined the struggling patriots in Cuba, and in 1868 (with Carlos Manuel Cespedes and Marmol) planned the revolution which is known historically as the "Ten Years' War." On Oct. 10, 1868, he took up arms with Marmol at the head of 150 men. For a time great success attended them, and they captured many towns. For courage and ability in these actions Garcia was made brigadier-general under Gomez. Later the provisional government made him commander-in-chief of the Cuban forces in place of Gomez, removed. On Sept. 3, 1873, his victorious career suffered a decided reverse. With twenty men he was attacked by 500 Spaniards at San Antonio del Babor. When commanded to surrender he determined to die by his own hand rather than submit to capture. Placing a revolver in his mouth he fired upward. The ball came out at his forehead, and he carried a scar for life. He was taken to Manzanillo in vaded Canada. He rose to colonel the his wounded condition, and when he renext year; and in April, 1777, he was covered was sent to Spain. After peace put in command of Fort Schuyler (see was made in 1878 he was pardoned and STANWIX, FORT), which he gallantly de- returned to Cuba. He did not, however, fended against the British and Indians in consider the peace either honorable or August. He most effectually co-operated binding, and took part in the "little with Sullivan in his campaign in 1779, war," in which he fought with Maceo. and afterwards in the Mohawk region. He was compelled to surrender, and was In 1781 he received from the legislature sent to Madrid, where he spent seventeen of New York the commission of brigadier- years under the surveillance of the po PETER GANSEVOORT. |