lumbia; Ireland to England; and a na- morality, leaving them to adopt their own tional air for the republic of Brazil. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. Gilpin, HENRY DILWOOD, lawyer; born in Lancaster, England, April 14, 1801; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1819; began law practice in Philadelphia in 1822; was Attorney-General of the United States in 1840-41. His publications include Reports of Cases in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 182836; Opinions of the Attorney-Generals of the United States, from the Beginning of the Government to 1841. He also edited The Papers of James Madison. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 29, 1860. At the end religious opinions. The beneficiaries are Girard College. See GIRARD, STEPHEN. Girty, SIMON, partisan; born in Pennsylvania about 1750; was a spy for the British at Fort Pitt in 1774. When the Revolutionary War broke out he became a Girard, STEPHEN, philanthropist; born leader of the Indians and took part in near Bordeaux, France, May 24, 1750; numerous atrocities. In 1778 he went to engaged in the merchant service in early Detroit, inciting the Indians on the way life; established himself in mercantile to hostility against the United States. business in Philadelphia in 1769, and He was present when COL. WILLIAM CRAWtraded to the West Indies until the be- FORD (q. v.) was tortured to death by the ginning of the Revolutionary War. Re- savages, and it is alleged that he manisuming his West India trade after the fested joy in Crawford's agony. In 1791 war, he accumulated a large fortune; but he was present at the defeat of Gen. the foundation of his great wealth was Arthur St. Clair, and while Gen. William laid by events of the negro insurrection Butler lay wounded he ordered an Indian in Santo Domingo. Two of his vessels to kill and scalp him. He also took up being there, planters placed their effects the cause of the British in the War of on board of them, but lost their lives in 1812. He died in Canada about 1815. the massacre that ensued The property of owners that could not be found was left in Girard's possession. In 1812 he bought the building and much of the stock of the old United States Bank, and began business as a private banker. He amassed a large fortune, and at his death, in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1831, left property valued at almost $9,000,000. Besides large bequests to public institutions, he gave to Philadelphia $500,000 for the improvement of the city. His most noteworthy gift was $2,000,000 and a plot of ground in Philadelphia for the erection and support of a college for orphans, which was opened Jan. 1, 1848. In it as many poor white orphan boys as the endowment will support are admitted. By a provision of the will of the founder, no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect whatever is to hold any connection with the college, or be admitted to the premises as a visitor; but the officers of the institution are required to instruct Gist, MORDECAI, military officer; born the pupils in the purest principles of in Baltimore, Md., in 1743; was captain MORDECAI GIST. Gleig, GEORGE ROBERT, author; born in Stirling, Scotland, April 20, 1796; was educated at Glasgow and Baliol College. His publications include Campaigns of Washington and New Orleans, etc. He died in Berkshire, England, July 11, 1888. of the first troops raised in Maryland at the breaking out of the Revolution; was made major of Smallwood's regiment in 1776; and commanded it at the battle of Long Island. Promoted to colonel in 1777, and brigadier-general early in 1779, he did good service throughout the war, saving the remnant of the army after Glendale, or Frazier's Farm, BATTLE Gates's defeat, and being present at the OF. There was a sharp contest at White surrender of Cornwallis. He died in Oak Swamp Bridge on the morning of Charleston, S. C., Sept. 2, 1792. June 30, 1862, after the Army of the PoGladden, WASHINGTON, clergyman; tomac had passed on its way to the James born at Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 11, 1836; River. General Franklin had been left ordained in 1860; connected with the In- with a rear-guard to protect the passage dependent as editor, 1871-75, and Sunday Afternoon, 1875-82. He has been a successful lecturer and writer for many years. See PROTESTANTISM IN THE UNIT ED STATES. Glass. The oldest bottle glass manufactory in the United States was established at Glassboro, N. J., in 1775; a cutglass manufactory was established at White's Mill, Pa., in 1852. To-day the United States manufactures more glass of almost every variety than any country in the world. of the bridge and to cover the withdrawal of the wagon-trains at that point. The Confederate pursuers, in two columns, were checked by the destruction of the bridges. Jackson, at noon, was met at the site of the destroyed bridge by the troops of Smith, Richardson, and Nablee, and the batteries of Ayres and Hazard, who kept him at bay during the day and evening. Hazard was mortally wounded, and his force was cut up, but Ayres kept up a cannonade with great spirit. During the night the Nationals retired, leav was in a strong position on Malvern Hill about 18 miles from Richmond. Glenn, JAMES, colonial governor; was governor of South Carolina in 1744–55; made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians by which a large piece of territory was ceded to the British government. He was the author of A Description of South Carolina. ing 350 sick and wounded behind, and some disabled guns. At the same time a sharp battle had been going on at Glen- Glendy, JOHN, clergyman; born in Londale, or Nelson's, or Frazier's Farm, about donderry, Ireland, June 24, 1755; edu2 miles distant. cated at the University of Glasgow; came Near Willis's Church General McCall's to the United States in 1799, and settled division was posted in reserve, General in Norfolk, Va.; was chaplain of the Meade's division on the right, Seymour's House of Representatives in 1815-16. He on the left, and that of Reynolds (who was the author of Oration in Commemorawas a prisoner) under Col. S. G. Sim- tion of Washington. He died in Philamons. The artillery was all in front of delphia, Pa., Oct. 4, 1832. the line. Sumner was some distance to the left, with Sedgwick's division; Hooker was at Sumner's left; and Kearny was at the right of McCall. Longstreet and Hill had tried to intercept McClellan's army there, but were too late, and found themselves confronted by these Nationals. General Lee and Jefferson Davis were with Longstreet. The Confederates waited for Magruder to come up, and it was between three and four o'clock in the afternoon before they began an attack. Longstreet sissippi, on which were General Butler then fell heavily upon McCall's Pennsylvania reserves, 6,000 strong. He was repulsed by four regiments, led by Colonel Simmons, who captured 200 of his men and drove them back to the woods. Then the fugitives turned, and, by a murderous fire, made the pursuers recoil and flee to the forest. In that encounter the slaughter was dreadful. Glisson, OLIVER S., naval officer; born in Ohio in 1809; entered the navy in 1826; in 1862 was commander of the Mount Vernon, which rescued the transport Mis and 1,500 men. This vessel had grounded on the Frying-Pan Shoals, off North Carolina, while on the way to New Orleans. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1870; retired in 1871. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 20, 1890. Glover, John, military offieer; born in Salem, Mass., Nov. 5, 1732; at the beginning of the Revolution raised 1,000 men at Marblehead and joined the army at Cambridge. His regiment, being composed almost wholly of fishermen, was called the "Amphibious Regiment," and in the retreat from Long Island it manned the crossing of the Delaware before the victory at Trenton. Glover was made brigadier-general in February, 1777, and joined the Northern army under General Schuyler. He did good service in the campaign of that year, and led Burgoyne's captive troops to Cambridge. He was afterwards with Greene in New Jersey, and Sullivan in Rhode Island. He died in Marblehead, Jan. 30, 1797. The first struggle was quickly followed by others. The contending lines swayed in charges and counter-charges for two hours. The Confederates tried to break the National line. Finally General Meagher appeared with his Irish brigade, the boats. It also manned the boats at and made such a desperate charge across an open field that the Confederates were driven to the woods. Then Randall's battery was captured by the Confederates, when McCall and Meade fought desperately for the recovery of the guns and carried them back. Meade had been severely wounded. Just at dark McCall was captured, and the command devolved on Seymour. Very soon afterwards troops of Hooker and Kearny came to help the re- Glynn, JAMES, naval officer; born about serves, the Confederates were driven to 1800; joined the navy in March, 1815; the woods, and the battle at Glendale served in the Mexican War. In June, ended. Before dawn the next morning 1846, eighteen Americans were wreeked the National troops were all silently with- in Yeddo and made prisoners in Nagasaki, drawn; and early the next day the Army Japan. Later Glynn, in command of the of the Potomac, united for the first time Preble, ran within a mile of Nagasaki, and since the Chickahominy first divided it, through the urgency of his demand secured the release of all the seamen. This success led Glynn to propose that the United States attempt to open trade with Japan by diplomacy. The plan was successfully carried out by Commodore Perry. Glynn was promoted captain in 1855. He died May 13, 1871. Gmeiner, JOHN, clergyman; born in Baernan, Bavaria, Dec. 5, 1847; came to the United States in 1849; was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1870; became professor of ecclesiastical history and homiletics in the Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, Milwaukee, in 1876. His publications include The Church and the Various Nationalities of the United States, etc. Gobin, JOHN PETER SHINDEL, lawyer; born in Sunbury, Pa., Jan. 26, 1837; became a brevet brigadier-general in the Civil War; brigadier-general of United States volunteers in the war against Spain (1898); lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania in 1898; commander of the National Guard of Pennsylvania during the coal strike of 1902; State Senator since 1884; and commander-in-chief G. A. R. in 1897-98. Godfrey, THOMAS, inventor; born in Bristol, Pa., in 1704; was by trade a glazier, and became a self-taught mathematician. In 1730 he communicated to James Logan, who had befriended him, an improvement on Davis's quadrant. In May, 1742, Logan addressed a letter to Dr. Edmund Hadley, in England, describing fully Godfrey's instrument. Hadley did not notice it, when Logan sent a copy of this letter to Hadley, together with Godfrey's account of his inventions, to a friend, to be placed before the Royal Society. Hadley, the vice-president, had presented a paper, a year before, describing a reflecting-quadrant like Godfrey's. They both seem to have hit upon the same invention; and the society, deciding that both were entitled to the honor, sent Godfrey household furniture of the value of $1,000. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in December, 1749. Godkin, EDWIN LAWRENCE, journalist; born in Ireland, Oct. 2, 1831; graduated at Queen's College, Belfast, in 1851; was the first editor of the Nation, which was merged with the New York Evening Post in 1882, which he also edited till 1899. He is the author of Problems of Democ racy; Unforeseen Tendencies of Democ racy; Reflections and Comments, etc. He died in Brixham, England, May 20, 1902. See NEWSPAPERS. God Save the King (or Queen), the national hymn of Great Britain; supposed to have been written early in the eighteenth century as a Jacobite song, and the air has been, by some, attributed to Handel. It was sung with as much unction in the English-American colonies as in England. The air did not originate with Handel in the reign of George I., for it existed in the reign of Louis XIV. of France. Even the words are almost a literal translation of a canticle which was sung by the maidens of St. Cyr whenever King Louis entered the chapel of that establishment to hear the morning prayer. The author of the words was De Brinon, and the music was by the eminent Lulli. The following is a copy of the words: "Grand Dieu sauve le Roi! Grand Dieu venge le Roi! Vive le Roi! Que toujours glorieux, Toujours soumis! Grand Dieu sauve le Rol! Vive le Roi !" Other authorities credit Henry Carey with the authorship of both words and music of the English hymn. The music of My Country, 'tis of Thee (words by REV. S. F. SMITH, D.D., q. v.), is the same as that of God Save the King. Godwin, PARKE, author; born in Paterson, N. J., Feb. 25, 1816; graduated at Princeton in 1834; one of the editors of the New York Evening Post from 1836 to 1886. Among his works are Pacific and Constructive Democracy; Dictionary of Biography; Political Essays; etc. He died in New York, Jan. 7, 1904. Goff, NATHAN, statesman; born in Clarksburg, W. Va., Oct. 9, 1843; enlisted in the National army in 1861; Secretary of the Navy in 1881; member of Congress, 1883-89. Goffe, WILLIAM, regicide; born in Eng. land about 1605; son of a Puritan clergyman. With his father-in-law, General Whalley, he arrived in Boston in the summer of 1660, and shared his fortunes in America, becoming a major-general in South Carolina, $160,000; South Dakota, 1665. When, during King Philip's War, $6,469,500; Texas, $6,900; Utah, $3,450,Hadley was surrounded by the Indians, S00; Vermont, $100; Virginia, $7,000; and the alarmed citizens every moment Washington, $685,000; and Wyoming, expected an attack (1675), Goffe sud- $29,200. denly appeared among them, took command, and led them so skilfully that the Indians were soon repulsed. He as suddenly disappeared. His person was a stranger to the inhabitants, and he was regarded by them as an angel sent for their deliverance. Soon after Goffe's ar rival in Boston, a fencing-master erected a platform on the Common, and dared any man to fight him with swords. Goffe, armed with a huge cheese covered with a cloth for a shield, and a mop filled with muddy water, appeared before the champion, who immediately made a thrust at his antagonist. Goffe caught and held the fencing-master's sword in the cheese and besmeared him with the mud in his mop. The enraged fencing-master caught up a broadsword, when Goffe cried, 'Hold! I have hitherto played with you; if you attack me I will surely kill you." The alarmed champion dropped his sword, and exclaimed, "Who can you be? You must be either Goffe, or Whalley, or the devil, for there are no other persons who could beat me." He died, either in Hartford, Conn., in 1679, or in New Haven, in 1680. See REGICIDES. Goiogwen. See CAYUGA INDIANS. Golden Circle, THE. The scheme for establishing an empire whose corner-stone should be negro slavery contemplated for the area of that empire the domain included within a circle the centre of which was Havana, Cuba, with a radius of 16 degrees latitude and longitude. It will be perceived, by drawing that circle upon a map, that it included the thirteen slavelabor States of the American republic. It reached northward to the Pennsylvania line, the old "Mason and Dixon's line," and southward to the Isthmus of Darien. It embraced the West India Islands and those of the Caribbean Sea, with a greater part of Mexico and Central America. The plan of the plotters seems to have been to first secure Cuba and then the other islands of that tropical region, with Mexico and Central America; and then to sever the slave-labor States from the Union, making the former a part of the great empire, within what they called "The Golden Circle." In furtherance of this plan, a secret association known as the "Order of the Lone Star" was formed. Another association was subsequently organized as its successor, the members of which were called "KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE (q. v.). Their chief purpose seems to have been the corrupting of the patriotism of the people to facilitate the iniquitous design. The latter association played a conspicuous part as abettors of the enemies of the republic during the Civil War. They were the efficient allies of those who openly made war on the Union. Gold. The total production of the world of this metal in the calendar year 1900 amounted in value to $256,462,438, a decrease from $313,645,534 in 1899, owing to the British-Boer war in the former South African (or Transvaal) republic. Among countries the United States led, with $78,658,785; Australia ranking second with $75,283,215; Canada third (because of the Klondike produc- Golden Gate. See SAN FRANCISCO. tion) with $26,000,000; and Russia, Golden Hill, BATTLE OF. The Bosfourth with $23,000,862. The production ton Massacre holds a conspicuous place in the American States and Territories in history; but nearly two months before, was, in round numbers, as follows: Ala- a more significant event of a similar bama, $4,300; Alaska, $5,450,500; Ari- character occurred in the city of New zona, $2,566,000; California, $15,198,000; York. British soldiers had destroyed the Colorado, $25,892,000; Georgia, $113.000; Liberty Pole (Jan. 16, 1770), and, two Idaho, $1,889,000; Maine, $3,600; Mary- days afterwards, two of them caught postland, $800; Michigan, $100; Missouri, ing scurrilous handbills throughout the $100; Montana, $4,760,000; Nevada, city, abusing the Sons of Liberty, were $2,219,000; New Mexico, $584,000; North taken before the mayor. Twenty armed Carolina, $34,500; Oregon, $1,429,500; soldiers went to their rescue, when they |