viewed in the light of subsequent history, appears insincere and disingenuous. He was one of the most bitter Tories who

66

to which he fled when his principles were discovered and denounced. He quailed before Samuel Adams, the stern Puritan and patriot, and cordially hated him because he feared him. Though by no means remarkable for brilliant abilities," wrote Galloway, "he is equal to most men in popular intrigue and the management of a faction. He eats little, drinks little, sleeps little, and thinks much; and is

land, Dec. 22, 1770, where his father was Russian ambassador. He belonged to one of the oldest and richest families among the Russian nobles. In 1792 he came misrepresented the colonies in England, to the United States for the purpose of travel, but determined to become a Roman Catholic priest. He entered the St. Sulpice Seminary in Baltimore, and was ordained a priest March 18, 1795, being the first priest who had both received holy orders and been ordained in the United States. He was sent on missions, but was recalled in consequence of his impetuosity and over-zeal. In 1799 he was appointed pastor at Maguire's settlement. most decisive and indefatigable in the He purchased 20,000 acres in the present Cambria county, Pa., which he divided into farms and offered to settlers on easy terms. Although constantly hampered by lack of money to carry out the grand schemes he contemplated, his colony took root and soon sent out branches. He had adopted the name of Schmettau, which was anglicized into Smith, but in 1811 he resumed his own name. He died in Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1841.

Galloway, JOSEPH, loyalist; born near West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., about 1730; was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1764, and at one time speaker and, with Franklin, advocated a change of the government of Pennsylvania from the proprietary to the royal form. A member of the first Continental Congress, he was conservative in his views, yet his line of argument in his first debates tended towards political independence. He proposed a plan of colonial government, which was rejected. It contemplated a govern ment with a president-general appointed by the King, and a grand council, chosen every three years by the colonial assemblies, who were to be authorized to act jointly with Parliament in the regulation of the affairs of the colonies. Parliament was to have superior authority, with a right to revise all acts of the grand council, which, in turn, was to have a negative in British statutes relating to the colonies. This plan was, at first, favorably considered by many in the Congress; but it was rejected, and not permitted to be entered on the minutes of the journal.

It has been asserted that Galloway was a voluntary spy for the British government. His conduct through the session,

pursuit of his objects. He was the man who, by his superior application, managed at once the faction in Congress at Philadelphia and the factions in New England."

After the question of independence began to be seriously agitated, Galloway abandoned the Whig, or republican, cause, and was thenceforward an uncompromising Tory. When the British army evacuated Philadelphia, in 1778, he left his country, with his daughter, went to England, and never returned. He died in Watford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803.

Gally, MERRITT, inventor; born near Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; learned the printer's trade; graduated at the University of Rochester in 1863, and at the Auburn Theological Seminary in 1866; was a Presbyterian minister for three years. In 1869 he founded a manufactory for the construction of the "Universal printing-press, which he had shortly before designed. His patents aggregate more than 400, including the " Orchestrone," an automatic musical instrument; the back vent system, for tubular church organs: the counterpoise pneumatic system of the æolian, pianola, and other automatic musical instruments; a machine for making type from cold metal; differential telephone, etc.

Galveston, city, seaport, and commercial metropolis of Texas; on an island of the same name. It was settled in 1837; captured by National forces in 1862; retaken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8, 1900, which caused a loss of 7,000 lives and property valued at $30,000,000. The

population in 1890 was 29,084; in 1900, 16, 1779. Galvey, without waiting to be 37,789.

Galvey, BERNARDO, military officer; born in Malaga, Spain, in 1755; became govern- Ganse, HERVEY DODDRIDGE, clergyman; or of Louisiana in 1776; secretly aided the born in Fishkill, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1822; Americans with military supplies and graduated at Columbia University in $70,000 in money in 1778. About the 1839, and at the New Brunswick Theosame time Spain's offer of mediation be- logical Seminary in 1843; was ordained tween the United States and Great Brit- to the ministry of the Dutch Reformed ain was declined, whereupon Spain de- Church. He was the author of Bible clared war against Great Britain, June Slave-holding not Sinful, a reply to Dr.

Samuel B. How's Slave-holding not Sin- general. General Gansevoort filled civil ful. offices, particularly that of commissioner Gansevoort, HENRY SANDFORD, military for Indian affairs, with great fidelity. In officer; born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1803 he was made military agent and 1835; grandson of Gen. Peter Ganse- brigadier-general in the regular army. He voort; entered the regular artillery ser- died in Albany, N. Y., July 2, 1812. vice, April, 1861, and fought gallantly during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, and in several battles afterwards. He first became lieutenant-colonel and then colonel of the 13th N. Y. Volunteer Cavalry, with which he performed gallant service in Virginia. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for faithful and meritorious services," and became captain of artillery in the regular army. His health failed, and when returning from the Bahama Islands he died, April 12, 1871.

Gansevoort, PETER, military officer; born in Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1749; was appointed major of a New York regiment in July, 1775, and in August joined the army, under Montgomery, that in

Garakonthie, DANIEL, chief of the Onondaga Indians. In 1658, although the French were compelled to flee from Onondaga, Garakonthie became a protector of Christian doctrines and an advocate for peace. It was not, however, till 1669 that he was converted and baptized. The name Daniel was given him at his baptism, and he learned to read and write. His influence went far in checking the superstition of the Indians and in settling difficulties between Indian tribes, and also in protecting French colonists. He died in Onondaga, N. Y., in 1676.

Garcia, CALIXTO, military officer; born in Holguin, Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836. He studied law and began practice, but subsequently joined the struggling patriots in Cuba, and in 1868 (with Carlos Manuel Cespedes and Marmol) planned the revolution which is known historically as the "Ten Years' War." On Oct. 10, 1868, he took up arms with Marmol at the head of 150 men. For a time great success attended them, and they captured many towns. For courage and ability in these actions Garcia was made brigadier-general under Gomez. Later the provisional government made him commander-in-chief of the Cuban forces in place of Gomez, removed. On Sept. 3, 1873, his victorious career suffered a decided reverse. With twenty men he was attacked by 500 Spaniards at San Antonio del Babor. When commanded to surrender he determined to die by his own hand rather than submit to capture. Placing a revolver in his mouth he fired upward. The ball came out at his forehead, and he carried a scar for life. He was taken to Manzanillo in vaded Canada. He rose to colonel the his wounded condition, and when he renext year; and in April, 1777, he was covered was sent to Spain. After peace put in command of Fort Schuyler (see was made in 1878 he was pardoned and STANWIX, FORT), which he gallantly de- returned to Cuba. He did not, however, fended against the British and Indians in consider the peace either honorable or August. He most effectually co-operated binding, and took part in the "little with Sullivan in his campaign in 1779, war," in which he fought with Maceo. and afterwards in the Mohawk region. He was compelled to surrender, and was In 1781 he received from the legislature sent to Madrid, where he spent seventeen of New York the commission of brigadier- years under the surveillance of the po

PETER GANSEVOORT.

4

CALIXTO GARCIA.

ary, 1782.
He was the author of Anec-
dotes of the Revolutionary War, with
Sketches of Character of Persons most
Distinguished in the Southern States for
Civil and Military Services. He died in
Charleston, Feb. 29, 1829.

Gardiner, LION, military officer; born in England in 1599; was sent to America in 1635 by the proprietors for the purpose of laying out a city, towns, and forts at the mouth of the Connecticut River. He built the fort which he called Saybrook after Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke. In 1639 he purchased Gardiner's Island, at the extremity of Long Island, then known by the Indian name of Manchonat, and at first called Isle of Wight by Gardiner. He secured a patent for the island, which made it a "plantation entirely distinct and separate from any of the colonies. It contains about 3,300 acres, and has descended by law of entail through eight lords of the manor, the last being David Johnson, who died in 1829. From him the property was passed through the hands of his two brothers and two sons. This is believed to be the only property in the United States which has descended by entail to its present holders (see ENTAIL OF ESTATES). The manor house built in 1775 is still in existence. The island was resorted to by Captain Kidd, who buried treasures there which were afterwards secured by Governor Bellomont, of New York. Gardiner died in Easthampton, N. Y., in 1663.

lice. In September, 1895, he crossed the frontier into France, sailed to New York, and on Jan. 26, 1896, planned a filibustering expedition which was successful. Afterwards, while fitting out another expedition, he was arrested by the United States government. He forfeited his bail, and on March 15, 1896, met the Bermuda, a filibustering steamer, off Cape Henlopen, and reached Cuba with sixtytwo Cubans, six field-guns, and a quantity of dynamite. He won several brilliant victories, among them that at Victoria de los Yunos, the loss of which was one of the reasons for the recall of General Weyler. After the occupation of Santiago by the Americans, Garcia withdrew from Gardner, CALEB, military officer; born the Cuban army, because General Shafter in Newport, R. I., in 1739. When the would not turn over to him the command Revolutionary War began he recruited a of Santiago; but he was subsequently rec- company and joined Richmond's regiment; onciled to the new military conditions. in 1778 he greatly distinguished himself In November of the same year (1898), by piloting with his own hands to a place he came to the United States as chair- of safety the French fleet under Count man of a commission to present the views d'Estaing, who was blockaded in the of the Cuban leaders to President McKinley, but before accomplishing his purpose he suddenly died, Dec. 11. High official and military honors were paid to his remains in Washington.

harbor at Newport by a large British squadron. As a reward for this feat the French King sent him a money gift. He died in Newport, R. I., Dec. 24, 1806. Gardner, CHARLES K., military officer;

Garde, PIERRE PAUL FRANCIS DE LA. born in Morris county, N. J., in 1787; See JESUIT MISSIONS.

Garden, ALEXANDER, military officer; born in Charleston, S. C., Dec. 4, 1757; was educated abroad; returning to America, he entered the Continental army in 1780; was promoted lieutenant in Febru

joined the army in May, 1808; served in the War of 1812, being present at the actions of Chrysler's Field, Chippewa, Niagara, and Fort Erie; was in the Treasury Department in 1850-67. His publications include A Dictionary of Commis

Army of the United States from 1789 to 1853; A Compendium of Military Tactics; and A Permanent Designation of Companies, and Company Books, by the First Letters of the Alphabet. He died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 1, 1869.

sioned Officers who have served in the Seminoles in Florida and in the Mexican War, where he received brevets for gallant conduct at the battles of Cerro Gordo and Contreras. He was in command at Charleston when South Carolina seceded, but was relieved from his command by order of Secretary Floyd. He was succeeded in the command of Fort Moultrie by Maj. Robert Anderson. He died in Wilmington, Del., Feb. 19, 1869. See MOULTRIE, FORT.

Gardner, DORSEY, lexicographer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, 1842; was educated at Yale University. His publications include A Condensed Etymological Dictionary of the English Language; a rearrangement of Dr. Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language, on an etymological basis, etc.

Gardner, THOMAS, military officer; born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1724; was a member of the committee of safety in 1775, and in the same year raised a regiment in accordance with instructions from the Provincial Congress. At the battle of Bunker Hill he was severely wounded,

Gardner, JOHN LANE, military officer; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1793; took part in the War of 1812 as lieutenant of infantry; was also in the war with the and died the next day.

GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM

Garfield, JAMES ABRAM, twentieth President of the United States, and enPresident of the United States; born in tered upon his duties on March 4, 1881. Orange, Cuyahoga co., O., Nov. 19, 1831. After an administration of four months. Left an orphan, his childhood and youth he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a were spent alternately in school and in disappointed office-seeker, in Washinglabor for his support. He drove horses ton, July 2, 1881, and lingered until on the Ohio canal; learned the carpenter's trade; worked at it during school vacations; entered the Geauga Academy, at Chester, O., in 1850, and, at the end of four years, had fitted himself for junior in college. He entered Williams College, Mass., that year; graduated in 1856; and then, till 1861, was first an instructor in Hiram College, and afterwards its president; gave his first vote for the Republican candidates, and took part in the canvass as a promising orator; studied law; was a member of the Ohio State Senate in 1859, and often preached to congregations of the Disciples' Church, of which he was a member. A firm supporter of the government, Garfield entered the military service in its defence, and in eastern Kentucky and elsewhere proved himself a skilful soldier, becoming a major-general of volunteers in 1863. In that year he was elected to Congress, where his career as a statesman was marvellous. He grasped every topic in debate with a master's hand. In 1880 Sept. 19 following, when he died at Elhe was elected to the United States Sen- beron, on the sea-shore, in New Jersey. ate, and in the same year was elected His death was sincerely mourned in all