"other persons" and "such persons." But in drafting the Constitution the question arose whether slaves should be counted in reckoning the number of Representatives in Congress to which each State was entitled. Finally it was agreed that three-fifths of the slaves should be counted. Then arose the question of the slave-trade. Should this be continued. It was finally decided that no slaves should be brought into the country after 1807. It was also agreed that runaway slaves should be returned to their owners.

The Cotton-Gin.-Up to 1793 slavery was not a highly popular institution North or South. It might have gradually died out but for the invention, in that year, of the cotton-gin. Before then it had not been profitable to raise cotton in this country. Afterward it became very profitable, and slaves became highly important to the South, as workers in the cotton-fields. Slavery was also important to cotton manufacturers in the North, and the movement for abolition nearly disappeared. In 1807 Congress passed an act, in accordance with the Constitution, abolishing the slave-trade after January 1, 1808. Since then no slaves have been legally imported into this country.

The Louisiana Purchase.-The purchase of the great territory of Louisiana by President Jefferson in 1803 opened the way for a new slavery question. Slavery had been abolished in the Northwest Territory; should it be admitted to the territory west of the Mississippi? The South advocated it; the North opposed it, on the ground that it would give the slave States a controlling majority in Congress. The question was finally settled in 1820 by the Missouri Compromise. Under this, Missouri was admitted as a slave State, but with the condition that all new States north of the parallel of 36° 30′ should be free States. This removed the question from Congress until 1854.

The Liberator.-Meanwhile, a sentiment in favor of the emancipation of slaves arose in the North. Gradual abolition was advocated, and a paper was published in Baltimore on this basis, on which was engaged a young man named William Lloyd Garrison. In 1831 he took a new and radical step. On January 1 of that year he began in Boston the publication of a newspaper named The Liberator, in which he advocated "the immediate and unconditional emancipation of every slave held in the United States." This new and extreme demand raised a storm. The Southern planters said that the editor must be mad. Northerners generally seemed to hold the same opinion. Garrison was a man of one idea, and he worked away on that idea until he won many followers. Abolition sentiment began to spread.

Abolition Societies.-In 1832, Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society. In 1833 a convention at Philadelphia founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1831 a negro insurrection broke out in Virginia in which more than sixty people were murdered. In consequence of all this a feeling of excitement arose; the gradual abolition idea disappeared; the slave laws were made more severe; many Southerners believed that Garrison was seeking to rouse the slaves to massacre their masters.

Northern Sympathy.-In the North there was much sympathy with the South. Garrison and his party were looked upon as dangerous fanatics. Abolition meetings were broken up by mobs. On one occasion a riot broke out in Boston, in which Garrison was dragged through the streets with a rope tied round his body. His life was saved with great difficulty.

This violence continued until about 1840. But in spite of it the abolition sentiment grew. In a few years nearly

two thousand societies were formed. Petitions against the extension of slavery were poured into Congress. John Quincy Adams, who was their leading advocate, sometimes presented more than two hundred of them in a single day, despite the opposition of Southern members.

The Underground Railroad.-While all this was going on, many slaves were escaping to the North, where they were sheltered and protected by the abolitionists. Slaves were rescued from the officers who sought to arrest them, and many were aided to escape, and were concealed and passed on secretly to Canada. This grew into a regular system, which became known as the Underground Railroad. It was aided by the feeling of opposition to the new fugitive slave law. Several States passed laws to prevent negroes from being seized and returned without trial to slavery.

Uncle Tom's Cabin.-In 1852 was published a book whose influence was remarkable. This was Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which depicted in vivid dramatic language the darker aspects of slavery. It was read by millions, roused strong feeling, and added enormously to the number of abolitionists.

The Kansas Troubles.-In 1854 an act was passed by Congress which virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise. In Kansas, which came within the free territory fixed by that compromise, it was left to the decision of the inhabitants whether it should be admitted as a slave or a free State. Civil war on a small scale ensued. In the end the Northern party won, but the feeling of bitterness grew more intense.

The Dred Scott Decision.-In 1857 a negro named Dred Scott claimed freedom from his master on the plea that he had lived with him for years in a free State. The

Supreme Court decided against his plea, and affirmed that owners might take their slaves into any State without forfeiting their rights. This decision, which opened the way for the taking of slaves into the free States, increased the strength of abolitionism.

The John Brown Raid.-John Brown's raid upon the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859, and his proclamation of freedom to the neighboring slaves, was another important event in the history of slavery. His effort added greatly to the irritation of the South, and increased the general excitement on the great question of the day.

The Republican Party.-The growth of abolition sentiment in the North played a leading part in the formation of the new Republican party, which in 1856 showed strength enough to gain eleven States for its candidate. In 1860 it swept the North, and elected Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency.

Slavery in the War.-Civil war followed. Lincoln declared that it was his duty to restore the Union, not to suppress slavery. But some action on this subject could not be avoided. It pressed itself on the attention of Union generals. In May, 1861, General Butler refused to return some fugitive slaves to their owner, saying that they were "contraband of war." In August, 1861, General Fremont issued a proclamation proclaiming the freedom of the slaves of enemies of the United States. This action was annulled by the President, as was also a subsequent proclamation by General Hunter, who declared the slaves in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to be free.

The Emancipation Proclamation.-Lincoln, meanwhile, was carefully considering the subject, and at length decided that the sentiment in the North in favor of freeing the

slaves was so strong that it was time for him to act. He waited a suitable time to speak, and this seemed to come after the battle of Antietam. He therefore, on September 22, 1862, issued a proclamation, in which he stated that on the first day of January, 1863, "all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."

The Thirteenth Amendment.-The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all the slaves. Those in territory. under Union control at the time of its issue remained in slavery. The final step was taken in 1865 when Congress and the States adopted an amendment to the Constitution which forever abolished slavery within the limits of the United States.

Results of Emancipation.-During the period that has since elapsed the bitter feeling which once existed regarding slavery has happily passed away. A new and satisfactory system of labor has arisen, and slavery would not be accepted again were the opportunity offered. Its abolition has stimulated a more varied series of industries in the South, manufacturing is growing there with highly encouraging rapidity, and a condition of wealth and prosperity is arising which certainly could not have appeared in so brief a time under the former conditions of slave labor.

5. PROGRESS OF FINANCE.

Colonial Finance.-The money needed to conduct the affairs of the colonies was raised by various forms of taxation. Quit-rents, or small annual payments for grants of iand, satisfied the king and the proprietaries. Virginia laid an export duty on tobacco. Other colonies raised money