Kunkuna is intimately connected with the other Sanscrit dialects. In the Lord's Prayer, which, when translated into Kunkuna, consists of thirty-two words, twenty-five words have been proved to be radically the same as the corresponding words in the Bengalee and Hinduwee versions of the Prayer; and, of the remaining six words, several have been found to be almost pure Sanscrit.

A version of the New Testament exists in Kunkuna, which was executed at Serampore between the years 1808 and 1819: the edition consisted of 1000 copies, and was printed in the Devanagari character. An edition of the Pentateuch, consisting of an equal number of copies, left the press in 1821. The translation was afterwards relinquished to the Bombay Bible Society, but no farther steps have since been taken towards its completion, probably because the rapidly increasing use of the Mahratta dialect among the natives of the Concan appears to render a Kunkuna version unnecessary.

ROM MANY, OR SPANISH-GIPS Y.

SPECIMEN, FROM ST. LUKE, CHAP. VI. v. 27 to 38.

27 Tami penelo á sangue sos lo junelais: Camelad á jires daschmanuces, querelad mistos á junos sos camelan sangue choro. 28 Majarad á junos sos zermánelan á sangue, y manguelad á Debél por junos sos araquerelan sangue choro! 29 Y á ó sos curáre tucue andré yeque mejilla, dinle tambien a aver. Y á ó sos nicobeláre tucue o uchardo, na ó impidas lliguerar tambien a furi. 30 Din á os sares ma tucue manguelaren: y á ó sos ustiláre ma sinela de tucue, na se lo pida. 31 Y ma camelais que querelen á sangue os manuces, ocolo matejo querelad sangue á junos. 32 Y si camelais á junos sos camelan á sangue, ¿ qué merito terelareis? Presas os chores tambien camelan á junos sos os camelan. 33 Y si querelais mistos á junos sos querelan mistos á sangue, ¿qué merito terelareis? Presas os chores tambien querelan ocono. 34 Y si prestisareis á ocolas, de coines ujarais ustilar, ¿qué merito terelareis? Presas tambien os chores prestisaran yeques á averes, somia ustilar aver tanto. 35 Camelad pues á jirés daschmanuces; querelad mistos, y diñad prestado, bi ujarar por ocono chichí; y jire manchin sinará baro, y sinareis chabores e Udscho, presas ó sinela gacho aun para os sungalés y chores. 36 Sinelad pues canreosos, sasta tambien jiré Dada sinela canreoso. 37 Na juzgueis, y na sinareis juzgados; na sapleis, y na sinareis saplados. Ertinad y sinareis ertinados. 38 Diñad, y á sangue se diñará: melalo lacho, perelalo, y baro, y costunado diñaren andré jiré chepo: presas sat o matejo melalo con que melalareis, á sangue se volverá á melalar.

I. DIFFUSION AND STATISTICS.

THE vagrant tribes known in England by the name of Gipsies wander in hordes or companies about the plains of Asia, and in certain parts of Africa, as well as in most of the countries of Europe. Without historical records, without traditions, without even a religion of their own, they are bound together by national habits and customs, by the love of an unsettled life, and by a peculiar language; and, like the Jews, they exist from generation to generation as a separate people in the midst of many nations. In Germany they are called Zigeuner, as if from the Sigyuni mentioned by Herodotus as living on the banks of the Danube; in Russia, Zigáni; in Turkey and Persia, Zingarri, probably a

corruption of Tchingani or Zingani, the name of a predatory race inhabiting the tract of land near the mouth of the Indus; and these various appellations, all apparently springing from the same etymon, may, it has been conjectured, be radically the same as the term Zincali, by which they sometimes designate themselves; a term compounded of two words, and supposed to signify the black men of Zend, or Ind. The English name Gipsy (from E-gypt-ian) and the Spanish Gitano, arose from a notion once currently entertained respecting the Egyptian origin of this singular people, from whence perhaps they derive their name Roma, from Romi, in Coptic "a man." In France they are still called Bohémiens (Bohemians), either because they first entered that country from Bohemia, or else from the old French word böem, a sorcerer, in allusion to the arts they have so long exercised in practising upon the credulity of the vulgar. They have been known in Europe only since the beginning of the fifteenth century. The most severe legislative enactments have at various times been framed against them, on account of their inveterate habits of petty depredation; yet no degree of persecution has ever succeeded in effectually diminishing their numbers, or in driving them from countries into which they have once introduced themselves. Grellman computed that in his time the number of Gipsies throughout Europe amounted to between 700,000 and 800,000, of whom, he said, 40,000 were located in Spain, chiefly in the southern provinces. Mr. Borrow likewise is of opinion that there are at the present moment about 40,000 Gipsies in Spain, but he considers that they were formerly considerably more numerous in that country. There are also great numbers of Gipsies in Hungary and Transylvania, where they are extensively employed in washing gold from the sands of the rivers, and occasionally in other avocations. The Gipsies at present dispersed through England are supposed to number about 20,000.

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIALECT.

In default of all historical evidence concerning the proper country of the Gipsies, their dialect indicates with tolerable distinctness that their origin is to be traced to India. Their physical conformation, their complexion, and their peculiar mode of life, furnish additional proofs of their Indian descent; for Captain Richardson has shown that in these points they bear a very strong resemblance to a sort of people in India called Bazeegurs; and many writers have attested that in these and other respects they may well be compared to the lowest caste of Hindoos, particularly to certain thievish castes, who to this day are to be found in various parts of India. To account for their sudden ance in Europe, Adelung conjectured that they fled thither to escape the cruel war of devastation carried on by Tamerlane, in 1408–9; but this hypothesis rests on very insufficient data; and it is equally reasonable to suppose that they may have left their country either to evade the laws they had outraged, or in pursuit of farther plunder.

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The language still spoken by the Gipsies in all the countries through which they are dispersed is a dialect of the Sanscrit: it is called Rommany, from rom, a husband, or a man; and so close is its affinity with other Indian dialects, that it is by many considered as little else than a corrupt form of Hinduwee. It is related of Lord Teignmouth, the first president of the British and Foreign Bible Society, that one day chancing to meet with a Gipsy woman, he was struck with her resemblance in form and feature to the natives he had been accustomed to see in India. He addressed her in Hindustani, with which language he was familiarly acquainted, and found to his surprise that she could perfectly understand him. He then invited her and several of the members of her tribe to his house, and induced them to pronounce a number of words in Rommany, which he carefully noted down: many of these words he discovered to be purely Hindustani, while others were obviously derived from Sanscrit roots. But although the idioms, and almost all the words of the Rommany, are unquestionably of Indian extraction, it has also adopted terms belonging to other families of languages. Several Sclavonic words, for instance, are to be detected in Rommany; and this circumstance seems to have arisen from the Gipsies, in their migration from the East, having passed through the steppes of Russia, where many of the tribe are still to be met with. Modern Greek words, probably learnt during their

passage through Bulgaria, are also occasionally to be heard in their language; and still more abundant is the intermixture of Persian words. The languages of the other countries in which the Gipsies have established themselves have had more or less influence in the modification of Rommany. In Spain, its grammatical peculiarities have entirely disappeared; its syntax, its declension of nouns, its conjugation of verbs, being all subjected to the rules of Spanish grammar. In Hungary and Transylvania it is spoken with tolerable purity; and in England the idiom has suffered far less modification than in Spain, for the English dialect of Rommany still retains its original syntax to a certain extent, and its peculiar methods of conjugation and of declension.

III.-VERSIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES IN THIS DIALECT.

The whole of the New Testament has been translated into the Spanish dialect of Rommany by Mr. Borrow, who during a long course of years had opportunities of familiar intercourse with the Gipsies, never obtained before or since by any individual unconnected with the race. Determined that this neglected people should understand the Gospel, Mr. Borrow proposed that they should themselves translate it. With this view he assembled some of the Spanish Gipsies together, and commenced with the Gospel of St. Luke, they rendering into Rommany the sentences which he delivered to them in Spanish. They proceeded in this way as far as the middle of the eighth chapter, when Mr. Borrow found it necessary to complete the translation himself, supplying deficiencies from a version which he had commenced at Badajoz in 1836. He printed 500 copies of this Gospel at Madrid in 1838; it was the first book that had ever appeared in Rommany. Copies of the work were so eagerly sought by the Gitanos of Madrid, that Mr. Borrow remarks he could readily have disposed of the whole edition in a fortnight, had it not been for the opposition to its circulation excited by the clergy immediately on its publication. "Sorcery!" exclaimed one bishop. "There is more in this than we can dive into," said a second. "He will convert all Spain by means of the Gipsy language," said a third. In compliance with their entreaties, the Corregidor, or Gefe politico, of Madrid gave orders for the seizure of all copies of the Gipsy Gospel exposed for sale, and the soldiers obtained about thirty copies, which they sold at a high price for their own benefit. The translator was shortly afterwards consigned for three weeks to imprisonment, under the suspicion that he was attempting to revolutionise the country, and annihilate the power of Rome by means of his Rommany version of the Gospel.

IV. RESULTS OF THE DISSEMINATION OF THIS VERSION.

The Rommany Gospel of St. Luke, the only portion of Mr. Borrow's version that has yet been printed, was found to be perfectly intelligible to the Spanish Gipsies: many of the men were able to read it, and appeared to set a high value on it; yet it soon became evident that it was the language, and not the heavenly doctrine, which they prized. Even the women, who in general are unable to read, were anxious to possess themselves of copies to use as charms or amulets in preserving them from danger, especially in their thieving expeditions. The result of Mr. Borrow's zealous endeavours to disseminate a knowledge of the Scriptures among this singular people, may be briefly summed up in his own words:-" They listened," he tells us, "with admiration, but alas! not of the truth, the eternal truths I was proclaiming, but to find that their broken jargon could be written and read. The only words of assent which I ever obtained, and that rather of a negative kind, were the following from the mouth of a woman:-' Brother, you tell us strange things, though perhaps you do not lie; a month since I would sooner have believed these tales, than that this day I should see one who could write Rommany.'" Of late years efforts have been made in England by Mr. Crabb and others in behalf of English Gipsies; and a school, in which Gipsy children are instructed in the knowledge of Scripture, where they are at the same time trained for service, and taught various trades, has been established at Farnham, near Blandford, Dorset.

JOAN, Chap 1. V.1 to 5.

P 120

Consisting of

3T JOHN, Chap | y | 0 7.

VERSION,

Engraved for THE BIBLE OF EVERY LAND: Samuel Bagster & Sons, Paternoster Row, London.