THE CEREMONY OF ADOPTION WAS SOMETIMES PERFORMED BY CUTTING OFF THE HAIR OF A PERSON, AND GIVING IT TO THE ADOPTIVE FATHER. ADO] THE ADULTERATION OF COIN IS A CAPITAL CRIME IN ALL NATIONS. A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. is taken in all maritime affairs, civil or criminal. All crimes committed on the high-seas, or in great rivers, beneath the bridge next the sea, are cognizable only in this court, by judge and jury, and before which they must be tried.-VICE-ADMIRALTY COURTS, are established in all the dependencies of Great Britain, and have cognizance of all cases of captured vessels, misdemeanours in merchant ships, &c. ADMITTEN'DO CLERICO, a writ granted to a person who has recovered his right of presentation in the common pleas; by which the bishop, or metropolitan, is ordained to admit his clerk.-ADMITTENDO IN SOCIUM, a writ associating certain persons to the justices of assize already appointed. ADMONI"TIO FUSTIUM, among the Romans, a military punishment, not unlike our whipping, only that it was performed with vine branches. ADMORTIZATION, in the feudal customs, the reducing the property of lands or tenements to mortmain. ADNA'TA, in anatomy, one of the tunics or coats of the eye, otherwise called conjunctiva and albuginea, and is the same with the white of the eye. Also, an epithet for what grows upon animal or vegetable bodies, inseparably, as hair, &c., or accidentally, as fungus, &c. ADONA'I, one of the names of God used in the Scriptures, and properly signifying my lords, in the plural, as ADONI does my lord, in the singular number. ADO'NIA, solemn feasts in honour of Venus, instituted in memory of her beloved Adonis, and observed with great solemnity by the Greeks, Phoenicians, Lycians, Sy. rians, Egyptians, &c. They lasted two days, during the first of which the women carried about images of Venus and Adonis, weeping, tearing their hair, beating their breasts, and using every token of grief. On the second, they sung his praises, and made rejoicings, as if Adonis had been raised to life again. ADOPTION, a practice among the Greeks and Romans, of making a person one's heir, and investing him with all the rights and privileges of a son. In Rome, before adoption could take place, the natural father was obliged to renounce all authority over his son, and with great for mality consent that he should be translated into the family of the adopter. The adoption of a person already free was called adrogation.-ADOPTION, in a theological sense, denotes an act of God's free grace, whereby those who believe in Christ are accounted the children of God, and entitled to a share in the inheritance of the kingdom of heaven. ADORATION, a mode of reverence or worship anciently shown to the gods, by raising the right hand to the mouth, and gently applying it to the lips; also, in general, any outward sign of worship, by kissing the hand or feet, walking barefoot, or the like. Among the Jews, adoration consisted in kissing the hands, bowing, [ADU kneeling, and even prostration. But the posture of adoration most common in all ages and countries, is kneeling; and it is by far the most natural, as it implies humility, and a consciousness of the necessity of self-abasement. ADO'REA, in Roman antiquity, grain, or a kind of cakes made of fine flour, and offered in sacrifice; a dole or distribution of corn, as a reward for some service; whence, by metonymy, it is put for praise or rewards in general. ADOSCULATION, the impregnation of plants, effected by the falling of the farina foecundans on the pistil. ADOSSE'E, in heraldry, two animals placed back to back. It also denotes any other figure, as axes, keys, &c. placed with their heads facing different ways. AD PONDUS OM'NIUM, among phy sicians, denotes, that the last-mentioned ingredient ought to weigh as much as all the before-mentioned ingredients together. AD QUOD DAM'NUM, in law, a writ issued before the king grants certain liberties, as a fair, market, &c. ; ordering the sheriff to inquire what damage such a grant is likely to be attended with. TION. ADROGATION, in antiquity, that kind of adoption which took place in regard to a person already his own master. See AnorADSIDEL LA, in antiquity, the table at which the priests sat during the sacrifices. ADSTRICTION, among physicians, a term used to denote the too great rigidity and closeness of the emunctories of the body, particularly the pores of the skin; also to signify the styptic quality of medi cines. AD TERMINUM QUI PRETERIIT, in law, a writ of entry, that lies for the lessor or his heirs, if after the expiration of a term for life or years, granted by lease, the tenant or other occupier of the lands, &c. withholds the same from such lessor. ADULTERATION, in a general sense, denotes the act of debasing, by an improper mixture, something that was pure and genuine. Thus, adulteration of coin, is the casting or making it of a metal inferior in goodness to the standard, by using too great a proportion of alloy. Inferior ingredients put into bread, beer, wine, &c. by bakers, brewers, and other traders, for the purpose of imposing on the public, is also called adulteration, and cannot be too severely reprehended or punished; the consequences often proving fatal to the health, and always greatly abridging the comforts, of those who are the victims of such nefarious practices. ADULTERY, a violation of the nuptial bed; a crime which has been regarded by all civilized nations with abhorrence, and in ancient times was punished as a capital offence. By the Jewish law, the penalty was death. In England it is at present considered a spiritual offence, cognizable by the spiritual court, where it is punished by fine and penance; but by the common THE SAXONS FORMERLY BURNT THE ADULTERESS AND HANGED HER PARAMOUR. HERODOTUS CONSIDERS THE CUSTOM OF KISSING THE HAND IN ADORATION, TO HAVE BEEN ADOPTED BY THE GREEKS FROM THE PERSIANS. [c IN CHURCH HISTORY, THE WORD ADVOCATUS, OR ADVOWEE, IS STILL RETAINED FOR WHAT WE CALL THE PATRON, OR HIM WHO HAS THE ADVOWSON. FEUDAL ADVOCATES WERE THOSE WHO LED THE VASSALS OF THE CHURCH TO WAR. ADV] The Scientific and Literary Treasury; law, the party aggrieved can only proceed by action for damages. ADUST, an appellation given to such humours as are become of a hot and fiery nature. Thus blood is said to be adust, when, the more subtile and volatile part being evaporated, the remainder is vapid and impure. ADUSTION, an inflammation of the parts about the brain and its membranes, attended with hollowness of the sinciput and eyes, a pale colour, and dryness of the body. Also, a surgical operation, of a nature similar to cauterization. ADVANCE, in commerce, money paid before goods are delivered, work done, or any consideration given. ADVANCED-GUARD, or VAN'GUARD, in the military art, the first line or division of an army ranged or marching in order of battle. ADVENT, the coming of our Saviour; also the festival commemorative of the Advent, which falls about a month before Christmas. ADVENTURE, BILL OF; in commerce, a writing signed by a merchant, to testify that the goods shipped on board a certain vessel belong to another person, he himself being answerable only for the produce. It also means, the goods sent out at a ven ture. ADVERB, a word so called from its signification and connexion with verbs; though they are also frequently joined with adjectives and other parts of speech to modify their meaning. ADVERSA'RIA, a memorandum-book, journal, or common-place book. ADVERTISEMENT, any printed publication of circumstances, either of public or private interest, particularly that inserted in the newspapers. ADVOCATE, a barrister; a pleader in civil or ecclesiastical causes. Advocates were held in great honour during the first ages of the Roman commonwealth, being styled comites, honorati, clarissimi, and even patroni. And in almost every civilized country, men of the first talents are found among its advocates.-The LORD ADVOCATE is an officer of state in Scotland, who pleads in all causes of the crown, or where the king is concerned. ADVOCATION, among civilians, the act of calling another to assist us by pleading some cause.-LETTERS OF ADVOCATION, in the law of Scotland, signify a writ issued by the lords of session, advocating or calling a cause from an incompetent judge to themselves. ADVOWE'E, in law, signifies the patron of a church, or he who has a right to present to a benefice. ADVOW'SON, in law, a right of presentation to a vacant church or benefice. He who possesses this right is called the patron of the living. This right is so called because it was first gained by such as were founders, benefactors, or maintainers of the church. Advowsons are either presentative, as when the patron presents or of [AGO fers his clerk to the bishop to be insti tuted; collative, as where the benefice is given by the bishop, as original patron thereof, or by means of the right he has acquired by lapse; or donative, as where the king, or other patron, by a simple donation in writing, puts the clerk into possession, without presentation, institution, or induction. A'DY, the palm-tree of the island of St. Thomas; the fruit of which is of the size and shape of a lemon, and contains an aromatic kernel, from which an oil, answering the purpose of butter, is prepared. AD'YTUM, the most retired and secret place of the heathen temples, into which none but the priests were allowed to enter. The adytum of the Greeks and Romans answered to the sanctum sanctorum of the Jews, and was the place from whence oracles were delivered. The term is purely Greek, signifying inaccessible. EACE'A, in Grecian antiquity, solemn festivals and games in honour of Eacus, who, on account of his justice upon earth, was thought to have been one of the judges in hell. At the end of the solemnity, the victors in the games used to present a garland of flowers. ÆCHMOL'OTARCH, the title given to the principal leader or governor of the Jewish captives residing in Chaldæa, Assyria, and the neighbouring countries. The Jews themselves call this magistrate Roschgaluth, or chief of the captivity. E'DES, in Roman antiquity, besides its more ordinary signification of a house, or the internal part of a house, where the family used to eat, likewise signified an inferior kind of temple, consecrated indeed to some deity, but not by the augurs. There were a vast number of these in ancient Rome: thus we read of the ædes fortunæ, ades pacis, ædes Herculis, &c. EDIC'ULA, a small ædes or temple, which was erected in every village or parish. ÆDI'LES, a Roman magistrate, whose chief business was to superintend buildings of all kinds, but more especially public ones, as temples, aqueducts, bridges, &c.; and to take care of the highways, weights, and measures, &c. The DILES were distinguished into the ædiles plebeii, who were chosen from the plebeians, as assistants to the tribunes; and the ædiles curules, from the patricians, to provide for certain public games. ÆDITUUS, an officer who had the charge of the Roman temples. EGILOPS, an abscess in the canthus, or corner of the eye near the nose.EGILOPS, in botany, is the cerrus, or holmoak. 'GIS, a shield, particularly the shield of Jupiter.In anatomy, the term ÆGIS is used for an affection of the eye, when it has small cicatrices, which cause a dimness of sight. EGOPHTHALMOS, the goat's-eye stone; those species of agate or other semipellucid gems which have circular spots in them, resembling the eye of the goat. 14 JURIDICAL ADVOCATES HELD COURTS AND TRIED THE CAUSES OF THEIR VASSALS. THE FACULTY OF ADVOCATES, IN SCOTLAND, IS A SOCIETY OF EMINENT LAWYERS, CONSISTING OF ABOUT TWO HUNDRED MEMBERS. THE COMPUTATION OF TIME, BY THE CHRISTIAN ERA, IS GENERALLY BELIEVED TO HAVE NOT BEEN INTRODUCED TILL THE SIXTH CENTURY. VINCENT LUNARDI, IN 1784, MADE THE FIRST AERIAL ASCENT IN ENGLAND. AER] A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. ENE'ID, the title of Virgil's epic poem, in which he celebrates the adventures of Eneas, one of the bravest among the Trojan heroes. The author introduces him as sailing from Troy, after its destruction, in search of the shores of Italy, on which it had been promised by the gods that he should found an empire destined to be immortal; and the poem ends with the complete success of Æneas over Turnus, king of the Rutuli, whose dominions he had invaded, and who falls by his hand. The unrivalled force, elegance, and beauty of Virgil's style have been the theme of admiration in every succeeding age, and given him an indisputable right to a niche in the temple of Apollo, second only to that of Homer. EOLIAN HARP, an arrangement of strings placed in a window and played upon by the wind. It produces the effect of a distant choir of music in the air, sweetly mingling all the harmonic notes, and swelling or diminishing its sounds according to the strength or weakness of the blast. EOL'OPILE, a hollow metal ball, in which is inserted a slender neck, or pipe; from whence, after the vessel has been partly filled with water, and heated, issues a powerful gust of wind. It also serves to show the convertibility of water into steam. Æ'RA, or E'RA, a fixed historical period whence years are reckoned: as the building of Rome, or the birth of Christ. Era and Epoch are not exactly synonymous. An era is a point fixed by a particular people or nation; an epoch, one determined by chronologists and historians. The idea of an era, also, comprehends a certain succession of years, proceeding from a fixed event; and an epoch is that event itself. RA'RIUM, in Roman antiquity, the treasury, or place where the public money was deposited. Erarium and fiscus are sometimes used in a synonymous sense, although the latter, strictly speaking, contained only the money belonging to the emperor.-ERARIUM ILITHIE, or JuNONIS LUCINE, a place where the monies were deposited, which parents paid on the birth of each child. There are several other treasuries mentioned by historians, as the ærarium juventutis, veneris, &c. ÆRA'RIUS, in a general sense, denotes any person employed in coining, or managing the public monies; but the word was more particularly used by the Romans for a degraded citizen, whose name had been struck off the list of his century. The ærarii were so called on account of their being liable to all the taxes and other burdens of the state, without enjoying any of its privileges. AERODYNAMICS, that branch of aerology which treats of the powers and motion of elastic fluids. Aerodynamics are often explained in connexion with hydrodynamics, a branch of hydrology. AEROG'RAPHY, a description of the air, or atmosphere, its limits, dimensions, and other most obvious properties. AEROLITES, meteoric stones, which [AFF fall in a state of combustion from the at- AE'ROMANCY, a kind of divination amongst the Greeks, and from them adopted by the Romans, whereby they pretended to foretel future events from certain spectral phænomena or noises in the air. By aeromancy, in the present day, is meant the art of foretelling the changes and variations of the air and weather, by means of meteorological observations; but, judging by the attempts which have hitherto been made, the science, as it is called, seems to be little better than guess-work, AEROM'ETRY, the art of measuring the air, so as to ascertain its pressure or weight, its elasticity, rarefaction, &c. A'ERONAUT, one who sails in the air in a balloon. AERONAUTICS, or AEROSTATION, the art of navigating the air, by employing air-balloons, or silken globes, filled with gas lighter than atmospheric air. ERUGO, in natural history, properly signifies the rust of copper. Erugo is cither natural, as that found about coppermines; or artificial, like verdigris. ÆRU'GINOUS, an epithet given to such things as resemble, or partake of the nature of, the rust of copper. ÆSCHYNOM'ENOUS, an epithet for sensitive" plants, or such as move upon being touched. The term Eschynomene is used to denote this genus of plants, of which there are many species. ÆSTIVA, summer encampments for the Roman soldiers, in distinction from the hibernia, or winter quarters. 'STIVAL, in a general sense, denotes something connected with, or belonging to summer. Hence we say æstival point, æstival sign, æstival solstice, &c. ESTIVATION, in botany, the state of the bud in summer, or the disposition of the petals within the flower-bud when they have arrived at perfection. ETHER, the most subtile of all fluids, which, commencing from the limits of our atmosphere, occupies the firmament which is above the region of the air. The term is used by natural philosophers ancient and modern; but not always in the same signification. According to electricians, it is the electric fluid, or solar light. It may, however, generally be understood to be a fluid that fills all space; in which the stars revolve; and which, when impregnated with earthy exhalations, forms the air or atmosphere. ETHIOPS, a medicine, so called from its black colour, of which there are various kinds, as Æthiop's mineral, antimonial Ethiops, &c. ETITES, or EAGLE-STONES, a name given to pebbles or stones of any kind, which have a loose nucleus rattling within them. These eagle-stones are frequently found in our gravel-pits. AFFETUO SO, affetto, Ital., in a tender NO POSITIVE UTILITY HAS YET RESULTED FROM AERONAUTIC STUDIES. IT IS A DOCTRINE OF HYDROSTATICS, THAT IF A BODY BE LIGHTER THAN A FLUID, THAT FLUID WILL BEAR IT UP; HENCE CAME AEROSTATION. 15 AFFINITY OF AGGREGATION, IS THE POWER THAT CAUSES TWO HOMOGENEOUS BODIES TO UNITE AND COHERE, AS TWO DROPS OF WATER. AGA] ment. A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT MUST BE TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE. The Scientific and Literary Treasury; and affecting style; a term employed in music-books, at the beginning of a moveAFFI'ANCE, in law, denotes the mutual plighting of troth, between a man and a woman; to bind one's self to the performance of a marriage contract. AFFIDAVIT, an oath in writing, taken before some person who is legally authorized to administer the same. AFFIN'ITY, in civil law, the relationship in which each of the parties married stands to the kindred of the other. Affinity is distinguished into three kinds: 1. Direct affinity, or that subsisting between the husband and his wife's relations by blood; or between the wife and her husband's relations, by blood. 2. Secondary affinity, or that which subsists between the husband and his wife's relations, by marriage. 3. Collateral affinity, or that which subsists between the husband and the relations of his wife's relations. It should, however, be observed, that a person cannot, by legal succession, receive an inheritance from a relation by affinity; neither does it extend to the nearest relations of husband and wife, so as to create a mutual relation between them.-AFFINITY, in chemistry, the attractive power observable in the different parts of bodies, by which they combine; as the affinity of sulphuric acid for potash and lime. AFFI'ON, an Arabic name for opium. AFFIRMATION, a simple asseveration, which, according to a set form of words, is allowed to the Quakers in lieu of taking an cath. False affirmation is subject to the same penalties as perjury. AFFIRMATIVE, an epithet used by logicians for a species of proposition wherein any predicate is affirmed of its subject; as, "a dog is a quadruped:" here quadru ped" is affirmed of a dog. AF FIX, in grammar, a particle added at the close of a word, either to diversify its form, or alter its signification. AFFLATUS, in a general sense, a divine influence communicating to the receiver supernatural powers, particularly the gift of prophecy. Among heathen my thologists and poets, it denotes the actual inspiration of some divinity: thus Virgil, "afflata est numine quando Jam propriore Dei." Tully, however, extends the meaning of the word farther, by attributing all great actions to a divine aflatus. AFFRONTE E, in heraldry, an appellation given to animals facing each other. AFLOAT', a term used to denote that a ship is in water sufficiently deep to buoy her up. A FORA, in botany, an epithet for the pericarps of plants that are without valves. A FORTIORI, a term implying that what follows is a more powerful argument than what has been before adduced. AFTERMATH, the grass which springs or grows up after mowing; or the grass, or stubble, cut after corn. A'GA, in the Mogul language, a great [AGE lord or commander; in the Turkish, it is AG'ATE, a precious stone, or mineral, composed of various substances, as chalcedony, cornelian, jasper, &c.; also a stone of the agate kind engraven by art, which constitutes, among antiquarians, a species of gems. AGE, a certain period or limit of time, marked for the convenience of chronology and history by some remarkable events. Chronologers usually reckon seven such ages, namely, 1. From the creation to the deluge. 2. From the deluge to the birth of Abraham. 3. From the birth of Abraham to the departure of the Israelites out of Egypt. 4. From the departure of the Israelites to the building of the temple by Solomon. 5. From the laying the foundation of the temple to the reign of Cyrus in Babylon. 6. From the reign of Cyrus to the coming of Christ. 7. Since the birth of our Saviour.-Among ancient historians, the duration of the world was also subdivided into three periods, or ages: the first, reaching from the creation to the deluge which happened in Greece during the reign of Ogyges, is called the obscure or uncertain age; the second, called the fabulous or heroic, terminates at the first olympiad ; where the third, or historical age, commences. The poets also distinguished the period of the world into four ages; the golden age, or the age of simplicity and happiness; the silver age, which was less pure than the golden age, and in which men began to till the ground for their sustenance; the brazen age, when strife and contentions began; and the iron age, when justice and honour had left the earth.AGE, in law, signifies certain periods of life, when persons of both sexes are considered competent to perform certain acts, which, for want of years and discretion, they were incapable of before: thus a man may take the oath of allegiance at twelve years of age; is at the age of discretion at fourteen 16 NO ONE CAN BE OKDAINED A PRIEST TILL HE IS TWENTY-FOUR YEARS OLD. AFFINITY OF COMPOSITION, IS THE TENDENCY OF BODIES TO UNITE AND FORM NEW COMBINATIONS, AS IN ACIDS AND ALKALIES. AGENTS, AT COURTS, DIFFER FROM AMBASSADORS; FOR THOUGH DELEGATED, THEY ARE NOT INVESTED WITH ANY REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTER. AGG] AGENTS, IN MEDICINE, ARE THOSE POWERS WHICH ACT UPON THE BODY. A New Dictionary of the Belles Lettres. to choose his guardian and contract a mar riage; and is at full age at twenty-one. A woman at the age of nine is dowable; at twelve may confirm her consent to marriage; at fourteen may receive her land into her own hands; and at twenty-one may alienate her lands and tenements. Among ancient physiologists, the life or age of man was divided into six stages: pueritia, or childhood, extending from birth to the year 5; adolescentia, or boyhood, to the year 18; juventus, or youth, to the year 30; virilis atas, manhood, to 50; senectus, old age, to 60; crepita atas, decre. pitude, to death. By the Roman law, different ages were ascertained for different purposes. Thus the consular age, or that at which a person might hold the consulship, was the 43rd year; the judiciary age, between the 30th and 60th year; the military age, 17 years; the prætorian age, 40 years. AGENDA, among divines, sometimes signifies things which a man is bound to perform, in opposition to credenda, which he is bound to believe. It also denotes the service or offices of the church. LAGM notes the sum of several things added to. gether, or the collection of them into one whole. AGGREGATE is also used to denote an order of plants in the Linnæan system, having compound flowers with separate anthers. AGGREGATION, in physics, a species of union, whereby several things, which have no natural dependence or connexion with each other, are collected together; thus, a heap of sand, or a mass of ruins, are bodies by aggregation.In chemistry, it means the adhesion of parts of the same kind; as pieces of sulphur united by fusion form an aggregate. A'GIO, in commerce, a term chiefly used in Holland and at Venice, to signify the difference between the value of bank-stock and the current coin. AGIOSYMAN'DRUM, a wooden instrument used by the Greek and other churches under the dominion of the Turks, to call together their congregations; the use of bells having been prohibited. AGIST, AGIST MENT, AGIST'AGE, or AGISTATION, in law, the taking in other people's cattle to graze, at so much per week. The term is peculiarly used for the taking in cattle to be fed in the king's forests, as well as for the profits thence arising.-AGISTMENT is also used in a metaphorical sense, for any tax, burden, or charge. AĜISTOR, or AGISTATOR, an officer belonging to forests, who has the care of the cattle taken in to graze, and collects the money due on that account. A'GENT, in a general sense, denotes any thing which acts, or produces an ef fect. Agents are either natural or moral. Natural agents are all such inanimate bodies as have a power to act upon other bodies, in a certain and determinate manner: such is fire, which has the invariable property or power to warm or heat. Moral agents, on the contrary, are rational creatures, capable of regulating their actions by a certain rule.-AGENT, free or vo- A"GITATOR, in antiquity, a term someluntary, in metaphysics, is he who may times used for a charioteer, especially those equally do any thing, or its opposite, as who drove in the circus at the curule acting not from any predetermination, but games. AGITATORS, in English history, from choice.-AGENT is also used to de- were certain persons appointed by the note a person entrusted with the manage- army in 1647, to take care of its interests, ment of an affair, whether belonging to a and to control the parliament. Two prisociety, company, or private person. Thus vate men, or inferior officers, were chosen there are army agents, through whom every from each troop or company; and this regimental concern of a pecuniary nature body, when collected, was presumed to is transacted; and navy agents, who are equal the house of commons; while the employed by officers and seamen to manage peers were represented by a council of oftheir concerns in regard to pay, prize-mo-ficers of rank. Cromwell at first found it ney, &c. convenient to league with them; but when his authority was confirmed, he quickly found means to put down these levellers, as they were then called on account of their wish to abolish royalty and introduce an universal equality both of property and power. At the present day, the term agitator is applied to any political demagogue, and he is generally bold in proportion to the want of firmness in those against whom he declaims. AGITATORES, those who drove the chariots at the public games at Rome.This name was also given to players in the middle ages, who were forbidden church communion. AG'MEN, in the Roman art of war, denoted an army, or rather a part of it, in march, thus we read of the primum agmen, or van-guard; medium agmen, or main body; and the postremum agmen, or rearguard. A'GER, a certain portion or measure of land anciently allowed in the division of grounds to each citizen of Rome. AG'GER, in the ancient military art, a bank or rampart, composed of various materials, as earth, boughs of trees, &c. The agger of the ancients was of the same nature with what the moderns call lines. It was also used in several other senses, as for a wall or bulwark, to keep off the sea; for the middle part of a military road, usually raised into a ridge, &c. AGGLUTINATION, among physicians, signifies either the adherence of new substance, or the giving a glutinous consis tence to the animal fluids, whereby they become more fit for nourishing the body. It is also used by astronomers, to denote the formation of nebulæ by the seeming coalition of several stars. AG'GREGATE, in a general sense, de AGIO OF ASSURANCE, IS SOMETIMES USED FOR WHAT WE TERM THE POLICY. [C 3 OLIVER CROMWELL SEIZED THE CHIEF AGITATORS IN PRESENCE OF THEIR COMPANIONS, AND HAD THE RINGLEADER INSTANTLY SHOT. |