attempt to divert it. He was too late, (Sept. 19, 1863), the Confederate right for the fort was abandoned when he arrived. His cowardly Miamis fled at the first onset of the Pottawatomies, and he was crushed by overwhelming numbers. The fort was re-established in 1816, and was occupied until 1837. The last vestige of it a block-house-was demolished in 1856. A town was laid out near the fort in 1830, which embraced threeeighths of a square mile. In 1831 it comprised twelve families, besides the little garrison of Fort Dearborn. The town was organized in 1833, with five trustees, when it contained 550 inhabitants. It was incorporated a city March 4, 1837, when it contained a population of 4,170. Its growth has since been marvellous. was commanded by General Polk, and the left by General Hood until Longstreet should arrive. During the previous night nearly two-thirds of the Confederates had crossed to the west side of the creek, and held the fords from Lee and Gordon's mills far towards Missionary Ridge. Rosecrans's concentrated army did not then number more than 55,000 men. Gen. George H. Thomas, who was on the extreme left of the National line, on the slopes of Missionary Ridge, by a movement to capture an isolated Confederate brigade, brought on a battle (Sept. 19) at ten o'clock, which raged with great fierceness until dark, when the Nationals seemed to have the advantage. It had been begun by Croxton's brigade of Brannan's division, which struggled sharply with Forrest's cavalry. Thomas sent Baird's division to assist Croxton, when other Confederates became engaged, making the odds against the Nationals, when the latter, having driven the Confederates, in turn pushed back. The purSee suers dashed through the lines of United States regulars and captured a Michigan battery and about 500 men. In the charge all of the horses and most of the men of the batteries were killed. A great fire occurred Oct. 9 and 10, 1871, by which the city was almost destroyed. More than $200,000,000 worth of property was consumed, and 100,000 people were made homeless. This, however, seemed not in the least to check its wonderful progress. See COLUMBIAN EX POSITION. Chickahominy, BATTLES ON THE. PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. Chickamauga, BATTLE OF. Rosecrans, erroneously supposing Bragg had begun a retreat towards Rome when he abandoned CHATTANOOGA (q. v.) and marched southward through the gaps of Missionary Ridge, pushed his forces through the mountain passes, and was surprised to find his antagonist, instead of retreating, concentrating his forces to attack the attenuated line of the Nationals, the extremities of which were then 50 miles apart. Rosecrans proceeded at once to concentrate his own forces; and very soon the two armies were confronting each other in battle array on each side of Chickamauga Creek, in the vicinity of Crawfish Spring, each line extending towards the slope of Missionary Ridge. Rosecrans did not know that Lee had sent troops from Virginia, under Longstreet, to reinforce Bragg, who was then making his way up from Atlanta to swell the Confederate forces to the number of fully 70,000. Johnston, in Mississippi, also sent thousands of prisoners, paroled at Vicksburg and Port Hudson, to still further reinforce Bragg. were At that moment a heavy force of Nationals came up and joined in the battle. They now outnumbered and outflanked the Confederates, and, attacking them furiously, drove them back in disorder for a mile and a half on their reserves. The lost battery was recovered, and Brannan and Baird were enabled to reform their shattered columns. There was a lull, but at five o'clock the Confederates renewed the battle, and were pressing the National line heavily, when Hazen, who was in charge of a park of artillery-twenty guns-hastened to put them in position, with such infantry supports as he could gather, and brought them to bear upon the Confederates, at short range, as they dashed into the road in pursuit of the Nationals. The pursuers recoiled in disorder, and thereby the day was saved on the left. Night closed the combat. There had been some lively artillery work on the National right during the day; and at three o'clock in the afterIn battle order on Chickamauga Creek noon Hood threw two of his divisions upon General Davis's division of Me- struggle ensued, with varying fortunes Cook's corps, pushing it back and capt- for the combatants. The carnage on both uring a battery. Davis fought with sides was frightful. Attempts to turn the great pertinacity until near sunset, when National flank were not successful, for a brigade of Sheridan's division came to Thomas and his veterans stood like a wall his aid. Then a successful countercharge in the way. The conflict for a while was was made; the Confederates were driven back, the battery was retaken, and a number of Confederates were made prisoners. That night General Hindman came to the Confederates with his division, and Longstreet arrived with two brigades of McLaws's veterans from Virginia, and took command of the left of Bragg's army. Preparations were made for a renewal of the struggle in the morning. It was begun (Sept. 20), after a dense fog had risen from the earth, between eight and nine o'clock. The conflict was to have been opened by Polk at daylight on the National left, but he failed. Meanwhile, under cover of the fog, Thomas received reinforcements, until nearly one-half of the Army of the Cumberland present were under his command, and had erected breastworks of logs, rails, and earth. The battle was begun by an attack by Breckinridge. The intention was to interpose an overwhelming force between Rosecrans and Chattanooga, which Thomas had prevented the previous day. An exceedingly fierce equally severe at the centre; and the blunder of an incompetent staff officer, sent with orders to General Wood, produced disaster on the National right. A gap was left in the National line, when Hood, with Stewart, charged furiously, while Buckner advanced to their support. The charge, in which Davis and Brannan and Sheridan were struck simultaneously, isolated five brigades, which lost forty per cent. of their number. By this charge the National right wing was so shattered that it began crumbling, and was soon seen flying in disorder towards Chattanooga, leaving thousands behind, killed, wounded, or prisoners. The tide carried with it the troops led by Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook; and the commanding general, unable to join Thomas, and believing the whole army would speedily be hurrying pell-mell to Chattanooga, hastened to that place to provide for rallying them there. Thomas, meanwhile, ignorant of the disaster on the right, was maintaining his position firmly. Sheridan and Davis, who had been driven over to the Dry Valley road, rallying their shattered columns, reformed them by the way, and, with McCook, halted and changed front at Rossville, with a determination to defend the pass at all hazards against the pursuers. Thomas finally withdrew from his breastworks and concentrated his troops, and formed his line on a slope of Missionary Ridge. Wood and Brannan had barely time to dispose their troops properly, when they were furiously attacked, the Confederates throwing in fresh troops continually. General Granger, commanding reserves at Rossville, hastened to the assistance of Thomas with Steedman's division. The latter fought his way to the crest of a hill, and then turning his artillery upon his assailants, drove them down the southern slope of the ridge with great slaughter. They returned to the attack with an overwhelming force, determined to drive the Nationals from the ridge, and pressed Thomas most severely. Finally, when they were moving along a ridge and in a gorge, to assail his right flank and rear, Granger formed two brigades (Whittaker's and Mitchell's) into a charging party, and hurled them against the Confederates led by Hindman. Steedman led the charging party, with a regimental flag in his hand, and soon won a victory. In the space of twenty minutes the Confederates disappeared, and the Nationals held both the ridge and gorge. But Very soon a greater portion of the Confederate army were swarming around the foot of the ridge, on which stood Thomas with the remnant of seven divisions of the Army of the Cumberland. The Confederates were led by Longstreet. There seemed no hope for the Nationals. Thomas stood like a rock, and his men repulsed assault after assault until the sun went down, when he began the withdrawal of his troops to Rossville, for his ammunition was almost exhausted. General Garfield, Rosecrans's chief of staff, had arrived with orders for Thomas to take the command of all the forces, and, with McCook and Crittenden, to take a strong position at Rossville. It was then that Thomas had the first reliable information of disaster on the right. Confederates seeking to obstruct the movement were driven back, with a loss of 200 men made prisoners. So ended the battle of Chickamauga. The National loss was reported at 16,326, of whom 1,687 were killed. The total loss of officers was 974. It is probable the entire Union loss, including the missing, was 19,000. The Confederate loss was reported at 20,500, of whom 2,673 were killed. Rosecrans took 2,003 prisoners, thirty-six guns, twenty caissons, and 8,450 small-arms, and lost, as prisoners, 7,500. Bragg claimed to have captured over 8,000 prisoners (including the wounded), fiftyone guns, and 15,000 small-arms. The Confederates were victors on the field, but their triumph was not decisive. On the evening of the 20th the whole National army withdrew in good order to a position in front of Chattanooga, and on the following day Bragg advanced and took possession of Lookout Mountain and the whole of Missionary Ridge. Chickamauga National Park, a public park established by Congress Aug. 19, 1890, in the southeastern part of Tennessee and northwestern part of Georgia; embraces the famous battle-fields of Chickamauga and of the scenes which occurred around Chattanooga. Both Tennessee and Georgia ceded to the United States jurisdiction over the historic fields as well as the approaching roads. The roads, buildings, and conditions existing at the time of the battles are gradually being restored. A road 20 miles in extent has been constructed along the crest of Missionary Ridge where occurred some of the heaviest actions. The headquarters of the general officers and the positions of participating organizations, batteries, regiments and detached forces of both armies, are marked with inscribed tablets. The erection of monuments to commemorate the smaller organizations has been left to the States and veterans' societies. The park is designed to create a comprehensive and extended military objectlesson." 66 Chickasaw Bayou, BATTLE OF. When Gen. W. T. Sherman came down from Memphis to engage in the siege of Vicksburg, late in 1862, with about 20,000 men and some heavy siege guns, he was joined by troops from Helena, Ark., and was met by a gunboat fleet, under Admiral Porter, Creek confederacy that formerly inhabited the country along the Mississippi from the borders of the Choctaw domain to the Ohio River, and eastward beyond the Tennessee to the lands of the Cherokees at the mouth of the Yazoo River, just Chickasaw Indians, a tribe of the above the city (Dec. 25). The two commanders arranged a plan for attacking Vicksburg in the rear. They went up the Yazoo to capture some batteries at Chickasaw Bayou and other points. The Yazoo sweeps round in a great bend within a few miles of Vicksburg. The range of hills on which Vicksburg stands extends to the Yazoo, about 12 miles above the city, where they terminate in Haines's Bluff. There is a deep natural ditch extending from the Yazoo below Haines's Bluff to the Mississippi, called Chickasaw Bayou, passing near the bluffs, which were fortified, and along their bases were rifle - pits for sharp-shooters. This bayou lay in the path of Sherman's march up the bluffs, which must be carried to gain the rear of Vicksburg. His troops moved in four columns, commanded respectively by Generals Morgan, A. J. Smith, Morgan L. Smith, and F. Steele. BATTLE OF CHICKASAW BAYOU. At night they stuck the pole in the ground, and went the way it leaned every morning. Their dog was drowned in crossing the Mississippi, and after a while their pole, in the interior of Alabama, remained upright, and there they settled. De Soto passed a winter among them (1540-41), when they numbered 10,000 warriors. These were reduced to 450 when the French seated themselves in Louisiana. They moved on Dec. 27, bivouacked with- and Shawnees. They were warlike, and out fire that night, and proceeded to the were the early friends of the English and attack the next morning. The Nationals the inveterate foes of the French, who drove the Confederate pickets across the twice (1736 and 1740) invaded their counbayou, and everywhere the ground was so try under Bienville and De Noailles. The soft that causeways of logs had to be built Chickasaws said they came from west of for the passage of troops and artil- the Mississippi, under the guardianship lery. The Nationals were seriously en- of a great dog, with a pole for a guide. filaded by the Confederate batteries and sharp-shooters. The right of the Union troops was commanded by Gen. F. P. Blair, who led the way across the bayou over a bridge his men had built, captured two lines of rifle-pits, and fought desperately to gain the crest of the hill before him. Others followed, and a severe battle ensued. Pemberton, the Confederate chief, had arrived, and so active were the Confederates on the bluffs that the Na- Wars with the new-comers and surtionals were repulsed with heavy loss. rounding tribes occurred until the middle Blair lost one-third of his brigade. Dark- of the eighteenth century. They favored ness closed the struggle, when Sherman the English in the Revolution, when they had lost about 2,000 men, and his an- had about 1,000 warriors. They joined tagonists only 207. the white people against the Creeks in 1795, and always remained the friends of the pale faces; and, in 1818, they had ceded all their lands north of the State of Mississippi. Some of the tribe had already emigrated to Arkansas. In 1834 they ceded all their lands to the United States, amounting to over 6,400,000 acres, for which they received $3,646,000. Then they joined the Choctaws, who spoke the same language, and became a part of that nation. During their emigration the small-pox destroyed a large number of their tribe. They did not advance in civilization as rapidly as the Choctaws, and had no schools until 1851. They were politically separated from the Choctaws in 1855, and have since been recognized as a distinct tribe. Led by their agents, who were Southern men, they joined the Confederates, and lost nearly one-fourth of their population, much stock, and all their slaves. They gave up 7,000,000 acres of land for 42 cents an acre, and the money was to go to the freedmen, unless within two years they allowed the negroes to become a part of the tribe. The latter alternative was adopted, Jan. 10, 1873. In 1899 there were 8,730 still bearing their old name at the Union agency, Indian Territory. See CHOCTAW INDIANS. slavery, and in the following year, while in Paris, addressed a memoir to the Société pour l'abolition d'esclavage. He also forwarded a pamphlet on the same subject to the Eclectic Review in London. In 1843-44 he edited (with his wife) the Anti-Slavery Standard in New York. He died in Wayland, Mass., Sept. 18, 1874. Child, LYDIA MARIA, author; born in Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802; educated in the common schools; began her literary career in 1819; and was noted as a supporter of the abolition movement. In 1859 she sent a letter of sympathy to John Brown, who was then imprisoned at Harper's Ferry, offering to become his nurse. This offer he declined, but requested her to aid his family, which she did. Governor Wise, of Virginia, politely rebuked her in a letter, and another epistle from Senator Mason's wife threatened her with eternal punishment. These letters with her replies were subsequently published and reached a circulation of 300,000. In 1840-43 she was editor of the National Anti-Slavery Standard. Her publications include The Rebels; The First Settlers of New England; Freedman's Book; Appeal for that Class of Americans called Africans; Miria, a Romance of the Republic, etc. She died in Wayland, Mass., Oct. 20, 1880. Children, DEPENDENT. See DEPENDENT Chickering, JESSE, political economist; born in Dover, N. H., Aug. 31, 1797; graduated at Harvard College in 1818; later studied medicine and practised in Children's Day, or FLORAL SUNDAY, a Boston, Mass. His publications include Sunday set apart annually in June, by Statistical View of the Population of most of the Protestant evangelical Massachusetts from 1765-1840; Emigra- churches in the United States, when the tion into the United States; Reports on Sunday-school children are given charge the Census of Boston; and a Letter Ad- of one or both church services. The day dressed to the President of the United is significant for its floral decorations States on Slavery, considered in Relation and for more or less elaborate proto the Principles of Constitutional Gov- grammes, consisting of vocal music, recicrnment in Great Britain and in the tations, and other exercises by the chilUnited States. He died in West Roxbury, dren. Mass., May 29, 1855. Chile. Towards the close of 1890, a Child, DAVID LEE, abolitionist; born in revolution occurred in Chile, South AmerWest Boylston, Mass., July 8, 1794; ica. It was the result of certain abuses graduated at Harvard College in 1817: of power on the part of the President of was later admitted to the bar. In 1830 that republic, and the conflict was carried he was editor of the Massachusetts Jour on with great bitterness between his adnal, and while holding a seat in the legis herents and the revolutionary party with lature opposed the annexation of Texas; the Chilean Congress at its head. Early afterwards he issued a tract on the subject in the course of the war almost the enentitled Naboth's Vineyard. In 1836 he tire Chilean navy deserted the cause of the published ten articles on the subject of President and espoused that of the revo |