Philippine Affairs.-The treaty with Spain was finally consummated on July 3, 1899, on which day it was ratified by the Spanish Senate. Meanwhile, the $20,000,000 paid by the United States had not secured for that country the Philippine Islands. Under a daring and able leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, the people of the island of Luzon broke out in insurrection and began a war for independence, and on the night of February 4, 1899, an assault in force was made on the American outposts at Manila. It ended in the repulse of the assailants, who were driven back from the vicinity of the city.

Advance of the Army.-The advance of the American forces against the Filipinos began on March 25. It met with considerable resistance, but Malolos, Aguinaldo's capital, was occupied on the 31st, and in the succeeding months a number of Filipino strongholds were taken. In July the coming on of the rainy season put an end to active operations, but they were resumed in the autumn with great success, the natives no longer strongly maintaining their positions against the American troops.

Efforts for Peace.-Efforts were made in vain for a peaceful solution of the difficulty. A Philippine Commission visited the islands, and offered the natives a system of government under which they would have enjoyed a large measure of liberty, but Aguinaldo refused to accept anything less than complete independence.

Dewey Honored.-Meanwhile, the distinguished services of Commodore Dewey had been rewarded; at first by his promotion to the rank of rear-admiral, afterwards, on March 3, 1899, to that of admiral,-the highest rank in the American navy, and one which only Farragut and Porter had previously enjoyed.

Outcome of the War.-During 1900 the conflict in the

Philippines degenerated into a guerilla warfare, of very annoying character, which continued into 1901. A new commission, with enhanced powers, visited the islands in the latter part of 1900 and arranged a system of civil government which many of the natives accepted, and which promised to bring peace and prosperity to the islands.

The Troubles in China.-While these events were proceeding in the Philippines a serious outbreak took place in the neighboring empire of China, a warlike society known as "Boxers" attacking the missionaries, and finally entering Peking and besieging the foreign ministers in their legations. The German minister was killed, and the others were saved from death only by an advance on the capital of a strong force of allied troops, including a detachment of American soldiers. Peking was captured in August, 1900, the ministers were rescued, and negotiations with the Chinese authorities began, ending in the exaction of very severe terms of retribution for the unparalleled outrage.

Re-election of President McKinley.-In the Presidential campaign of 1900 William McKinley and William J. Bryan, the candidates of 1896, were renominated, the respective candidates for the Vice-Presidency being Theodore Roosevelt, Governor of New York, and Adlai E. Stevenson, late Vice-President. The election resulted in the return of the Republican candidates by a greater majority than in 1896, McKinley receiving two hundred and ninety-two electoral votes, Bryan one hundred and fifty-five. A bill had been passed by Congress, March 6, 1900, making the gold dollar the standard of value in American money, and the demand for the free coinage of silver was now supplanted by the questions of the trusts or business combinations and American control in the Philippine Islands. The second inauguration of President McKinley took place on March 4, 1901.

Pan-American Exposition.-Of the events of 1901, one of the most notable was an exposition held at Buffalo, New York, for the purpose of displaying the products of the American republics. It was on a much smaller scale than the World's Fairs of 1876 and 1893, but formed a beautiful and artistic exhibition, its vari-colored buildings being very attractive and its electrical display far surpassing anything of the kind ever before seen. On December 1, 1901, an attractive "South Carolina, Interstate, and West Indian Exposition" was opened at Charleston, South Carolina.

Census of 1900.-An important event of the year 1900 was the taking of the twelfth census of the United States. This gave a total population of 76,303,387, being an increase of more than 13,000,000 since 1890. Of this population, the foreign born numbered 10,460,085; the colored, 8,840,789; the Indian, 266,861; the Chinese, 119,050; and the Japanese, 85,986. Many of these Chinese and the bulk of the Japanese were in the Hawaiian Islands, which had been made a Territory of the United States on April 30, 1900. The census showed one city, New York, of over three millions population; two, Chicago and Philadelphia, of considerably over one million each; three, St. Louis, Boston, and Baltimore, of over half a million each; thirtytwo between one hundred thousand and half a million, and a total of one hundred and fifty-nine cities of over twentyfive thousand population. The number of cities of over one hundred thousand population had nearly doubled in twenty years.

Capture of Aguinaldo.-In March, 1901, an important event occurred in the Philippine Islands in the capture of Aguinaldo, the leader of the insurrection. This was accomplished through strategy by General Frederick Funston, a soldier who had greatly distinguished himself in the Philip