Borough or BURGH, anciently a company of ten families living together, now such towns as send members to parliament, since the election of burgesses in the reign of Henry III. 1265. Charters were granted to towns by Henry I., 1132; which were remodelled by Charles II. in 1682-4, but restored in 1688. Twenty-two new English boroughs were created in 1553. Burgesses were first admitted into the Scottish parliament by Robert Bruce, 1326; and into the Irish, 1365. Acts to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales passed 7 June, 1832, and 15 Aug. 1867; and the Act for the Regulation of Municipal Corporations, 9 Sept. 1835; see Constituency. Borough-bridge (W. R. of York). Here Edward II. defeated the earls of Hereford and Lancaster, 16 March, 1322. Lancaster was mounted on a lean horse, led to an eminence near Pontefract, and beheaded. Borough-English, an ancient tenure by which the younger son inherits, is mentioned as occurring 834. It was abolished in Scotland by Malcolm III. in 1062. Boscobel, near Donington, Shropshire. Charles II. (after his defeat at Worcester, 3 Sept. 1651), disguised in the clothes of the Pendrills, remained from 4 to 6 Sept. at White Ladies; on 7 and 8 Sept. he lay at Boscobel House, near which exists an oak, said to be the scion of the Royal Oak in which the king was part of the time hidden with col. Careless. Sharpe. The "Boscobel Tracts" were first published in 1660. In 1861 Mr. F. Manning published "Views," illustrating these tracts. W. H. Ainsworth's "Boscobel," a story with authentic details, published 1872. Bosnia, in European Turkey formerly part of Pannonia, was governed by chiefs till a brother-in-law of Louis, king of Hungary, was made king, 1376. He was defeated by the Turks in 1389, and became their vassal. Bosnia was incorporated with Turkey in 1463. Many efforts have been made by the Bosnians to recover their independence. A rebellion, begun in 1849, was quelled by Omar Pacha in 1851. The Bosnians joined the insurgents in Herzegovina, Sept. 1875; revolt was subdued, Aug. 1877; see Turkey. Resistance ended; general amnesty issued about 9 Nov. Austrian loss estimated 5000 killed, wounded, missing, The country settled. gradual political reforms. Population, 1,142,147; announced... Nov. Jan. 1880 . Feb. this strait when about to invade Greece, 493 B.C.; see Constantinople. Bosporus (improperly BOSPHORUS), now called Circassia, near the Bosphorus Cimmerius, the straits of Kertch or Yenikale. The history of the kingdom is involved in obscurity. It was named Cimmerian, from the Cimmeri, who dwelt on its borders about 750 B.C. The Archænactidæ from Mitylene rule.. They are dispossessed by Spartacus I.. Seleucus, 431; Satyrus I.. Leucon, 393; Spartacus II., 353; Parysades.. ..B.C. 502-480 Eumelus, aiming to dethrone his brother Satyrus II., is defeated; but Satyrus is killed.. Prytanis, his next brother, ascends the throne, but is murdered by Eumelus... Eumelus puts to death all his relations, 309; and is killed, The Scythians conquer Bosporus.. Mithridates VI. of Pontus conquers Bosporus. He poisons himself; and the Romans make his son, Battle of Zela, gained by Julius Cæsar over Pharnaces II. Pharnaces, king... (Cæsar writes home, Veni, vidi, vici, "I came, I saw, I conquered"). Asander usurps the crown.. Cæsar makes Mithridates of Pergamus king.. A list of kings given by some writers ends with Sauromates VII. 438 407 348 310 309 304 285 80 63 47 66 66 14 33 66 41 49 344 Boston (Lincolnshire), a trading town, made a staple for wool, 1357; St. Botolph's church, with a lofty tower, was erected about 1309. Boston (Massachusetts, U. S.), built about 1627. Here originated that resistance to the British authorities which led to American independence. The act of parliament laying duties on tea, papers, colors, etc. (passed June, 1767), so excited the indignation of the citizens of Boston that they destroyed several hundreds of chests of tea, 16 Dec. 1773. Population in 1880, 362,535. .17 June, The city evacuated by the king's troops.......17 March, 1776 Industrial Exhibition opened.. Great peace jubilee; concert of about 10,371 voices and 1094 instruments, with anvils, bells, etc., begun 15 June, 1869 International peace jubilee; chorus about 20,000; orches tra, 1000; with military bands and other performers of different nations, including the British grenadier guards' band; a day allotted to each nation...17 June-4 July, 1872 Tremendous fire; great loss of life and property; about 80 acres of buildings burned, 959 houses (125 dwellings); 35 persons killed.. .....9, 10, 11 Nov. Another great fire, with loss of life and property..30 May, 1873 Boston, EVACUATION OF, 17 March, 1776. The American army under Washington had hemmed the British army within the small area of the peninsula in which Boston stands, for several months, during which time there had been frequent skirmishing and some cannonading. At length Washington took such a commanding position upon Dorchester Heights that the British general, Howe, agreed to leave the city immediately if allowed to do so in peace. The permission was granted, and, on 17 March, gen. Howe, with 7000 soldiers, 4000 seamen, and 1500 loyalist families, sailed for Halifax. The American army then took possession, to the great joy of the remaining inhabitants. Congress gave Washington a gold medal in commemoration of the event. Bosworth Field (Leicestershire), the site of the thirteenth and last battle between the houses of York and Lancaster, 22 Aug. 1485, when Richard III. was defeated by the earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry VII.) Bosphorus, THRACIAN (now Channel of Constanti- and slain, through the desertion of sir William Stanley. nople). Darius Hystaspis threw a bridge of boats over | It is said that Henry was crowned on the spot with the crown of Richard, found in a hawthorn bush near the field. Botany. Aristotle is considered the founder of the science (about 347 B.C.). Historia Plantarum of Theophrastus was written about 320 B.Ç. Authors on botany became numerous at the close of the fifteenth century. Fuchsius, Bock, Bauhin, Casalpinus, and others wrote between 1535 and 1600. The system and arrangement of the great Linnæus was made known about 1735; and Jussieu's system, founded on Tournefort's, and called "the natural system," in 1758. At Linnæus's death (1778) the species of plants actually described amounted in number to 11,800. The number of species now recorded cannot fall short of 100,000. J. C. Loudon's "Encyclopædia of Plants," a most comprehensive work, first appeared in 1829. De Candolle's "Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" (of which Vol. I. appeared in 1818) is now complete (1876). An International Botanical congress was opened in London 23 May, 1866, professor A. De Candolle president; another at Amsterdam, 13 April, 1877. Robert Brown, who accompanied Flinders in his survey of New Holland in 1803, died 10 June, 1858, aged 85, was long acknowledged to be the chief of the botanists of his day (facile princeps). Upsal.. Chelsea Edinburgh Vienna. Madrid. Established about greatly im.1841-65 1763 1773 1785 1793 1657 Horticultural Society's, 1673-86 Chiswick. 1800 1821 1839 1680 Royal Botanic Society's, Botany Bay (Australia), discovered by capt. Cook, 28 April, 1770, received its name from the great variety of plants growing on the shore. It was fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great Britain. The first governor, capt. Arthur Phillip, who sailed from England in May, 1787, arrived at the settlement in Jan. 1788. The colony was eventually established at Port Jackson, about thirteen miles to the north of the bay; see New South Wales and Transportation. Bothwell Bridge (Lanarkshire). The Scotch Covenanters, who took up arms against the intolerant government of Charles II., and defeated the celebrated Claverhouse at Drumclog, 1 June, 1679, were totally routed by the earl of Monmouth at Bothwell Bridge, 22 June, 1679, and many prisoners were tortured and executed. Bottle-conjurer. In accordance with a wager, a person having advertised that he would jump into a quart bottle at the Haymarket Theatre, on 16 Jan. 1749, the house was densely crowded and besieged by thousands anxious to gain admittance. The pickpockets had a rich harvest, and the duped crowd nearly pulled down the edifice. Bottles in ancient times were made of leather. The art of making glass bottles and drinking-glasses was known to the Romans at least before 79; for these articles and other vessels have been found in the ruins of Pompeii. Bottles were made in England about 1558. A bottle which contained two hogsheads was blown, we are told, at Leith, in Scotland, in Jan. 1747-8; see Glass. Bouillon, Belgium, formerly a duchy, was sold by Godfrey, its ruler, to Albert, bishop of Liége, to obtain funds for the crusade, 1095. It was seized by the French in 1672, and held by them till 1815, when it was given to the king of the Netherlands, as duke of Luxemburg. It was awarded to Belgium after the Revolution of 1830. Boulevards (Bulwarks), sites of old fortifications in Paris and other French towns, now planted with rows of trees. The practice has been adopted in some London suburban roads, 1875 et seq. Boulogne, a seaport in Picardy, N. France, added to Burgundy, 1435; to France, 1447. Here Henry VIII. and Francis I. concluded a treaty to oppose the Turks, 28 Oct. 1532. Boulogne was besieged by Henry VII. 2 Oct. 1492, for a few days; taken by Henry VIII. on 14 Sept. 1544, but restored for a sum of money, 1550. Lord Nelson attacked a flotilla here, disabling ten vessels In another attempt he was repulsed with great loss, and and sinking five.. ..3 Aug. 1801 66 capt. Parker of the Medusa and two thirds of his crew were killed... ..18 Aug. Bonaparte assembled 160,000 men and 10,000 horses, and a flotilla of 1300 vessels and 17,000 sailors, to invade England in 1804; the coasts of Kent and Sussex were covered with martello towers and lines of defence; and nearly half the adult population of Britain was formed into volunteer corps; sir Sidney Smith unsuccessfully attempted to burn the flotilla with fire-machines called .2 Oct. 1804 catamarans... tria... The army removed on the breaking-out of war with AusCongreve-rockets used in another attack, and set the town on fire..... 1805 .8 Oct. 1806 Law authorizing construction of a new deep-sea harbor by M. Stoecklin (in 15 years), cost about 680,000!.; passed 19 June; first stone laid by M. Freycinet, 9 Sept. 1878 Boundary Act. Commissioners were appointed by the Reform Bill, passed 15 Aug. 1867. Viscount Eversley, Russell Gurney, sir John T. B. Duckworth, sir Francis Crossley, and John Walter, first sat 16 Aug. England and Wales were divided into 18 districts, and other arrangements made. Another boundary act was passed 13 July, 1868. Bounties, premiums granted to the producer, exporter, or importer of certain articles-a principle introduced into commerce by the British parliament. The first granted on corn, in 1688, were repealed in 1815. They were first legally granted in England for raising naval stores in America, 1703, and have been granted to the herring-fishery, on sail-cloth, linen, and other goods. Bounty Mutiny took place on board the Bounty, an armed ship which quitted Otaheite, with bread-fruit trees, 7 April, 1789. The mutineers put their captain, Bligh, and nineteen men into an open boat, with a small stock of provisions, near Annamooka, one of the Friendly isles, 28 April, 1789; these reached the island of Timor, south of the Moluccas, in June, after a voyage of nearly 4000 miles. Some of the mutineers were tried 15 Sept. 1792; six were condemned and three executed. For the fate of others, see Pitcairn's Island. Bourbon, HOUSE OF (from which came the royal houses of France, Spain, and Naples), derives its origin from the Archambauds, lords of Bourbon, in Berry. Robert, count of Clermont, son of Louis IX. of France, married the heiress Beatrice in 1272; died 1317; and their son Louis I. created duke of Bourbon and peer of France by Charles IV.. 1327 The last of the descendants of their elder son Peter I., Susanna, married Charles, duke of Montpensier, constable of Bourbon, who, offended by his sovereign, Francis I., entered into the service of the emperor Charles V., and was killed at the siege of Rome........6 May, 1527 From James, the younger son of Louis I., descended Antony, duke of Vendôme, who married (1548) Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre. Their son, Henry IV., born at Pau, 14 Dec. 1553, became king of France. .....31 July, 1589 The crown of Spain was settled on a younger branch of this family, 1700, and guaranteed by the peace of Bourbon FAMILY COMPACT (a defensive alliance between Utrecht (Rapin).. France, Spain, and the Two Sicilies concluded by M. de Choiseul).. ..15 Aug. 1761 The Bourbons expelled France, 1791; restored 1814; again expelled on the return of Bonaparte from Elba, and again restored after the battle of Waterloo, 1815. The elder branch was expelled once more, in the person of Charles X. and his family, in 1830, in consequence of the revolution of the memorable days of July in that year. 1713 Orleans branch ascended the throne in the person of the late Louis Philippe, asking of the French," 9 Aug. 1830; deposed, 24 Feb. 1848; and his family also was expelled. The Bourbon family fled from Naples (6 Sept. 1860), and Francis II. lost his kingdom; expelled from Spain, Sept. 1868; restored by Alfonso XII., 31 Dec. 1874; see France, Spain, Naples, Orleans, Parma, Condé, and Legitimists. The fusion of the parties supporting the comte de Chambord with the Orleanists said to be accomplished, 5 Aug. 1873; see France. Bourbon, ISLE OF (in the Indian ocean), discovered by the Portuguese about 1542. The French are said to have first settled here in 1642. It surrendered to the British, under admiral Rowley, 21 Sept. 1809, and was restored to France in 1815.-Alison. An awful hurricane in Feb. 1829, did much mischief. Bourbon was named "l'Île de la Réunion " in 1848; see Mauritius. Bourdeaux, see Bordeaux. Bourignonists, a sect founded by Antoinette Bourignon, who, in 1658, took the Augustine habit and travelled in France, Holland, England, and Scotland; in the last she made many converts about 1670. She maintained that Christianity does not consist in faith and practice, but in inward feeling and supernatural impulse. A disciple named Court left her a good estate. She died in 1680, and her works, 21 volumes 8vo, were published 1686. Bournous, the Arabic name of a hooded garment worn in Algeria, which has been introduced in a modified form into England and France since 1847. Bouvines (N. France), the site of a desperate battle, 27 July, 1214, in which Philip Augustus of France was victorious over the emperor Otho and his allies, consisting of more than 150,000 men. The counts of Flanders and Boulogne were taken prisoners, and the earl of Salisbury, brother of king John. Bovill's Act, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 34, 1860, relates to petitions of right. Bow Street, see Magistrates. Bowls, or BOWLING, an English game as early as the thirteenth century. Henry VIII. and Charles I. played at it, and also Charles II. at Tunbridge.-Grammont. BOWS AND ARROWS, see Archery. Bowyer, FORT, near Mobile, Ala., was attacked by a British land force of 730 troops and 200 Creek Indians 15 Sept. 1814, assisted by a naval force. The garrison, of 134 men, rank and file, defended it successfully. They lost five killed and four wounded. The British lost 162 killed and 70 wounded. 1790 1791 1830 Broughton's amphitheatre, behind Oxford road, built.... 1742 Schools opened in England to teach boxing. Mendoza opened the Lyceum in the Strand in.. Boxing was much patronized from about 1820 to.. Tom Winter (nicknamed "Spring"), besides other victories, beat Langan (for 1000Z.) ...8 June, 1824 John Gully, originally a butcher, afterwards a prize. fighter, acquired wealth, and became M. P. for Pontefract in 1835; died.. ..9 March, 1863 Desperate conflict at Farnborough between Thomas Sayers, the Champion of England, a light Sussex man, about 5 feet 8 inches high, and John Heenan, the "Benicia Boy," a huge American, in height 6 feet 1 inch. Strength, however, was matched by skill; and eventually the fight was interrupted, 17 April. Both men received a silver belt... ..31 May, 1860 Tom King beat Mace, and obtained the champion's belt, .26 Nov. 1862 He beat Goss, 1 Sept., and Heenan (nearly to death), 10 Dec. 1863 A trial, in consequence of the last fight, ensued: the culprits were discharged ou promising not to offend again, 5 April, 1864 Wormald obtained the championship after a contest with Marsden.. 4 Jan. 1865 Contest for championship between Mace and O'Baldwin, a giant; prevented by the arrest of Mace......15 Oct. 1867 Railways prohibited carrying persons going to a prizefight, 30 & 31 Vict. c. 119... etc. Boxtel (in Dutch Brabant), where the British and allied army, commanded by the duke of York, was defeated by the French republicans, who took 2000 prisoners and eight pieces of cannon, 17 Sept. 1794. Box-tree, indigenous to this country, and exceedingly valuable to wood-engravers. In 1815 a large boxtree at Box Hill, Surrey, was cut down, and realized a large sum. Macculloch says that "the trees were cut down in 1815, and produced upwards of 10,000l.” About 1820 the cutting of trees on the hill produced about 60007.-In the United States the tree is common from Massachusetts to Florida. It is called, indifferently, boxwood or dogwood. Boxwood is now the only wood used for engravings, and it is extensively used also by mathematical-instrument makers. Boy-bishop. During the middle ages a choir-boy was frequently elected on St. Nicholas's day, 6 Dec., and held office till the 28th. The custom was suppressed in England in July, 1542, but lingered for some time after. Boycotting, sec Ireland, 1880. A Boycott fund to assist capt. Boycott in his trouble was subscribed in 1880-1. Boydell's Lottery for his Shakspeare gallery of paintings got up (1786) by alderman Boydell, lord mayor of London. Every ticket was sold at the time the alder man died, 12 Dec. 1804, before the decision of the wheel. Boyle Lectures, instituted by his will (18 July, 1691), by Robert Boyle (son of the great earl of Cork), a philosopher distinguished by his genius, virtues, and benevolence, who died 30 Dec. 1691. Eight lectures (in vindication of the Christian religion) are to be delivered. The office of lecturer is tenable for three years. Boyne, a river in Ireland, near which William III. defeated his father-in-law, James II., 1 July, 1690. The latter lost 1500 (out of 30,000) men; the Protestant army lost about a third of that number (out of 36,000). James fled to Dublin, thence to Waterford, and escaped to France. The duke of Schomberg was killed by mistake by his own soldiers as he was crossing the river, and here also was killed the rev. George Walker, who defended. Londonderry in 1689. Near Drogheda is a splendid obelisk, 150 feet in height, erected in 1736 by the Protestants of the empire in commemoration of this victory. Boyne, man-of-war of 98 guns, destroyed by fire at Portsmouth, 4 May, 1795, by the explosion of the magazine; numbers perished. Portions were recovered June, 1840. Boyton's SWIMMING APPARATUS; see under Lifeboat, etc. Brabant, part of Holland and Belgium, an ancient duchy, part of Charlemagne's empire, fell to his son Charles, 806. It became a separate duchy (called at first Lower Lorraine) in 959. It descended to Philip II. of Burgundy, 1429, and in regular succession to the emperor Charles V. In the seventeenth century it was held by Holland and Austria, as Dutch Brabant and the Walloon provinces, and underwent many changes through the wars of Europe. The Austrian division was taken by the French in 1746 and 1794. It was united to the Netherlands in 1814, but South Brabant was given to Belgium, 1830. The heir of the throne of Belgium is styled duke of Brabant; see Belgium. Bracelets were worn by the ancients, and armillæ were Roman military rewards. Those of pearls and gold were worn by the Roman ladies. Brachygraphy, see Stenography. Bradfield Reservoir, see Sheffield, 1864. Bradford (W. Riding of Yorkshire), an ancient seat of the woollen manufacture; made a parliamentary borough in 1832; has thriven since 1851; see Poisoning. New town hall was opened.. 1868 British Association met here.. .9 Sept. 1873 ..17 Sept ...1 Aug. 1874 .25 July, 1877 Bradlaugh Case, see Parliament, 1880–1. Bradshaw's Railway Guide was first published by Mr. G. Bradshaw, assisted by Mr.W. J. Adams, in Dec. 1841. He had previously published occasionally a "Railway Companion." The "Continental Bradshaw " was established in 1848. Braganza, a city in Portugal, gave title to Alfonso, natural son of John I. of Portugal (in 1422), founder of the house of Braganza. When the nation, in a bloodless revolution in 1640, threw off the Spanish yoke, John, duke of Braganza, was called to the throne as John IV., and his descendants now reign over Portugal and Brazil (which see). Brahmins, Hindoo priests, the highest of the four castes. Pythagoras is thought to have learned from them his doctrine of the Metempsychosis; and it is affirmed that some of the Greek philosophers went to India on purpose to converse with them. The Brahmins derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. See Vedas. Brahmo Somaj, see Deism. Braintree Case (in Essex) was decided in 1842 by Dr. Lushington, who determined that a minority in a parish vestry cannot levy a church-rate. Brakes, see under Railways. Bramham (W. R. York): near here the earl of Northumberland and lord Bardolf were defeated and slain by sir Thomas Rokeby, the general of Henry IV., 19 Feb. 1408; and Fairfax was defeated by the royalists under the earl of Newcastle, 29 March, 1643. as old as 1277; a white brass produced by Mr. P. M. Parsons, about 1875. Brauronia, festivals in Attica, at Brauron, where Diana had a temple. The most remarkable that attended these festivals were young virgins in yellow gowns, dedicated to Diana. They were about ten years tion was called deкarever', from dέka, ten; 600 B.C. of age, and not under five; and therefore their consecra Bravo Case. Mr. Charles Delauney Turner Bravo, barrister, died suddenly and mysteriously (at Balham, Surrey), suicide suspected, 18 April, 1876; open verdict at inquest; new inquest ordered 26 June, 1876; began 10 July. Verdict: "Wilful murder by administration of tartar emetic; but not sufficient evidence to fix the guilt upon any person," 11 Aug. 1876. Bray, Berks. Fuller says that its vicar, Symon Symonds, was twice a papist and twice a Protestant-in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth (1533-1558). Upon being called a turn-coat, he said he kept to his principle, that "of living and dying the vicar of Bray." The modern song refers to the political changes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Bray's Associates for founding clerical libraries and supporting negro schools. This society began in 1723, by Dr. Thomas Bray, rector of Sheldon, appointing trustees to expend 9007. bequeathed by Mr. D'Allone for the instruction of negroes. In 1733 these trustees received their present name, and their fund was increased by legacies in 1767 and 1768. Dr. Bray, who was one of the founders of the Society for Propagating the Gospel, and who had acted energetically as commissary in Maryland for the bishop of London, about 1696, died 15 Feb. 1730, bequeathing part of his books to Sion College, and part to found a parochial library, under certain conditions, complied with at Maidstone; and also money for other religious purposes. The associates assist schools and libraries in the colonies, and parochial libraries at home. Brazen Bull, said to have been contrived by Peril Brandenburg, a city in Prussia, founded by the Slavonians, who gave it the name of Banber, which signified Guard of the Forest, according to some; others explain the name as Burg, or city, of the Brenns. Henry I., surnamed the Fowler, after defeating the Sla-lus, at Athens, for Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, vonians, fortified "Brannibor," 926, as a rampart against the Huns, and bestowed the government on Sigefroi, count of Ringelheim, with the title of margrave, or protector of the marches or frontiers. The emperor Sigismund gave perpetual investiture to Frederick IV. of Nuremberg, of the house of Hohenzollern, ancestor of the royal family of Prussia, made elector in 1417. For a list of the margraves since 1134, see Prussia. 570 tims, and a fire was kindled underneath to roast them to B.C. It had an opening in the side to admit the vicdeath; their groans resembled the roaring of a bull. Phalaris admired the invention, but ordered the artist to make the first experiment. The Agrigentes revolted against Phalaris, cut his tongue out, and roasted him in the brazen bull, 549 B.C. Brazil, an empire in South America, was discovered by Vincent Pinzon in Feb. 1500. Pedro Alvarez de Brandenburg House, Hammersmith, see Queen Cabral, a Portuguese, driven upon its coasts by a tem Caroline. Brandy (German Branntwein, burnt wine), the spirit distilled from wine. Alcohol appears to have been known to Raymond Lully in the thirteenth century, and to have been manufactured in France early in the fourteenth. It was at first used medicinally, and miraculous cures were ascribed to its influence. In 1852, 3,959,452; in 1866, 5,621,930; in 1870, 7,942,965; in 1874, 3,378,057; in 1876, 7,913,092; in 1877, 2,962,697; in 1879, 5,024,668 gallons were imported into the United Kingdom. It is now largely manufactured in Britain. Brandywine, a river in N. America, near which a battle took place between the British, under Howe, and the Americans under Washington, in which the latter (after a day's fight) were defeated with great loss, 11 Sept. 1777. Philadelphia fell into the possession of the victors. pest, April following, called it the land of the Holy Cross; Brazil, with Portugal, becomes subject to Spain .about 1504 1530 1531 1548 1549 1555-60 1567 1580 1593 1594 1615 66 The Dutch seize the coast of Brazil, 1630; and hold Per nambuco... Destruction of Palmares. Brass. That mentioned in the Bible was most probably bronze. When Lucius Mummius burned Corinth to the ground, 146 B.C., he found immense riches, and during the conflagration, it is said, all the metals in Defeated at Guararapès, 1646; give up Brazil.. the city melted, and, running together, formed the valu-Gold-mining commences. able composition described as Corinthian Brass. This is well doubted, for the Corinthian artists had long before obtained great credit for their method of combining gold and silver with copper.-Du Fresnoy. Some of the English sepulchral engraved brasses are said to be The French assault and capture Rio Janeiro.. Capital transferred from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. 1630 1661 1693 1697 1710-11 1729 1758-60 1763 .7 March, 1808 ...29 Aug. 1825 7 April, 1831 Reform of the constitution....12 Aug. 1834, and 12 May, 1840 Pedro II. declared of age. .23 July, Steamship line to Europe commenced Suppression of the slave-trade; railways commenced. 1850 1852 1854 The British ship Prince of Wales wrecked at Albardas, on coast of Brazil, is plundered by some of the natives, and some of the crew killed.. .about 7 June, 1861 Reparation long refused; reprisals made; five Brazilian merchant ships being seized by the British....31 Dec. 1862 The Brazilian minister at London pays 32001. as an indemnity, under protest... ...26 Feb. 1863 The Brazilian government request the British to express their regret for reprisals; declined; diplomatic intercourse suspended.. .5-28 May, Dispute between the governments respecting the arrest of some British officers at Rio Janeiro (17 June, 1862) referred to the arbitration of the king of the Belgians, who decides in favor of Brazil.. 18 June, New ministry formed; F. J. Furtado, president; prospect of reconciliation with Great Britain ..30 Aug. 1864 U. S. war- steamer Wachusett seizes the confederate steamer Florida, in the port of Bahia, while under protection of Brazil, 7 Oct.; after remonstrance, Mr. Seward, U. S. foreign minister, apologizes. [The Florida (inadvertently) sunk?].. .26 Dec. War with Uruguay; the Brazilians take Paysandú, and march upon Monte Video.. .2 Feb. 1865 ..7 Feb. 66 The comte d'Eu and princess Isabella (on marriage tour) land at Southampton. Lopez, president of Paraguay, declares war against the Argentine Republic... . April, Treaty between Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine Republic against Paraguay, governed by Lopez, signed, 1 May, Scientific expedition under Agassiz favored by the emperor.... Amicable relations with England restored... ...July, .Aug. Aug. The allies under Flores defeat the Paraguayans at Santayuna on the Uruguay...... Uruguayana surrenders to the allies. 18 Sept. ..18 Sept. Indecisive battle between the allies and the Paraguayans at Paso de la Patria. ..about 25 Feb. 1866 Paraguayans defeated on the Parana.......16, 17 April, Victory of the allies at Estero Velhaco, 2 May; indeci sive battle there .24 May, Bombardment of the allied camp on the Parana, 14 June, Two days' fight at Tuyuty; allies defeated...16, 18 July, Fruitless meeting of president Lopez with the chiefs on proposals of peace.. 12 Sept. The allies attack the fortress of Curupaiti; defeated with severe loss. 17-19, 22 Sept. The allies' camp bombarded, 18 Oct.; the Paraguayans repulsed at Tuyuty.... .30 Oct. claimed to be a female Christ, and her priest Hans Georg Maurer, attempt to convert their neighbors by force, and desolate the property of those who refuse. She and nearly all her band are killed after several conflicts with their neighbors, aided by the military, 21-26 July, 1874 Great bank-failures at Rio Janeiro.. ..May, 1875 Duke de Caixias president of ministry.......... 25 June, Emperor and empress at opening of Philadelphia Exhibition, 10 May, 1876; travelled in Europe, etc.; returned to Rio Janeiro.. 1822. Dom Pedro (of Portugal); abdicated in favor of his infant son, 7 April, 1831; died 24 Sept. 1834. 1831. Dom Pedro II. (born 2 Dec. 1825); assumed the government, 23 July, 1840; crowned, 18 July, 1841; married, 4 Sept. 1843, princess Theresa of Naples (born 14 March, 1822). Heiress: Isabella, born 29 July, 1846; married (15 Oct. 1864) Louis comte d'Eu, son of the duc de Nemours (born 29 April, 1842.) Heir: Pedro, born 15 Oct. 1875. Breach of Promise oF MARRIAGE; a resolution in favor of abolishing the action was adopted in the Commons (106-65) 6 May, 1879. Bread. Ching-Noung, the successor of Fohi, is reputed to have been the first who taught men (the Chinese) the art of husbandry, and the method of making bread from wheat, and wine from rice, 1998 B.C.-Univ. Hist. Baking of bread was known in the patriarchal ages: see Exodus xii. 15. It became a profession at Rome, 170 B.C. After the conquest of Macedon, 148 B.C., numbers of Greek bakers came to Rome, obtained special privileges, and soon obtained a monopoly. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV., owing to famine, bread, which had been sold whilst any remained for a crown a pound, was at last made from the bones of the charnelhouse of the Holy Innocents, A.D. 1594.-Hénault. In the time of James I., barley-bread was used by the poor; and now in Iceland, cod-fish, beaten to powder, is made into bread; potato-bread is used in Ireland. The London Bakers' Company was incorporated in 1307. Bread street was once the London market for bread. Until 1302, the London bakers were not allowed to sell any in their own shops.-Stow. Bread was made with yeast by the English bakers in 1634. In 1856 and 1857 Dr. Dauglish patented a mode of making "aërated bread," in which carbonic-acid gas is combined with water and mixed with the flour, and which is said to possess the advantages of cleanliness, rapidity, and uniformity. In 1862 a company was formed to encourage Stevens's bread-making machinery. An act for regulating bakehouses was passed in July, 1863. A strike of the journeyman bakers of the metropolis, 23 Sept., was settled by concessions, 9 Oct. 1872. A Bread Reform League formed; meeting at the Mansion House, London, 17 Dec. 1880. Quartern Loaf (4 lb. 51 oz.). 1800 1735.. Price 5d. 1800. 1805. 1810.. .21 Feb. 1868 Fierce resistance of the Paraguayans; Lopez said to have armed 4000 women... ...June, After several conflicts Lopez is totally defeated at Villeta, and flies.. ..11 Dec. The comte d'Eu appointed general of the allied army, 24 March, 1869 1814.. 12/ The allics surprise and capture Rosario and garrison, Lopez defeated in severe conflicts..... 12, 16, 18, 21 Aug. Gradual slave-emancipation bill passed by the senate; |