his resignation, had entirely ceased to appear on the public scene, and it was scarcely known whither he had withdrawn himself; the general opinion, however, was, that he had proceeded towards the western coast for the purpose of watching an opportunity of embarking to America. From authentic accounts it appears that on July 3rd he arrived at Rochefort, where he resided in the house of the prefect till the 8th. Being then urged by the general who had been charged to escort him till his going on board, and by the maritime prefect, not to neglect any occasion for putting his intention in practice, he embarked on that day in one of the boats which were kept continually in waiting, and at night went on board the Saale frigate. On the next day he landed on the isle of Aix, and viewed its fortifications. The wind was favourable for his putting to sea on the 10th, but he was too closely watched by the English cruizers posted for the purpose, to venture the attempt. He then sent a flag of truce on board the English man of war Bellerophon, Captain Maitland, which returned on the following day. At this time he received in formation from his brother Joseph of the King's entrance into Paris, and the dissolution of the chambers, which put an end to his last hopes of a recall. Two more days were passed in undeterminate projects for escaping by sea; and on the night of the 13th he went on board the Epervier brig, to which, on the 14th, after the return of Gen. Becker, who had been parleying with the English cruizers, he caused his suite

and baggage to be conveyed. Or the morning of the 15th the Epervier made sail towards the English admiral as a flag of truce. It was met by some boats, which conducted it to the Bellerophon, where the passengers were taken on board. These, besides Buonaparte, consisted of Gen. Count Bertrand, grand marshal of the palace, his lady and three children, the Dukeof Rovigo(Savary), General Lallemand, Baron Gourgaud, aide-de-camp to Buonaparte, Count Monthelon Semonville, his lady and child, Count Las Casas, councillor of state, and his son, several other officers, a surgeon, and a suite of 40 persons. The Bellerophon immediately set sail for England, and arrived at Torbay on the 24th.Thus, after all the vicissitudes of this extraordinary man's life, during many years of which he had been the most conspicuous object of the age, the wonder and the terror of all Europe, he saw the sphere of his activity limited to the quarter-deck of a man of war, belonging to that nation which alone had perpetually resisted his power, and curbed his restless ambition.

"

The conduct to be observed with respect to a prisoner who had proved himself capable, even after his fall, of lighting up so destructive a flame, was an important subject of consideration. His rank and character were equivocal, for he had been left, by the treaty of Paris, an emperor in title, and the sovereign of Elba in fact; so that he might (as he did) lay a plausible claim to the rights of an inde pendent prince, conquered in a lawful war. But the peace of the world was not to be sacrificed to

scruples suggested by reasoning on a novel and dubious case; and the allied powers thought they had sufficiently tempered justice by mercy, in adjudging him to a perpetual confinement where he might enjoy many of the comforts of life, without danger of again returning to involve Europe in bloodshed. It was determined in the councils of the confederate sovereigns, that the island of St. Helena, a speck in the Southern Atlantic, under the dominion of Great Britain, should be his place of exile, where he was to reside under their joint inspection. On August 7th he was transferred, in Torbay, from the Bellerophon to the Northumberland, captain sir G. Cockburn, accompanied by Generals Bertrand and Montholon, with their ladies and families, Count Las Casas, General Gourgaud and twelve servants. ship on the next day proceeded on her destined voyage. This determination of the allied powers was notified on August 26th, in the London Gazette, with the resolution that all foreign vessels were to be excluded from communication with, or approach to, St. Helena, as long as it should be the residence of Napoleon Buonaparte. Although he quietly submitted to his fate, yet previously to his going on board the Northumberland he presented to Lord Keith a memorial, in which, in the face of heaven and of men, hesolemnly protested against what he termed the violation of his most sacred rights, by the forcible disposal of his person and his liberty; adding, that he came freely on board the Bellerophon, and that he was not the prisoner,

The

but the guest of England. This, however, was a mis-statement of the case; for the fact was, that not being able in any other manner to escape what he justly regarded as a more urgent danger, he surrendered himself to the arms of that power from whom he was assured of present protection, but who had given him no expectation of being regarded otherwise than as a public enemy.

a pro

It is unnecessary to detail the progress of the allied armies in obtaining possession of the places in France which still held out. Their immense superiority in num. ber assured them final success; though the pertinacity of the defenders, fostered by that point of honour which acts so forcibly on the French military, long protracted this event, and was the occasion, in some instances, of a considerable loss of lives. In most cases the inhabitants were disposed to submit before the troops would listen to such posal, and civil conflicts were often added to the other calamities which were now pressing upon the country. Some commanders, who were ready to recognize the authority of Louis, thought it their duty to resist the invasion of foreigners; for the most part, however, the army and its leaders retained their old attachments. The Duke of Albufera (Suchet) who was general of the army of the Alps, signed on July 12th a capitulation with the Austrians, for the city of Lyons, similar in its tenor with that concluded at Paris. His troops joined the French army of the Loire under Davoust, whose disposition, with that of his soldiers, long

continued equivocal. On July 16th, however, he issued an order of the day, by which he communicated to his army the submission of the generals and officers to the government of Louis XVIII. and called upon the soldiers to hoist the white cockade and colours, acknowledging at the same time that he demanded from them "a great sacrifice." This example was followed by Gen. Clausel, who had held out Bourdeaux against the desires of the people, and on the 22nd the white flag was hoisted in that city. The remaining suspicions of the affections of the army were manifested by an order issued at Paris July 22nd, from the governor of the first military division, enjoining all officers who had not followed and remained with the King, or were not born or domiciliated at Paris, to quit the capital between that time and the 1st of August, and also acquainting all non-commissioned officers and soldiers, under the same circumstances, that they should be sent back to their families free of expense; further directing that every military man in future arriving in Paris should make his appearance at the general staff of his division, and state his motives for coming.

Two royal ordinances were published on July 24th, which denoted an increase of vigour and confidence in the restored government. By the first, a number of members of the former chamber

of

peers, who had accepted seats in that summoned by Buonaparte, were declared to have abdicated their rank, and no longer to form part of that chamber. By the second, a list was given of generals

and officers who betrayed the King before the 23rd of March, or who attacked France and the government by force of arms, all of whom were ordered to be arrested and brought before courtsmartial; and another list, more numerous, of persons who were ordered to quit Paris within three days, and retire into the interior of France, to places to be indicated to them, where they were to remain under inspection, until the chambers should decide as to which of them ought either to depart the kingdom, or be delivered up to prosecution. In both these lists were many names frequently occurring in the accounts of past transactions. About the same time the minister for the department of justice, who was also provisional secretary for the interior, addressed a circular to the prefects, which implied much disorder and faction still subsisting in the provinces. It authorized the prefects to suspend from their functions, such of the subprefects, mayors, secretaries-general, and counsellors of prefecture, whose retirement they might deem necessary for the public tranquillity, and to appoint others provisionally to fill their places; this power, however, only to continue for a month.

The freedom of the press, from which a royal ordinance of August 2nd had removed all restrictions, was soon found by the government to be too dangerous an instrument to be committed to the hands of the disaffected in the sent conjuncture; and on the 8th the Duke of Otranto made a report to the King on the subject. He observed, that "at all times,

pre

perhaps, it is impossible to give the same extent of liberty to the publication of journals and periodical works; and in the existing state of France, and of Europe, in the midst of so many passions which the powers wish to tranquillize, the journals which foster and excite those passions ought to be submitted to another legislation." This remark was introductory to a proposed ordinance which was adopted by the King, and the substance of which consisted in a revocation of all the licences given to public journals of every kind, up to the present time, which were not to appear again without fresh authority from the minister of police; and the submitting of all periodical writings to the examination of a commission to be appointed by the same minister. The declared necessity of such a measure paints more forcibly the political condition of the country at that period, than any partial details could do. Nothing was of so much importance to the security of the government as the organization of a new army in the place of that which was to be disbanded. On August 11th a proclamation was issued relative to this subject, which began with the observation that," inasmuch as it has been endeavoured to detach the army from the interests of the country for the purpose of making it a mere instrument of a personal and inordinate ambition, in the same degree it is essential for the public order to maintain that which is about to be formed in the principles of a truly national army." A statement then followed of the number and species

of troops of which the active military force of France was to consist; and an ordinance, containing the details of the new army. The great mass of infantry was to be composed of 86 legions of three battalions each, one legion to be raised in every department, and to bear its name. The soldiers to be disbanded were allowed to enter after examination into the legion of the department to which they belonged. Marshal Macdonald had at this time been appointed to the command of the army on the Loire in the room of Davoust. Measures were taken for bringing to justice those officers who were denounced as traitors: Labedoyere was under trial, and was soon after condemned and executed; Ney had been apprehended; and Brune, in order to avoid the like fate, shot himself. By a royal ordinance of August 19th the constitution received the improvement of making the peerage hereditary.

France was still far from being in a state of internal tranquillity. Party feuds raged in many places, and were attended with the outrages commonly incident to such quarrels, aggravated by the impetuous passions of the nation, and the long habits of military violence. Several relations had been published of the ferocious and cruel acts perpetrated at Nismes and in its vicinity, a part of the kingdom in which the protestants bear the greatest proportion to the catholics; when, on Sept. 2nd, the King issued a proclamation with the following preamble. "We have learned with pain that in the department of the South, several of our subjects have