NOMENCLATURE.

In this volume,—

The word "State," when begun with a capital "S," means a State of the American Union, as the State of New York; when begun with a lower case "s," it means a state, in the general sense of the term, as a foreign state.

The words "Federal" and "National," when begun with capital letters, have specific reference to the United States, as the Federal Courts, the National banks; when begun with lower case letters, they are used in their general sense, without such specific reference to the United States.

The words "Court," "Supreme Court," "Circuit Court of Appeals," "Circuit Court," and "District Court," when begun with capital letters, refer to the Courts of the United States; when begun with lower case letters, they refer to courts generally or to the courts of a State, territory or foreign country.

The words "Circuit," "District," and "Division," with the names or numbers thereof, when begun with capital letters, refer to the judicial system of the United States; when begun with lower case letters, they refer to the judicial system of some State, territory or country.

The word "Constitution," and the divisions thereof, as the "Fourteenth Amendment," when begun with capital letters, refer to the Constitution of the United States; when begun with lower case letters, they refer to the constitution of some State or country.

References to the "Revised Statutes," or, as abbreviated, "Rev. St.," when not otherwise stated, are to the second edition of the Revised Statutes of the United States; references to "1 Supplement to the Revised Statutes," or, as abbreviated, "1 Supp. Rev. St.," or "1 Supp.," are to the second edition of volume one of the Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United States; references to "2 Sup

plement to the Revised Statutes," or, as abbreviated, “2 Supp. Rev. St.," or "2 Supp.," are to volume two of the Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United States (published by the United States and for sale cheap by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.); references to the "Statutes at Large," or, as abbreviated, "Stat. at L.," or "St. L.," when not otherwise stated, are to the Statutes at Large of the United States; references to "Session Laws," when not otherwise stated, are to the acts of Congress for the session indicated by the date given in connection with such citations.

For the convenience of attorneys and others who have the various series of standard reports of decisions, both official and unofficial, I have given duplicate citations to the official reports, and to the West system of Reporters, Lawyers' Edition U. S. Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Reports Annotated, Circuit Court of Appeals Reports, American Decisions, American Reports, American State Reports, and Federal Cases, using the customary abbreviations. To make the decisions cited from Federal Cases accessible to those who have the decisions in some other form, but do not own that series of reports, I have, by the permission of the publishers (West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minn.), copied from Federal Cases the citations of the other places where such decisions have been reported.

Where there are several citations of one case, separated by commas, these are different reports of the same decision; when there are different citations, separated by "same case," or, as abbreviated, "s. c.," the references are to different decisions at different stages of the same case, as one in the Circuit Court, and another on appeal to the Supreme Court. Where a large number of decisions are cited upon a proposition, and one or more of the decisions contain a more thorough discussion of the question involved than the others, the titles of the better considered case or cases are printed in italics.

In quotations, words inserted to aid the sense, or to correct errors, except additional citations, are always indicated, usually by being printed in brackets in roman; in quoting stat

utes, words and clauses repealed by subsequent legislation are printed, as in the second edition of the Revised Statutes, in brackets in italics. In quoting from decisions, additional places where authorities cited in the quotations may be found have been interpolated, as is the general custom, without attempting to distinguish the interpolated citations from the text quoted.

In citing the decisions of the courts where a State is a party, the name of the State is uniformly given, as is customary in the United States reports, instead of the various terms "People," "Commonwealth," "State," etc., used in most State reports. Where a county, city, town, village, township, or other municipal corporation is a party, the name of such corporation has been given, when it could be ascertained from the opinion, instead of the babel of names, such as "Board," " "City," "Commissioners," "Corporation," "County," "Selectmen," "Town," "Township," "Trustees," "Village," etc., under which such cases are cited in the different State reports.