costume of the period. Of these, 2, | Sunday and Holiday from an iron believed to be Richard I. and Pud- pulpit. This is now gone, but a sey himself, still remain, and are ex- tiny chamber (of Langley's time), ceedingly valuable as examples of which was probably used as the costume. vestry of the preacher, still exists near its site. On the N.W. wall is the monument of Dean Hunt, 1638. At the S.W. corner of the Galilee is a large altar-tomb covered by a slab of blue marble inscribed with the monkish epitaph "Hac sunt in fossa Bedae venerabilis ossa." The Galilee was doomed to destruction in 1796, to the eternal disgrace of Wyatt, who wished to carry a coach road from the castle to the college across its site. Its demo The sixth word is said to have been supplied by an angel for the be-lition was already begun when Dean wildered composer, when he had fallen asleep worn out by vain efforts to fill up the hiatus in his line. Another epitaph, written by Bp. Cosin, long hung in a frame against the neighbouring wall, but has fallen to decay. A copy remains in the Library. Cornwallis (Bp. of Lichfield) happily arrived to keep his summer residence and interposed to save it! In 1828 the chapel was fitted up with moveable benches, and is used for service on Sunday evenings. He was buried by his own desire as near as possible to the grave of Bede. Here is the richly carved cover of the font (now at Piddington) given by Bp. Cosin. Returning to the nave, in the S.W. chapel is a monument with a bust to The (real or reputed) remains of Sir George Wheler (1723), known Bede were stolen from Jarrow by from his travels in Greece and Elfred the Sacrist of Durham in Palestine, and for many years the 1022 (see Rte. 10), and were pre-excellent vicar of Houghton. served till 1104 in the coffin of St. Cuthbert. They were then placed by Bp. Pudsey in a splendid shrine of gold and silver, which was left in the feretory till 1370, when it was removed to the Galilee at the request of Richard of Barnard Castle, a monk who was afterwards buried under the blue stone on the W. of the present tomb. Here the casket containing the relics was placed upon a table of blue marble, supported by 5 low pillars, and was hidden by a curiously gilt cover of wainscot, which was drawn up by a pulley when pilgrims visited the shrine. An altar to Bede stood against the neighbouring wall. The original tomb was destroyed at the Reformation (some of its stones may still be seen in the pavement between 2 of the pillars of the S. aisle of the nave), when the bones were buried under its site, and the large table monument which still exists erected over them. Beneath the great W. window a monk used to preach at 1 P.M. every [Dur. & N.] Rt. is the S. door, leading to the cloisters, with rich Norm. ornaments of the time of Bp. Pudsey. Its iron-work is remarkable. The E. end of this (S) aisle was partitioned off as the Chantry of the Nevilles, and contained an altar of alabaster, where mass was daily sung for their souls. This is now destroyed, and the Neville tombs removed to the space between the pillars separating the aisle from the nave. The effigies were half-demolished by Scotch prisoners, of whom no less than 4500 were shut up here after the battle of Dunbar, when "most of them perished and dyed in a very short space, and were thrown into holes by great numbers together in a most lamentable manner." The first tomb is that of John Lord Neville (d. 1389) and his wife Matilda Percy, the daughter of Hotspur. Beneath D are their children, one of whom, re- | Durham had been installed from the presented as turning its back on the earliest period. Bp. Barrington was spectator, is supposed to have died the last, in 1791. Three of its in childhood. This tomb was ori- corbels, preserved in the New Liginally gilt and coloured, but only brary, attest the magnificence of its purified in 1832 from a thick coating groined roof. The pavement was alof ochre wash. By its side is a blue most formed by the incised slabs and marble slab stripped of the rich brasses of the early bishops. Here brass which once adorned it, covering were buried the bones of Aidan, first the grave of the good Robert Neville, bishop of Lindisfarne, of two or Bp. of Durham. The second tomb is three of his successors, which the that of Ralph, Lord Neville (d. 1367) monks had carried about with them and Alice his wife. He was father from place to place, till their final of John the victor of Neville's Cross, settlement at Durham, and of Aldune, and the first layman buried in the 1st Bp. of Durham, 1018. Afterchurch. wards, the following prelates in succession were buried here in their mitres, crosiers, and full episcopal robes: Edmund, 1042 or 1043. Eadred Walcher At the entrance of the S. Transept (rt.) is the monument of the excellent Shute Barrington (d. 1826), 57 years Bishop of Durham, by Chantrey. Here also, in a conspicuous position, is a tasteless monument to the officers of the 68th Durham Light Infantry, lost in the Crimea. The pillars retain ancient brackets which once supported images of saints. Of these many were not destroyed till the time of Dean Whittingham (1563), who was incited to iconoclasm by his wife, who was sister of Calvin. At the end of the transept is the large Perp. window (1400), named Te Deum, from the hymn once painted upon its glass. It still retains a figure of Bp. Aidan, with others. Beneath stood the clock of Dean Hunt (1632), whose quaint but incongruous woodwork has been lately removed. A false arch in the Norm. arcade round the walls is the entrance to The Chapter House, which, when in its original state, up to 1799, was without a rival in the kingdom, both from its architecture and the historic interest of its monuments. It was built during the perfection of the Norm. style (1133-43) by Bp. Galfrid Rufus, and measured 80 by 37 ft. Against the wall, in the centre of its semicircular end, stood the ancient Norm, chair in which the bishops of } same year. William Carileph, 1095. Here too were buried Turgot, once Prior of Durham, and, at the time of his death, in the 11th centy., Bp. of St. Andrews in Scotland, a man eminent for his learning and piety; and Prior Melsonby, who was brought from Farne Island. In 1799 it was resolved that the chapter-house was "uncomfortable," and to remedy this defect the keystones of the groinings were knocked out, and the whole roof was suffered to fall down, immolating and crushing all the venerable memorials beneath, not even the chair being removed, and no inscription having been copied. Half of the original room was excluded (and thrown into the Dean's garden) by a wall pierced with modern sash windows, another part partitioned off as an ante-room, the floor boarded, and the Norm. arcading concealed by lath and plaster. In 1830, portions of the rich Norm, carvings which remained were once more laid bare, but no search has yet been made for any of the episcopal monuments, of which fragments at least must probably exist buried beneath the surface. The Tower is supported by clusters of columns, rising to the springing of the groins, and the great arch springing from them is crowned by an open gallery. It is surmounted by a lantern built by Bp. Farnham (d. 1247), upon which a belfry was built by Prior Derlington (1258-74). The Choir, now entirely open to the nave, was formerly separated from it by a heavy screen of black oak, the gift of Bp. Cosin, now converted into panelling for the Castle, where the panels of the cathedral pulpit, also given by him, form a background for the altar of the chapel. The arms of Neville remain upon the doorways leading to the shrine. The whole was to a certain degree restored 1857, but it was once painted, and its niches filled with statues, the principal of which were the Virgin, supported by St. Cuthbert and St. Oswald. On the high-altar, which was dedicated to these saints, lay the book called Liber Vitæ, containing the names of the benefactors of the ch., which were solemnly recited once a year. 34 of its leaves are written in letters of gold and silver. It is now preserved in the British Museum The Cenacolo above the altar was inserted 1852. The principal monument here is that of Bp. Hatfield (Lord High Chancellor of England,―d. 1381), built during his lifetime, to serve at once as his tomb and as an episcopal throne for his successors. It retains remains of its ancient colouring The central shield on the tomb bears the arms of England, an honour said to have been granted in consequence of the conspicuous part the prelate took in the battle of Neville's Cross. "The effigy is of exquisite workmanship, highly illustrative of the episcopal costume and statuary art of the period."-Raine. Before the altar is the gravestone Both the choir and its aisles originally terminated in semicircles, and in the central apse was the shrine where the coffin of St. Cuthbert was placed by Bp. Flambard in 1104. The roof was of wood till the time of Prior Hotoun (1289), who erected the groined ceiling. In 1235 Bp. Poor began the chapel known as the Nine Altars at the E. ex-now stripped of its brass, of Bp. tremity of the ch., which then lost its apsidal form. The ancient stall work was destroyed by the Scotch soldiers shut up here after the battle of Dunbar; that which now exists, handsome of its kind, is the work of James Clement, temp. Charles II. The Choir is terminated by the Altar-screen, a magnificent specimen of early Perp. tabernacle-work. It was erected in 1380, at a cost of 4001., an enormous sum in those days, the greater part of which was contributed by John, Lord Neville, of Raby. Seven masons spent a year (under a Prior Berrington) in erecting it, but it was carved in London from stone brought from France. Beaumont (d. 1333), cousin of Queen Isabella of France, by whose influence he obtained the bishopric Under the present site of the organ Bp. Skirlaw was buried in a coffin of lead, and his arms may still be seen on the opposite wall. In the lower part of the choir were buried Bp. Pilkington (1575), and Bp. James (1617), who died of a scolding he received from James I. for having given him stale beer, on a visit to Durham Castle. Dean Sudbury (1684), founder of the Library, is buried in front of the Dean's Stall. Of the solemnities and religious ceremonies celebrated here by the monks, including the Passion and Resurrection of our Saviour, a full | sockets, which had lights set in them account is given in Raine's 'Durham Cathedral.' Immediately behind the altarscreen, and on a level with the choir, is a kind of raised platform, called the Feretory. In its centre St. Cuthbert is buried, under the spot where formerly stood his celebrated Shrine, "through the godly devotion of kings, queens, and other estates, the richest in the kingdom." It is described by one who saw it, as being exalted with the most curious workmanship, of fine and costly green marble, all limned and gilt with gold; having four seats or places convenient underneath for the pilgrims or lame men to lean and rest on in the time of their offerings and prayers. At the W. end of the shrine was a little altar, on which mass was only said upon the great and solemn feast of St. Cuthbert in Lent, at which solemnity the prior and the whole convent did keep open house in the frater house, and dined all together on that day, and on no day else in the year. On high festivals they were accustomed to draw up the cover of the shrine, being of wainscot, by a strong rope, to which six very fine-sounding bells were fastened, which stirred all men's hearts that were within the ch. to repair unto it. On either side of the said cover were painted four lively images, curiously wrought, and miraculous to all beholders thereof. Also within the feretory on the N. and S. were almeries of wainscot, varnished and finely painted and gilt over with fine little images, for the relics belonging to St. Cuthbert to lie in; all the costly reliques and jewels that hung about within the said feretory upon the irons, being accounted the most sumptuous and richest jewels in all this land. At the E. end of the feretory were wrought, upon the height of the irons towards the nine altars, very fine candlesticks of iron, like unto before day, that every monk might have the more light to see to read on their books at the said nine altars, when they said mass. "The king of Scots' ancient and his banner, with divers other noblemen's ancients, were all brought to St. Cuthbert's feretory, and there Lord Nevil made his petition to God and that holy man St. Cuthbert; and offered the jewels and banners to the shrine; and there the said banners and ancients stood and hung till the suppression of the house. The Lord Nevil's banner staff was all wrythen about with iron, from the midst upward, and stood and was bound to the irons on the N. end of the feretory; and the King of Scots' banner was bound to the midst of the said irons, and hung over the midst of the alley of the Nine Altars." During the prosperity of the Shrine a "Master of the Feretory' was regularly appointed, who had a chamber in the dormitory, and whose duty it was to admit pilgrims and to receive their offerings. The banner of St. Cuthbert stood on the E. of the shrine. It was carried at the battle of Flodden Field, and contained in its centre "the corporax cloth, with which St. Cuthbert covered the chalice when he said mass." This was considered one of the most magnificent relics in England, and was only carried forth upon the highest festivals. At the consecration of the cathedral in 1104, it appears that some doubts were entertained regarding the incorruptibility of St. Cuthbert. Two examinations ensued, when, according to the monkish chroniclers, the body was found perfect, clothed with skin and flesh, and (although four hundred and seventeen years had elapsed since its first interment) resembling one rather asleep than dead. The first examination, however, took place at midnight, and was in the presence of the monks alone, and in on the investigation in 1104. Here the second, though King Alexander of Scotland and a vast number of ecclesiastics were present, the figure was very reluctantly exhibited, and only one person, a monk, was permitted to touch the body. The robes in which the body was clad, and the ornaments and relics which were buried with it, are minutely described by the chroniclers; one thing was removed by the monks, a copy of St. John's Gospel, now at Stonyhurst. The shrine was losing favour, and had almost ceased to receive offerings as early as the year 1500, but it retained its outward splendour till 1540, when it was destroyed, and its ornaments and jewels ("one of which was of sufficient value to redeem a prince") carried off by the commissioners of Henry VIII. St. Cuthbert was found in a chest strongly bound with iron, which when broken open disclosed the "body of the saint, lying whole, uncorrupt, with his face bare, and his beard as of a fortnight's growth, and all the vestments about him as he was accustomed to say mass, and his met-wand of gold lying by him; on which, instead of destroying his bones at once, the visitors commanded him to be carried into the revestry, and waited there till the king's pleasure concerning him was known, and on the receipt thereof the prior and monks buried him in the ground under the place where his shrine had been exalted. also were numerous human bones, many of them those of children. Lastly, a third coffin presented itself, of a character entirely different to the other two, and proved by its decorations to be the selfsame coffin minutely described in 1104, and, consequently, the identical coffin in which the remains of St. Cuthbert were placed at Lindisfarne in the year 698. In spite of this, the Roman Catholic party still maintain the tradition that the real burial-place of St. Cuthbert is still unknown except to 3 members of their Church. "Chester-le-street and Ripon saw Hailed him with joy and fear; Looks down upon the Wear: But none may know the place, Who share that wondrous grace." In the S. aisle of the choir, at the base of Hatfield's tomb, is the gravestone of Emeric de Lomley, Prior of Lytham in Lancashire (about 1333). S. of this aisle was the vestry of the monks, a beautiful relic of 13th-centy. architecture, wantonly destroyed in 1802. It contained the embroidered copes now preserved in the chapter library. At the E. end of the aisle, in front of a wooden screen, stood the historical relic, known as "the Black Rood of Scotland," "which was believed to have dropped miraculously into the hands of David, King of Scotland, from the antlers of a stag, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. We know not what became of it at the Reformation."-Raine. Here is the entrance of the E. Transept, always known as A bill for making this grave in 1542 is preserved in the library of the dean and chapter. It speaks of the marble stone under which St. Cuthbert was interred. This marble stone was disturbed after a lapse of nearly 300 years, on Thursday, May 17, 1827, when in a walled grave was found a chest in great decay, which was evidently the coffin made in 1542. This enclosed an earlier coffin, on which The Nine Altars, the largest chapel were traces of skins, which are actu-in the kingdom, its internal length, ally described to have enveloped it, | 129 ft. 5 in.; height, 76 ft.; width, 34 |