the proprietors for the sum of six hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

Delaware.-During Penn's absence after his first visit the "Three Lower Counties on the Delaware," the grant received from the Duke of York, became dissatisfied and withdrew from the union with Pennsylvania, Penn giving them a lieutenant-governor of their own. They were reunited by Governor Fletcher, of New York, who governed Pennsylvania in 1693, during Penn's brief removal. Other disputes arose, and in 1703 the proprietor gave Delaware a separate assembly, though one governor ruled both colonies. This arrangement held good till 1776, when Delaware was organized as a separate State.

5. MARYLAND.

The Principle of Toleration.-Almost at the same time that Roger Williams was leaving Massachusetts to found a new colony where all should have freedom of worship, a new colony was being formed farther south with the same principle in its charter. It was founded by a Catholic nobleman of England, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. He had been a member of the London Company, and after its dissolution a purpose arose in his mind to establish a colony of his own, in which members of his church, then ill-treated

in England, might have full liberty of worship.

A Locality Chosen.-His first plan was to found a colony in Newfoundland.' But finding the climate there too severe,

1 Lord Baltimore formed a small settlement called Ferryland in Newfoundland in 1621. He visited this in 1627, and again in 1628,

he sailed to Jamestown, where he soon discovered as much intolerance as he had left at home. Repelled from this locality, he made his way up Chesapeake Bay and explored the country north of the Potomac. The country and climate here seemed to him delightful, there were no settlers to interfere with his plans, and he fixed on this region as the scene of his experiment.

Lord Baltimore's Charter.-Returning to England, he applied to Charles I. for a charter for the proposed colony. This the king readily granted, and gave to the region the name of Maryland in honor of Henrietta Maria, his queen. Charles not only granted the territory, but gave Lord Baltimore unexampled powers, making him almost a king in his new domain. He was styled "Lord Proprietary" of Maryland, and in the charter was privileged to coin money, create courts, appoint judges, confer titles of nobility, and summon a representative assembly, whose laws did not need to be approved by the king, but only by the proprietary. The sole right to lay taxes was given to the assembly and its lord governor.

No other British subject had ever received such extensive privileges, while the only payment demanded for the land was two Indian arrows yearly, and one-fifth of all the gold and silver mined. The latter was a dead letter here as in Pennsylvania, as no gold or silver was ever found in either of these colonies.

A Settlement Formed.-George Calvert died before the charter was issued, and it was made out in the name of his son, Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. His brother, Leonard Calvert, brought over a colony of about

remaining there till the autumn of 1629, when the bleakness of the climate forced him to withdraw.

three hundred people in the spring of 1634, and landed with them near the mouth of the Potomac, on the northern bank of which the town of St. Mary's was founded.

Religious Freedom.-It had been made known that absolute freedom of worship would be granted in the new colony to all Christians. This did not go so far as the toleration of Roger Williams, who gave religious freedom to all, Christian and pagan alike, but it was a degree of liberty then utterly unknown in Europe, and one which attracted many persons of liberal opinions. There were about twenty gentlemen of wealth in the colony, most of them Catholics,' but the other settlers were probably nearly all Protestants. Father White, a priest who came with them, converted the wigwam of an Indian chief into a chapel, and thus established the first English Catholic church in America.2

Progress of the Colony.-From the beginning the people took part in making the laws for their own government, and in a few years were given the power of originating these laws. This combined political and religious freedom proved very attractive, and the colony grew rapidly in wealth and population. The cultivation of tobacco, which

1 A tax of twenty pounds a month was at that time imposed on all Catholics in England who did not attend Church of England services. This exaction, equivalent to several hundred dollars of present money, was ruinously severe. Lord Baltimore would not have been permitted to form a colony of intolerant Catholics, and was obliged to grant religious liberty.

2 This colony escaped the suffering experienced in several others. The Indians had been about to vacate their lands, on account of persecution by a stronger tribe, and willingly sold them to the settlers. These lands were in condition for planting, and the Indian methods of cultivation were taught the new-comers, so that they early raised a crop of corn.

had proved so profitable in Virginia, was begun here, and soon became a source of prosperity. Grain replaced tobacco in the interior, commerce grew, and towns began to be formed. Providence, a settlement of Puritans, afterward had its name changed to Annapolis, and became the capital of the province. Baltimore, named from the proprietors, was founded in 1729, soon became an important town, and in time grew into one of the most active Atlantic seaports. The Clayborne Troubles.—Early in the history of Maryland trouble began. Before Lord Baltimore received his charter a Virginian named William Clayborne had formed a post for the fur-trade on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay. This was within the limits of Maryland, but Clayborne refused to recognize the authority of Governor Calvert, and appealed to arms in defence of his claim. A fight ensued in consequence, blood was shed, and Clayborne was driven out.

Renewal of Troubles.-About ten years afterward, in 1645, the quarrel was renewed. Many Puritans, drawn by the toleration of the Baltimores, had now settled in Maryland, and manifested there a spirit very different from that shown toward them by the proprietors. Civil war had begun in England between the Puritans and the king, and, taking advantage of this, Clayborne stirred up the Maryland Puritans to an attack on the Catholics.

War in the Colony.-Warlike conditions succeeded, and for two years the colony was in a turmoil. Governor Calvert was forced to flee; but he returned in 1646 with a strong force, and Clayborne was in his turn expelled. In 1654 civil war again began, and Clayborne and the Puritans were victorious. Commissioners were now sent over from England, who expelled the proprietor's deputy and replaced him by a new governor. They then called an assembly,

for which they forbade any Catholic to be a candidate, or even to vote. This assembly went so far as to repeal the act of toleration which had been passed by the assembly of 1649, and to prohibit Catholic worship in Maryland. It declared that Lord Baltimore had no longer any rights in the colony.

Lord Baltimore Restored.-The dissensions continued until finally settled by Oliver Cromwell, then ruler in England. He carefully examined the case and restored the government to Lord Baltimore. This ended the trouble for the time, freedom of worship was re-established, and during the next thirty years the colony grew in wealth and population.

The Protestants in Power.-Yet the old religious difficulty in time reappeared, the adherents of the Church of England seeking, after 1676, to oppress all who differed from them in religious faith. In 1689, William and Mary, the new monarchs of England, came to the throne. They were pledged to support the Protestant cause, and severe laws were passed against Catholics. The government of Maryland was usurped by a Protestant association, and the Calverts were robbed of their province.

Maryland a Royal Province.-In 1691 Maryland was declared a royal province, governors were appointed by the crown, the seat of government was changed from St. Mary's1 to Annapolis, and the Church of England was declared the established church, taxes being laid for its support, though it had few members among the population. The Catholic worship was forbidden, and was not permitted again in Maryland while it remained under English rule.

1 St. Mary's suffered a still more complete decline than Jamestown. While the latter has left some relics, scarcely a trace of the ancient capital of Maryland remains.