1 II. Beautiful Art thou, Pentillie, rising o'er the flood," And here and there clear green spots meet the glance, The billowy leafage; and the sun Is shining over all, the skies are blue, And Tamar bright and placid.- -CARRINGTON. In our last paper on this subject, (p. 153,) we traced the river Tamar to Cotehele. The next place worthy of notice is Pentillie Castle, a noble structure on the Cornish bank of the river. The present castle, the seat of John Tillie Coryton, Esq., is situated on a bold knoll, which rises almost perpendicularly from the navigable water of the Tamar. It is a superb structure, selected from the designs of the late William Wilkins, Esq., architect of the National Gallery, and of University College, London. The building is in the Gothic style, and is chiefly composed of Portland stone. The lobby is said to contain one of the finest painted windows in England. Near the mansion, on the northern side, is a conical mount, covered with evergreens. The top is ornamented with a stone temple, and beneath it is a vault in which Sir James Tillie ordered himself to be VOL. XVI. interred. A strange story has been told by Gilpin respecting this interment. It is said that Sir James Tillie was an atheist, a man of wit, and well stored with all the ribaldry and common-place jests against religion and Scripture which are so well suited to display pertness and folly. In order to carry his scepticism a step further than his companions, he is said to have left orders to his executors, that, when he should be dead, they were to place his dead body, in his usual garb, and his elbow chair, upon the top of a hill, and to arrange on a table before him, bottles, glasses, pipes, and tobacco. In this situation he was to be immured in a tower, of such dimensions as he describes, where he proposed, he said, patiently to await the coming of the resurrection. This is the substance of the story; and we allude to it only to show how cautious persons should be in charging the memory of a deceased man with such serious and awful iniquity. Mr. Gilbert, in his History of Cornwall, invalidates almost every part of this story. Sir James was certainly buried there, but the story of the table, bottles, &c., is utterly untrue; while the will, preserved in Doctors' Commons, proves, that so far from his principles being atheistical, they breathe throughout a disposition fraught with the utmost submission to the will of Divine Providence, and a perfect confidence in the wisdom and mercies of the Creator. The Tamar then winds its course towards the south, and passes near Bere Alston, a small town in the parish of Bere Ferris. This town, although little more than a hamlet, had the privilege of returning two members to parliament, until the time of the Reform Act. The estate of Bere was bestowed by 504 William the Conqueror, on a branch of the house of Alençon, in France, from which was derived the name Alston. Henry Ferrers held this manor in Henry the Second's time, and had a castle here. Martin Ferrers, in the time of Edward the Third, had the defence of the southern coast against an invasion of the French. From this family the manor successively passed into those of Lord Brook, Lord Mountjoy, Earl of Newport, Sir John Maynard, Earl of Stamford, and the Duke of Northumberland. There are several lead mines near Bere Alston, but they are not now rich in ore, although at one time not only lead, but silver likewise, was procured there. Approaching still nearer to Plymouth, the Tamar arrives at Weston Mill. This little hamlet is deeply seated in a vale at the head of the creek of the river. The creek presents an extremely gratifying scene when the tide is up, and is gently rippling round the little promontories: it then exhibits all the charms of a sequestered lake. We now approach the point where the Tamar suddenly expands to that large sheet of water which, under the name of the Hamoaze, is so well known as a fine harbour for our men of war. At this spot is situated Mount Tamar, the seat of the late Captain Sir Thomas Byard, well known for the distinguished part he sustained in Lord Duncan's memorable vic Not far from hence is the village of Tamerton, a pretty sequestered spot, but not remarkable for any-tory at Camperdown. The house is situated on the thing except an aged oak, under which a tragical deed is reported to have been committed in the time of Queen Elizabeth, and which has formed the material for a metrical tale by the Rev. Mr. Johns, of Crediton. We next come to Warleigh House, the seat of Walter Radcliffe, Esq., on the banks of the Tamar, about six miles northward of Plymouth. The estate belonged to Samson Foliott, in the time of King Stephen; and afterwards passed into the families of the Gorges, the Bouvilles, the Coplestons, and the Bamfyldes, from whom it descended to the Radcliffes. The house is large, and appears, both from internal evidence and from records still preserved, to have been built prior to the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The south front has nearly the form of the letter E; and the entrance hall from its lofty and imposing aspect, appears like one of the ancient baronial halls. As the house is situated nearly at the point where the river Tavy flows into the Tamar, there are beautiful views presented from its grounds. An eminence within the grounds commands a view of the Hamoaze, with the British ships lying there, the churches of St. Budeaux and Landulph,-the junction of the Tavy and the Tamar,-with a long undulating line of the varied banks of the latter, bounded by the heights of Hengeston-down, in Cornwall; while on the other hand are seen the winding course of the Tavy, the distant landscape affording a view of Buckland Abbey, and being terminated by the Dartmoor hills. The Tamar next reaches St. Budeaux, called also Budeokshed, and familiarly Budshed. The village is situated on an eminence commanding many fine prospects. The family of the Budeoksheds possessed the estate for some centuries. From this family it passed to the Gorges; and from them successively to the Trevills, the Trelawneys, and the Clerks. The manor house is a very old and dilapidated building, and is at present, we believe, inhabited only by a farmer. The church of St. Budeaux is a plain and simple edifice, built from the materials of an older structure. During the latter part of the last century the rectorship was filled, for more than sixty years, by the Rev. T. Alcock, who was remarkable for many peculiarities in his character. The homeliness of his dwelling was extreme; for every article of modern convenience was excluded. His drawing-room was a miserable bed-chamber, with walls that had been once whitewashed. Here he boiled his coffee, toasted his cakes, and entertained his guest at the same time; who forgot, in the charms of his conversation, the wretched apartment they were in, and the time-worn bed on which they were seated, for want of chairs and sofas. It does not appear that this style of living arose from scantiness of income, but from penuriousness of disposition :-he was, however, both a learned and an amiable man. brow of an acclivity, and commands a fine view of the adjacent country,-the prospect being seen to the best advantage from some broken ground which rises rather to the eastward of the house. On the Cornwall bank now appears the town of Saltash; Saltash appears, Beheld with interest; for, though the hand It is thus that the Devonshire poet speaks of the pleasant town of Saltash. Saltash is built on a solid rock, with houses of the same material. The houses rise one above another in steep ascent, and at the top of the hill is the chapel, the town-hall, and other buildings. Saltash was originally made a borough at a very early period, and was in the possession of Reginald de Valletort in the reigns of Kings John and Henry the Third. From this family it passed to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Henry the Third's brother; and these estates being afterwards vested in the crown, were by Edward the Third made part of the Duchy of Cornwall, which, we believe, they still remain. The Tamar is very wide both above and below Saltash, but here narrows to a ferry. A skilful pilot is said to be needed to traverse with safety this part of the river. Immense tracks of mud stretch out from each side, which, when slightly covered with water, are so extremely delusive, that they can scarcely be distinguished from the deeper portions of the channel. Parties have frequently been detained all night on these shoals; for if a boat once runs aground there, she is almost always obliged to wait till the next flood tide, before she can get off. At the junction of the river Lynher with the Tamar is situated Antony, the fine mansion of R. P. Carew, Esq. This is a square massive edifice, built in 1721. The interior is commodious and elegant, and contains several fine portraits, by Holbein, Vandyck, Kneller, Reynolds, and other distinguished artists. In front of the house is a court-yard, enclosed on two sides by rows of offices, supported by piazzas, and on the third by a brick wall. Still farther down is Thanckes, the seat of Lady Graves, widow of the late Admiral Lord Graves. The house, which is unassuming in its exterior, is pleasantly situated at the head of a small bay, near some fine groves of ancient trees. Admiral Graves was engaged in the action of the 1st of June, 1794; and for his services on that occasion he was created a peer of Ireland, by the title of Lord Graves, Baron Graves, of We have now approached nearly to Mount Edgecumbe, on the western side of the mouth of the Tamar. Mount Edgecumbe has been celebrated by writers of different classes, and of different countries, for the beauty of its situation. It is a beautifully luxuriant hill, with a mansion near the summit, belonging to the Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, which was built by Sir Richard Edgecumbe, about the year 1550, and is constructed in the Gothic style, of an oblong A shape, with octagonal towers at the four corners. modern wing, containing a library and other rooms, has been since added to the building; but as this part is hidden by a row of stately trees, it does not injure the architectural effect of the mansion. The interior possesses some spacious apartments, among which is the noble hall. At the bottom of the lawn on which the house is situated, and close to the water's edge, are the flower gardens, cultivated in the English, French, and Italian styles. This garden is celebrated for its beauty in every respect. The position of Mount Edgecumbe with reference to the surrounding scenery, is well described by the celebrated French writer, Dupin, who visited England some years ago. ON QUARANTINE AND LAZARETTOS. IN our last paper we detailed the precautions which have been taken by our Legislature to prevent the introduction of the plague into the British dominions. We have now to turn our attention to countries bordering on the Mediterranean, where Lazarettos have been erected for this purpose. Lazarettos, or Pest-houses, are establishments constructed to facilitate the performance of quarantine, and particularly the purification of goods. They have usually a port, in which ships from a suspected place may anchor; and when perfect, are provided with lodgings for the crews and passengers, where the sick may be separated from the healthy; and with warehouses where the goods may be deposited; all intercourse between the lazaretto and the surrounding country being, of course, interdicted. The lazarettos at Leghorn, Genoa, and Marseilles, are considered to be better than all others in their arrangement. The facilities they afford to navigation are very great; for, as ships from suspected places may discharge their cargo in the lazaretto, they are not detained longer than they would be were there no quarantine regulations. The goods deposited in the lazaretto, being inspected by the proper officers, and purified, are then admitted into the market. It must be evident that such an establishment is strikingly different from anything existing in England; and many of our most eminent commercial writers think that England has much to learn from foreign countries on these subjects; among others, Mr. M'Culloch remarks:-"We do not know that many more important services could be rendered to the commerce of the country, than by constructing a proper quarantine establishment on the Thames." Mount Edgecumbe stands on an extensive base; it rises and projects like a promontory, forming the western boundary of Plymouth roads. Its sides are majestically shaded by some beautiful old plantations, and its summit commands one of the finest prospects England presents. On the east, the spectator beholds, as if beneath his feet, the It may be interesting to inquire what are the road and the vessels lying at anchor. The long narrow line formed by the town of Stonehouse is distinctly marked; internal arrangements of the lazarettos of foreign in front rise the Citadel and insulated barracks of the Royal countries; and fortunately we can have these queries Marines, and in the rear the magnificent Naval and Ordnance answered by the labours of one, to whose name is attached one of the most enviable characteristics that Hospitals. Farther to the left, the Hamoaze sends off numerous and deep ramifications from both its banks, as the a human being could possess: we allude to John This truly amiable trunk of a vigorous tree shoots forth its branches in all directions. Along an extent of upwards of four miles, its prin- Howard, the philanthropist. man, who, fully responding to the precept, "Oh, let cipal course is filled by first-rates, frigates, and smaller ships of war; some entirely dismantled, others rigged, fully the sorrowful sighing of the prisoners come before thee," visited almost all the prisons in Europe, also equipped, and ready to join any sudden expedition, at a moment's warning. Finally, to crown this magnificent pic-directed his attention to lazarettos. He visited France, ture, the plains, hills, and high mountains of Devon and Cornwall, form on the east, north, and west, an immense amphitheatre of fields, meadows, heaths, forests, and rocks. The two extremities of this amphitheatre, extend gradually to the ocean, the immense surface of which presents no resting point to the eye, except Eddystone lighthouse." The whole range of important buildings and towns on the eastern bank of the mouth of the Tamar, such as Devonport, Plymouth, Stonehouse, Stoke Damerel, &c., together with the Breakwater, the Citadel, Mount Wise, Drake's Island, &c., are too important to be included in the present article, which has relation more to the natural scenery along its banks, than to the naval arrangements at its mouth. Here, therefore, for the present, we must quit the Tamar and its interesting associations. ORDEAL is a word derived from the Anglo-Saxon, which Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor, drew plans and elevations of all the lazarettos, conversed with the physicians of all the countries he visited, respecting the nature of the plague and the arrangements of the buildings to be used as lazarettos; and gave to the public the result of his self-imposed and almost self-destroying labours, in An Account of the principal Lazarettos in Europe. From this work we shall draw a few details, observing that the main features are probably nearly the same now as when Howard wrote, although alterations have doubtless been made in minor points. At Marseilles, a port of the south of France, is a Health Office, Le Bureau de Santé, situated close to the port. In an outer room of this office, the depositions of captains of ships are taken, who come in their boats to an iron grating: this book is open to If letters, or orders for supplies, be public view. brought by the captains who are performing quarantine, a servant, situated at an iron lattice two feet distant, takes the letter with a pair of iron tongs, and dips it into a bucket of vinegar, previous to handing it in to the directors of the office. The lazaretto is on an elevated rock near the city, quite close to the sea, and commanding the entrance to the harbour, It is of large extent; and among 504 2 1.18 ', 27 67 and doid 900 sd no me da skub ved sw eesustolqmos 3 to 1000 no poins THE LAZARETTO AT MARSEILLES. ulover ont ads sididong ar 31 numerous other apartments, contains twenty-four large rooms for passengers, of which some are above stairs, and open into a spacious gallery. In these rcoms are closets for beds, which the passengers and fuards are obliged to bring with them. The guards are sent by the Health Office, and their number is regulated by the number of passengers of each ship which performs quarantine. The expenses of these guards are paid by the passengers: they act both as guards and as servants. The quarantine of passengers who come with a foul bill of health is thirty-one days. During a portion of the time they are permitted to visit the parloirs. These are long galleries provided with seats, in, which the persons in quarantine may see and converse with such friends as may choose to visit them. The parties are separated by a space of ten feet, by means of balustrades and a wire guard. This wire guard is to prevent anything from being handed from one person to another; and that nothing may be thrown over, and no escapes made, there is a double wall round the lazaretto. There is a bell, the ringing of which calls any of the persons down to these parloirs. 19 Within the lazaretto are also the governor's house, a chapel in which divine service is regularly performed, and a tavern, from which persons under quarantine may have their meals sent to them, and which has also the exclusive privilege of supplying them with wine. Ships arriving at Marseilles moor at the island of Pomeque, where a governor resides; from thence goods are conveyed to the lazaretto in large boats kept for that purpose. Cottons, with a foul bill of health, must remain on deck six days, and for the next six days, the first bales must remain on the bridge in the lazaretto, before e any others can be received by the porters, (porters and guards are sent from the Health Office as soon as a ship arrives). After these twelve days the cargo of the ship is ostaitea ei visibsmmi baolan of niged yea hand no 879 or ot brought in. If the ship have a clean bill of health, the landing of the goods is effected much more quickly. When the cargo, (say bales of cotton,) is placed in the lazaretto, the articles are exposed to the open air, the most costly being placed in warehouses with open balustrades. We now proceed to Genoa. The lazaretto at this port is a detached building, situated near the city, on the sea shore. At the entrance there is a guardroom for ten soldiers, and a spacious bakehouse. Within are many vaulted rooms for passengers, which open into a corridor, where there are doors to separate the passengers of different ships; this corridor, which is about eleven feet wide, is separated from the internal area of the building by high wooden palisades. All the rooms have brick floors and vaulted roofs, and windows which have iron bars and shutters, but no glass. On the second floor are ranges of warehouses, about sixteen feet wide; to these warehouses there are spacious brick ascents on the outside, on which bales of cotton are opened and aired. There are in the front three towers, or elevated rooms; the middle one adjoins the governor's apartments, and from its windows he has a full view of all the internal area and corridors. The lazaretto has a double wall, like that at Marseilles, and between the walls is a burying oint med gaistog ground. पूर The Genoese have also a lazaretto at the C Gulf of 101 bonito. Spezia. The arrangements at Venice are very extensive, and will afford us an opportunity of mentioning most of the matters connected with this subject. A Board of Health was instituted at Venice nearly four hundred years ago, and has always possessed considerable power. It is governed by three commissioners and four assistants, who sit in rotation to superintend th the health of the city. The board appoints overseers in different parts of the city, to inspect the provision sold in the markets and shops, and to send in reports of the general health of the place. The board also appoints the priors, or governors of the lazarettos, of which there are two. These two lazarettos are situated one at about two miles, and the other at five from the city, both on little islands, separated from all communication, not only by broad canals surrounding them but also by high walls; each of them is about twelve hundred feet in circumference. They have a ground-floor and one above it, and are divided and subdivided into a great number of apartments for the reception of passengers. All these apartments have their separate entries and stairs, and every range of them has an open court in front, with plots of short grass, but with no kind of flowers or trees. Various sheds are ranged round, under which goods can be preserved from rain, and yet exposed to a current of fresh air. When a ship arrives at the port, the board of health sends guardians on board it. These take a list of the crew, and also of all the goods contained on board, which lists they send to the office. They allow nothing to go in or out of the ship until orders have been received from the board. There are some ports from which a ship must invariably perform quarantine, from others the necessity for it is only occasional. A messenger conducts the captain on shore, without letting any one approach him, and a clerk at the Health Office asks the necessary questions, and, standing at a distance, receives the ship's papers, which are fumigated before he reads them. If the result is satisfactory, the captain returns to his ship, and may begin to unload immediately. If there are passengers on board, they are, after these preliminaries, conducted to the lazaretto, where they are consigned, together with their clothes and personal effects, to the hands of guardians, who assign them apartments during the time that the board of health deem it expedient to detain them. If it be considered necessary that the cargo should perform quarantine, the ship is unloaded, and the goods taken to the lazaretto. They are transported in lighters having no sails; the ropes are well tarred; and the lighters are rowed to the shore by the seamen of the ship. The Governor receives the goods, and consigns them to keepers and porters, who deposit them in proper places. Wool is taken out of the bags in which it is packed, ranged in heaps about four feet high, and moved, turned, and mixed every day during their retention in the lazaretto; and every fifth day, the heaps are entirely removed to a different spot. Silk, flax, and feathers, are treated in a similar manner. The bags of cotton-wool are all unripped at one end, and the porters every day thrust their naked arms into the midst of the cotton; the bag is then sewn up, turned over, and the other end ripped and treated in a similar manner. Woollen and linen cloths, and similar woven fabrics, are repeatedly unfolded and re-folded, and occasionally hung on cords in the open air. Furs are kept constantly exposed to the air, and are often moved and shaken. Bees-wax, and sponges, are purified by putting them into salt-water for forty-eight hours; they are then free. Animals with long hair are confined for a considerable time: those with short hair are considered sufficiently purified if they are made to swim on shore; while birds have to be repeatedly sprinkled with vinegar. These are the principal articles which are considered liable to retain traces of an infectious disorder; and the time for which they are detained varies according to circumstances. The Prior or Governor of the lazaretto has a most responsible situation. Among his duties are the following:-He must see that all the gates and doors are locked every evening at sunset, both the outer gates, and those of the passengers, porters, and merchandize: he keeps the keys until sunrise. He suffers no fishing boats, nor other small craft, to come within a certain distance of the lazaretto, nor any communication between them and ships that may be in quarantine. He must neither buy nor sell, nor make bargains or contracts with passengers or others within the lazaretto, nor permit others to do so. He visits every apartment under quarantine twice a day, to see that the passengers are properly served and supplied with necessaries, and that everything goes on according to the rules laid down. When letters are written from the lazaretto, they are fumigated by the guardian who superintends that department, and then handed in a split stick to the Prior, who then sends them off. He causes the porters who are employed in the expurgation of goods, to sweep and keep clean their respective sheds, and not to allow bits of wool, &c., to be flying about. The Prior must not touch either person, or thing, while under quarantine : if he unfortunately does so, he must himself perform quarantine. The Prior must not leave the lazaretto, except when called by the magistrate, or upon business with them relative to his office; and not without express permission, on his own private affairs. We wish the reader to observe, that although we have described these regulations as if they at present existed, we are not sure how far they are acted on at Venice at the present day, but have stated them such as they were in Mr. Howard's time. But, as it is our object to describe the general nature of lazarettos, we have dwelt at some length on the one which has long existed at Venice, on account of the completeness of the arrangements. It is probable that the revolutions which Venice has undergone, have occasioned some changes in these as well as in other of her institutions. OH, hapless Infancy! if aught could move BOWLES. THE highest intellect will be shipwrecked, if it rashly navigates the ocean of controversy, and pays no regard to the landmarks which God has provided. The lowest may Portrait of be safe, if it keeps to them with reverence.— an English Churchman. To me there never has been a higher source of earthly honour or distinction than that connected with advances in science. I have not possessed enough of the eagle in my character to make a direct flight to the loftiest altitudes in the social world; and I certainly never endeavoured to reach those heights by using the creeping powers of the reptile, who, in ascending, generally chooses the dirtiest path, because it is the easiest.-SIR HUMPHREY DAVY. ALTHOUGH Credulity is nearly allied to Superstition, yet it differs very widely from it. Credulity is an unbounded belief in what is possible, although destitute of proof and perhaps of probability; but Superstition is a belief in what is wholly repugnant to the laws of the physical and moral world. Thus, if we believe that an inert plant possesses any remedial power, we are credulous; but if we were to fancy that, by carrying it about with us, we should become invulnerable, we should in that case be superstitious.-DR. PARIS. |