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CORNWALL, S. W. extremity of England, originally called Kernou, a term connected with the Latin cornu, a horn, probably in allusion to its numerous promontories. On the retreat of the ancient Britons, Cornwall is said to have been formed into a kingdom, and to have existed many years under different princes, among whom were Ambrosius Aurelius, and the celebrated Arthur. Cornwall is said to have been made an earldom by Alfred. The eldest son of the British sovereign is born duke of Cornwall. See Stannary Courts.

Bishopric of Cornwall, founded, 909; united to
Devonshire, 1040; removed to Exeter.
Cornwall given by the conqueror to Robert de
Mortein, his half-brother, 1068; killed
William, his son, dispossessed by Henry I.
Reginald de Dunstanville, natural son of Henry I.,
earl

.

1046

1087

1104

1140

1189

1220

1300

John Plantagenet, son of Henry II., earl, about Richard Fitz-Count, son of Reginald, earl, 1215; resigned. Richard, son of king John, 1225; elected king of the Romans, 1256; died 2 April, 1272 Edmund, son, earl, 1272; died without issue Piers de Gaveston, earl, 1308; beheaded, 19 June, 1312 John, son of Edward II., earl, 1330; died with issue 1336 Cornwall made a duchy, by Edward III., for Edward his eldest son, afterwards created prince of Wales Insurrection of Cornishmen under lord Audley, Thomas Flammock, and others, against taxes; they march to London; defeated at Blackheath Insurrection in Devon and Cornwall against the Protestant liturgy, defeated by lord Russell, Aug. 1549 Dolly Pentreath, said to have been the last person who spoke Cornish, died aged 102 [contradicted] 1778 Rev. R. Polwhele's "History of Cornwall" published

17 March, 1337

22 June, 1497

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George IV. crowned

William IV. crowned, with his queen Victoria crowned

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11 April, 1689

19 July, 1821

8 Sept. 1831

28 June, 1838 CORONATION CHAIR. In the cathedral of Cashel, formerly the metropolis of the kings of Munster, was deposited the Lia Fail, or Fatal Stone, on which they were crowned. Tradition says, that in 513 Fergus, a prince of the royal line, having obtained the Scottish throne, procured the use of this stone for his coronation at Dunstaffnage, where it continued until the time of Kenneth II., who removed it to Seone; and in 1296 it was removed by Edward I. from Scone to Westminster.

A CORONATION OATH was administered by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, to Ethelred II., in 978. oath, nearly corresponding with that now in use, was

An

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CORONEA, BATTLES OF. I. (or Chæronea). The Athenians were defeated and their general Tolmides slain in a battle with the Baotians at Coronea near Charonea, 447 B.C. II. The Athenians, Thebans, Argives, and Corinthians having entered into a league, offensive and defensive, against Sparta, Agesilaus, after diffusing the terror of his arms, from his many victories, even unto Upper Asia, engaged the allies at Coronea, a town of Boeotia, and achieved a great victory over them, 394 B.C.

CORONERS, officers of the realm, mentioned in a charter, 925. Coroners for every county in England were first appointed by statute of Westminster, 3 Edw. I. 1275. Stow. They are chosen for life by the freeholders, and their duty is to inquire into the cause of unnatural death, upon view of the body. By an act passed in 1843, them in case of illness. Laws respecting coroners coroners are enabled to appoint deputies to act for amended 1860.-20,531 coroners' inquests were held in England and Wales in 1859; 21,178 in 1860; 21,038 in 1861; 20,591 in 1862; 22,757 in 1863; 24,787 in 1864; 25,011 in 1865; 24,926 in 1866; in 1867, 24,648; in 1868, 24,774; in 1869, 24,709 (17,191 males, 7518 females); in 1870, 25,376; in 1871, 25,898.

CORONETS, caps or inferior crowns of the nobility. The coronets for earls were first allowed by Henry III.; for viscounts by Henry VIII.; and for barons by Charles II. Baker. But authorities conflict. Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was the first of the degree of earl who wore a coronet, 1604. It is uncertain when the coronets of dukes and marquises were settled. Beatson.

CORPORATIONS. Numa, in order to break the force of the two rival factions of Sabines and separate

Romans, is said to have instituted

societies of manual trades. Plutarch.-MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN ENGLAND. Bodies politic, authorised by the king's charter to have a common seal, one head officer, or more, and members, who are able, by their common consent, to grant or receive in law any matter within the compass of their charter. Cowell. Charters of rights were granted by the kings of England to various towns, first by Edward the Confessor. Henry I. granted charters, 1100: and succeeding monarchs gave corporate powers to numerous communities throughout the realm, subject to tests, oaths, and conditions. Blackstone. The Corporation and Test act, passed in 1661, was repealed in May, 1828. The Corporation Reform act, for the regulation of municipal corporations in England and Wales, 5 & 6 Will. ÎV. c. 76 (1835), was amended in 1869. The Irish Municipal Corporation act, 4 Vict. c. 108, passed in 1840, was amended in 1861. The Corrupt Practices (Municipal elections) act, was passed 6 Aug. 1872.

CORPULENCE. In Germany some fat monks have weighed eighteen stone. Render.

Mr. Bright, a tallow-chandler and grocer, of Maldon, in Essex, who died in his 29th year. Seven persons of the common size were with ease enclosed in his waistcoat; buried at All Saints, Maldon 12 Nov. 1750 Daniel Lambert, supposed to have been the heaviest man that ever lived, died in his 40th year, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, weighing 52 stone

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"CORRELATION OF THE PHYSICAL FORCES" is the title of a book by Mr. W. R. Grove, F.R.S., who in 1842 enunciated the theory of the correlation or mutual dependence and convertibility into each other of all the forces of nature (viz. heat, light, electricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and motion).

CORRESPONDING SOCIETY OF LONDON, was formed about 1791 to spread liberal opinions and check the severity of the British government, then much alarmed by the French revolution. Horne Tooke and other members were tried for treason and acquitted, Oct. 1794; see Trials, 1794. The meetings of the society at Copenhagen-fields and elsewhere, in 1795 and 1796, were termed treasonable.-On 21 April, 1798, Messrs. O'Connor, O'Coigley, and others, were tried for corresponding with the French directory; and James O'Coigley was executed as a traitor (protesting his innocence) on 7 June.

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE, see Mercury. CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT, respecting elections for members of parliament, was passed in 1854, and continued in following years.

CORSICA, an island in the Mediterranean Sea (called by the Greeks Cyrnos), held by the French. The ancient inhabitants had the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca. Corsica was colonised by Phocæans 564 B.C., and afterwards held by the Carthaginians, from whom it was taken by the Romans, 231 B.C. It has been held by Vandals, A.D. 456; by Saracens 852; by Pisans, 1077. It was dependent upon Genoa from 1559 till 1768, when it was ceded to France.

During a revolt erected into a kingdom under Theo-
dore, its first and only king
He came to England, was imprisoned in the
King's Bench prison for debt, and long subsisted
on private friends, but released; he gave in his
schedule the kingdom of Corsica to his creditors,
and died in Soho

The earl of Oxford wrote the following epitaph, for
a tablet near his grave in St. Anne's church,
Dean-street :-

"The grave, great teacher! to a level brings Heroes and beggars, galley-slaves and kings. But Theodore this moral learn'd ere dead; Fate pour'd its lesson on his living head, Bestow'd a kingdom and denied him bread." Pascal Paoli chosen for their general by the Corsicans

1736

1756

1753

The people acknowledge George III. of England for

king.

Defeated by the count de Vaux, he fled to England 1769 Napoleon Bonaparte born at Ajaccio (5 Feb. 1768, baptismal register; doubtful) 15 Aug. 1769 17 June, 1794

Sir Gilbert Eliott made viceroy, and opened a parliament

A revolt suppressed, June; the island relinquished by the British, 22 Oct. ; the people declare for the French

A statue to Napoleon I. inaugurated by prince Napoleon Jeroine

Visit by the empress and imperial prince

1795

1796 15 May, 1865 4 Sept. 1869 CORTE NUOVA, near Milan, N. Italy. Here the emperor Frederic II. defeated the Milanese after a severe conflict, 27 Nov. 1237.

CORTES, the Spanish parliament, originating in the old Gothic councils. The cortes were assembled after a long interval of years, 24 Sept. 1810; and settled the new constitution, 16 March, 1812, which was set aside by Ferdinand VII. who banished many members of the assembly in May, 1814. The cortes were reopened by him March, 1820, dissolved Oct. 1823; again assembled April, 1834, and have since been regularly convened. The cortes of Portugal assembled by virtue of dom Pedro's charter, 30 Oct. 1826; they were suppressed by dom Miguel in 1828, and restored in 1833.

CORUNNA (N. W. Spain). The British army, about 15,000 men, under the command of sir John Moore, had just accomplished their retreat when they were attacked by the French, whose force exceeded 20,000: the enemy were completely repulsed, but the loss of the British in the battle was immense, 16 Jan. 1809. Sir John was struck by a cannon-ball, which carried away his left shoulder and part of the collar-bone, and died universally lamented. The remains of the army embarked at Corunna, under sir David Baird, 17 Jan.

CORUS (Corupedion, or Cyropedium), a plain in Phrygia, Asia Minor, where the aged Lysimachus was defeated by Seleucus, and slain, 281 the Great's generals. B.C. These two were the only survivors of Alexander

CORVÉE, forced labour and service under the feudal system in France, was partially reduced by Louis XVI., at the instigation of Turgot, 27 June, 1787; by the constituent assembly, 18 March, 1790; and totally abolished by the convention, 17 July, 1792.

CORYPHÆUS, the principal person of the chorus in ancient tragedy. The name was given to Tysias, or Stesichorus, who first instructed the chorus to dance to the lyre, 556 B.C.

COSMOGRAPHY, see Astronomy and

Geography.

COSSACKS, warlike people inhabiting the confines of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey. They at first lived by plundering the Turkish galleys and the people of Natolia; but were formed into a regular army by Stephen Bathori, about 1576, to defend the frontiers of Russia from the Tartars. They joined the Russians in 1654, and in the great war against France (1813-15) formed a valuable portion of the Russian army.

COSSOVA, a plain in Servia. Here Amurath I. totally defeated the Christian army (Servians, Hungarians, &c.), Sept. 1389; but was himself killed by an expiring soldier. Here John Huniades was defeated by a Turkish army four times larger than his own, 17 Oct. 1448.

COSTA RICA, a republic in Central America, part of Guatemala, established independently Nov. 1848. It has been much disturbed by the American filibusters, see Nicaragua and America, Central.

Constitution, 27 Dec. 1859. On 14 Aug. 1859, the president Juan Mora was suddenly deposed, and Dr. José Montealegre made president; Dr. J. Ximenes elected president 3 April, 1863, was succeeded by Dr. Joseph Castro, 8 May, 1866; deposed; J. Jimenez, governor, Nov. 1868; Vicente Quadra proclaimed president 12 March, 1871; J. M. Guardia, president, elected 1871. Population 1872, estimated, 165,000.

COSTERMONGERS, itinerant dealers in fruit, vegetables, fish, &c., deriving their name, it is said, from costard, a favourite apple. The London costermongers are useful in relieving the markets when glutted; and it was said in 1860, that 3,000,000l. passed through their hands annually. Previous to fasting and thanksgiving days, they sell the appointed forms of prayers in great numbers. On 22 Nov. 1860, they held a meeting in order to represent to the city authorities the hardships they felt by the police restricting their means of livelihood; and the Metropolitan Streets act was modified, 7 Dec. 1867.

COSTUME, see Dress.

COTTAGE. The term was originally applied to a small house without land, 4 Edw. I. 1275. "No man may build a cottage, except in towns, unless he lay four acres of land thereto," &c., 31 Eliz. 1589. This statute was repealed, 15 Geo. III. 1775. By returns to the tax office, in 1786, the number of cottages was 284,459. The number in 1800 was 428,214; the number in 1840 was about 770,000. In 1860 the public attention was much drawn to the deplorable state of cottages in many parts of the country, and the law of settlement was altered in 1865.

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1803-13. A combing machine was patented by Joshua Heilmann, in 1845.

British muslin (totally superseding that of India) is due mainly to the invention of the MULE (which see) by Samuel Crompton, 1774-9; and to the self-acting mule of Mr. Roberts, 1825.

Calico Printing commenced 1764.

The Steam-Engine first applied to the cotton manufacture
(by Boulton and Watts), 1785.

Bleaching by means of chloride of lime introduced by Mr.
Tennant, of Glasgow, 1798.

Stockings. The stocking-frame was invented by William
Lee, in 1589. Cotton stockings were first made by hand
about 1730; Jedediah Strutt obtained a patent for
Derby ribbed stockings in 1759; and Horton patented
his knotter frame in 1776; Crompton's mule was em-
ployed in making thread for the stocking manufacture
about 1770.

Cotton-Lace-Bobbin-net. The stocking-frame of Lee was applied to lace-making by Hammond, about 1768; the process perfected by John Heathcoat, 1809.

COTTON FIBRE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. lb.

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lb. 592,500,000 1,390,938,752

1,256.984,736

715,008

1860.

1730.

1,545,472 1861

1765

3,870,392 1862.

523,973,296

1782.

11,828,039 1863

669,583,264

31,500,000 1864

893,304,720

56,000,000 1865

977,978,288

132,500,000, 1866

1,377,129,936

1,328,084,016

1,338,305.584

1800.

1810
1820.

151,500,000 1868

264,000,000 1870.

1830
American Cotton. Previous to 1795, our cotton fibre
came from the East and West Indies, the Levant, and
a little from the United States. About 1786, the growth
of cotton began in Georgia. In 1793, Eli Whitney, an
American, invented the saw-gin, a machine by which
cotton wool is separated from the pod and cleaned with
great ease and expedition.* This led to such increased
cultivation that the United States soon exported
1,500,000 lb. of cotton; in 1795, 5,250,000 lb. ; in 1820,
89,999,174 lb. ; in 1830, 210,885,358 tb. : in 1840,
487,856,504 b.; in 1847, 364,599,291 fb.; in 1859,
961,707,264 lb.; in 1860, 1,115,890,608 fb.; in 1861,
819,500,528 b.; in 1866, 520,057,440 lb. ; in 1870,
716,245,040 lb.

Cotton imported from other countries: In 1847, 110,208,324 lb.;
in 1859, 264,281,808 lb. ; in 1860, 215,048,144 lb. ; in 1861,
437,481,208 b.; in 1870, 621,959,544 lb.

Cotton imported from India: 1856, 463,000 bales; official
value, 3,572,329l.; in 1865, 1,266,520 bales; value,
25,025,8561.; in 1866, 1,847,770 bales; value, 25,270,5471.
Australian Cotton said by Manchester manufacturers to
be superior to the best American cotton, Jan. 1861.
A company formed at Manchester to obtain cotton from
India, Africa, and other places (arose out of the Cotton
Supply Association, formed in 1857), Sept. 1860.
Since 1861, the cultivation of cotton in India, Egypt,
Italy, &c. has greatly increased.

Cotton imported from Egypt in 1856, 34,399,008 lb. ; in 1870,
143,700,114 lb.

Act for collection of cotton statistics passed 25 June, 1868.

COTTON, a vegetable wool, the produce of the Gossypium, a shrub indigenous to the tropical regions of India and America. Indian cotton cloth is mentioned by Herodotus, was known in Arabia in the time of Mahomet, 627, and was brought into Europe by his followers. It does not appear to have been in use among the Chinese till the 13th century; to them we are indebted for the cotton fabric termed nankeen. Cotton was the material of the principal articles of clothing among the Americans when visited by Columbus. It was grown and manufactured in Spain in the 10th century; and in the 14th century was introduced into Italy. Indian muslins, chintzes, and cottons were so largely imported into England in the 17th century, that in 1700 an act of parliament was passed, prohibiting their introduction. Cotton became the staple commodity of England in the present century. About 1841 the "cotton' "Manchester" interest began to obtain political influence, which led to the repeal of the corn laws 1697 in 1846; see Calico, Muslin, &c.

or

Fustian and Velveteen made of cotton, about 1641.
Calico sheeting, de. The fly-shuttle was invented by
John Kay, of Bury, 1738; the drop-box by Robert Kay,
1760; spinning by rollers (also attributed to John
Wyatt) patented by Louis Paul, 1738; the spinning-
jenny, by Hargreaves, 1767; the water-frame, by Ark-
wright, 1769; the power-loom, by Rev. Dr. Edmund
Cartwright, 1785; the dressing machine, by Johnson
and Radcliffe, 1802-4; another power-loom, by Horrocks,

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COTTON FAMINE.

The supply of cotton from North America nearly ceased, in consequence of the secession of the southern states from the union in 1860-61. In 1852, Mr. T. Bazley warned the country on the danger of trusting to this source. In May, 1862, he stated that through its failure the loss of the labouring classes was 12,000,000l. sterling a year, and estimated the loss, including the employing classes, at nearly 40,000,000l. a year. At a meeting of noblemen and gentlemen, connected with the cotton manufacturing districts, at Bridgewaterhouse, St. James's, on 19 July, 1862, the earl of Derby in the chair, 10,000l. were subscribed to the Cotton District Relief Fund. The viceroy of Egypt, in London at the time, gave roool, and the queen gave 2000l. on 24 July. Liberal subscriptions flowed in from all On 28 Aug., the lord mayor had received 41,9021. In the Lancashire district (population about 4,000,000) there were receiving parish relief, Sept. 1861, 43,500 persons; in Sept. 1862, 163,498. Earl of Derby, 2 Dec.

parts.

1862.

In July, 1863, about the value of 700,000l. remained of the donations which had been received in money and goods, amounting to about 1,900,000l. On 9 Feb., 1863, the George Griswold" arrived, containing contributions of provisions, &c., from North America, for the relief of the sufferers in Lancashire. The Union Relief Act (passed Aug. 1862, and continued in 1863) gave much relief by enabling overseers to borrow money to be expended in public works to be executed by the unemployed workmen,

In Oct. 1864, much distress still existed, and fears were entertained for the approaching winter-90,000 more paupers than ordinary in cotton districts. Times,

18 Jan. 1865.

In June, 1865, Mr. Farnall, the special commissioner (appointed in May, 1862) was recalled by the poor-law board, and the famine was declared to be ended. 1,000,000l. had been expended in two years. executive of the Central Relief Fund held their last meeting, 4 Dec. 1865.

The

The account of the fund was made up in 1873. The balance, above 130,000l., was proposed to be appropriated to the foundation of a convalescent hospital for Lancashire.

A memorial window (the gift of the cotton operatives of Lancashire, who subscribed to commemorate the munificence of the metropolis to them during the cotton famine, 1861-4) placed in Guildhall and uncovered, 15 July, 1868.

COTTONIAN LIBRARY, formed by sir Robert Bruce Cotton, 1600, et seq.' He died 6 May, 1631. It was rescued from the republicans during the protectorate, 1649-60, and was secured to the public by a statute in 1700. It was removed to Essex-house in 1712; in 1730 to Dean's-yard, Westminster (where on 23 Oct. 1731, a part of the books sustained damage by fire); to the British Museum in 1757.

COULMIERS, a village ten miles west of Orleans, central France. Here the Bavarians, under general Von der Tann, were defeated by the French army of the Loire, under general d'Aurelle de Paladines, who took about 2000 prisoners, 9 Nov. 1870, and regained Orleans.

COUNCILS. King Alfred, in about 886, is said to have so arranged the business of the nation, that all resolutions passed through three councils. The first was a select council which considered all affairs to be laid before the second council, bishops and nobles appointed by the king, like the present privy council. The third was a general assembly of the nation, called, in Saxon, Wittenagemút, in which quality and offices gave a right to sit. In these three councils we behold the origin of the cabinet, privy councils, and parliaments; see Cabinet, Common, and Privy Councils, &c.

COUNCILS OF THE CHURCH. The following are among the most memorable. Those num

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Of the church at Jerusalem (Acts xv.)

Of the western bishops at Arles, in France, to suppress the Donatists; three fathers of the English church attended

I. First Ecumenical or General, at Nice (Constantine the Great presided), decreed the consubstantiality of the Son of God, condemned Arianism, and composed the Nicene creed At Tyre, against Athanasius

The first at Constantinople, when the Arian heresy gained ground

At Rome, in favour of Athanasius

At Sardis: 370 bishops attended; Arians condemned

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At Rimini: 400 bishops attended; Constantine
obliged them to sign a new confession.
II. Constantinople: 350 bishops attended, and
Damasus presided

50

314

325

335

337

342

347

359

pope May to July, 381

III. Ephesus, when pope Celestine presided; Pela-
gius censured.
22 June to 31 July, 431
8 Oct. 451

IV. Chalcedon: Marcian and his empress attended;
Eutychianism censured

V. Constantinople: pope Vigilius presided; against
errors of Origen
4 May to 2 June, 553

Monothelites

VI. Constantinople: pope Agatho presided; against 7 Nov. 680, to 16 Sept. Authority of the six general councils re-established by Theodosius

631

715

VII. Second Nicene: 350 bishops attended; against Iconoclasts 24 Sept. to 23 Oct. 787 VIII. Constantinople: the emperor Basil attended; against Iconoclasts and heresies

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XIII. Lyons; under pope Innocent IV.: emperor 28 June to 17 July, 1245 XIV. Lyons; under Gregory X.: temporary union of Greek and Latin churches, 7 May to 17 June, 1274 XV. Vienne in Dauphiné: Clement V. presided, and the kings of France and Aragon attended; order of Knights Templars suppressed,

16 Oct. 1311; 3 April and 6 May, 1312 XVI. Pisa Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. deposed; Alexander elected, 5 March to 7 Aug. 1409 XVII. Constance: Martin V. elected pope; and John Huss and Jerome of Prague condemned to be burnt.

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XX. Trent held to condemn the doctrines of the reformers, Luther, Zuinglius, and Calvin. (See Trent.) 13 Dec. 1545, to 3 Dec. 1563 XXI. Rome: summoned by an encyclical letter, 8 Dec. 1869 Present: 6 archbishop-princes, 49 cardinals, II patriarchs, 680 archbishops and bishops, 28 abbots, 29 generals of orders-803 in all There were held four public sessions, and between 90 and 100 congregations. New canons were issued 24 April, 1870, and after much discussion and opposition, the infallibility of the pope as head of the Church was affirmed by 547 placets against 2 non-placets, and promulgated, 18 July, 1870 Many bishops withdrew from the discussion. The council then adjourned to, 11 Nov. (see Rome)

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COUNCILS, FRENCH. The Council of ANCIENTS, consisting of 250 members, together with the council of FIVE HUNDRED, instituted at Paris, 1 Nov. 1795: the executive was a Directory of FIVE. Bonaparte dispersed the council of Five hundred at St. Cloud, 9 Nov. 1799, declaring himself, Roger Ducos, and Siéyès, consuls provisoires ; see France.

COUNCILS OF CONCILIATION, to adjust differences between masters and workmen, may be established by licence of the secretary of state, by virtue of an act passed 15 Aug. 1867.

COUNSEL are supposed to be coeval with the curia regis. Advocates are referred to the time of Edward I., but are mentioned earlier. Counsel who were guilty of deceit or collusion were punishable by the statute of Westminster, 13 Edw. I. 1285. Counsel were allowed to persons charged with treason by act 8 Will. III. 1696. An act to enable persons indicted for felony to make their defence by counsel, passed Aug. 1836; see Barristers and King's Counsel.

COUNT, Latin comes, a companion; French comte; equivalent to the English earl (whose wife is still termed a countess), and to the German graf; see Champagne and Toulouse.

COUNTERPOINT (in music), writing the chords to a melody. The earliest known specimen of contrapuntal writing is by Adam de la Halle in the 12th century.

COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON'S CONNEXION; See Whitefieldites.

COUNTIES or SHIRES. The division of this kingdom into counties began, it is said, with king Alfred; but some counties bore their present names above a century before. The division of Ireland into counties took place in 1562. Lord-lieutenants were appointed in 1549 in England, and in 1831 in Ireland. Counties first sent members to parliament, before which period knights met in their own counties, 1285. CHANDOS CLAUSE, Sect. 20 of the Reform act, 2 Will. 4, c. 45 (1832), inserted by the motion of the marquis of Chandos. By it occupiers as tenants of land paying an annual rent of 501. became entitled to a vote for the knight of the shire. It increased the number of tory voters, and in consequence several attempts were made to repeal it. It was superseded by the Reform act of 15 Aug. 1867.

COUNTRY PARTY, see Court Party.

COUNTY-COURTS or schyremotes, in the time of the Saxons, were important tribunals. Alfred is said to have divided England into counties, and counties into hundreds; but county-courts seem to have existed much earlier.

26 Aug. 1846

County-Courts, for the recovery of debts under 20l., superseding courts of requests, instituted by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 95 · The counties of England and Wales are divided into sixty districts, each district having a countycourt, with a barrister as judge, and juries when necessary. Their jurisdiction extended by 13 & 14 Vict. c. 61, to sums not exceeding 5ol., 1850. Their proceedings facilitated in 1852 and 1854: 60 county-courts in England and Wales In 1850 plaints entered at the courts of the sixty circuits were 306,793, for 1,265,115.; in 1857, 744,652 plaints for 1,937,745.; of the 217,173 causes tried, 4297 were for sums between 20l. and 50l.

1868-72

From 1847 to 1858 judgment was obtained in these courts for 8,309,2361.

Equity powers, like those of the court of chancery, in cases relating to sums under 5ool., conferred on these courts, to begin 1 Oct. 1865 Admiralty jurisdiction conferred on them by act Their jurisdiction still further enlarged . 20 Aug. 1867 passed July, 1868, amended Aug. 1869

B.C.

COURIERS. Xenophon attributes the first to Cyrus; and Herodotus says that they were common among the Persians; see Esther iii. 15, about 510 couriers till the time of Augustus, when they traThe Greeks and Romans had no regular velled in cars, about 24 B.C. Couriers or posts are said to have been instituted in France by Charlemagne about A.D. 800. Couriers for letters were employed by Louis XI. of France, 1463. Henault. See Post-office.

by Danes, 1218; by Teutonic knights, 1239; subCOURLAND, a duchy of Livonia, conquered jected to Poland in 1561, conquered by Charles XII. of Sweden in 1701; Ernest Biren, duke, 1737; his son, Peter, 1769; annexed to Russia, March, 1795.

COURT BARON, an ancient court which it duties, heriots, and customs are received, and every lord of a manor may hold by prescription. In estates and surrenders are passed. Its jurisdiction was restricted in 1747 and 1833. By the Small Debts Act, 1856, lords of the manor may give up holding these courts.

COURT CIRCULAR, conservative weekly paper; established 26 April, 1856.

COURT DRESS, see Dress.

COURT JOURNAL, fashionable journal, established 1829.

COURT LEET, an ancient court of record, belonging to a hundred, instituted for punishing encroachments, nuisances, fraudulent weights and measures, &c. The steward is judge, and all persons residing within the hundred (peers, clergymen, &c., excepted) are obliged to do suit within this court.

COURT PARTY-COUNTRY PARTY, politicians in the parliaments of England, beginning about 1620. At the end of the 17th century the latter embodied toryism and high church principles, maintained the rights of the land," as opposed to whiggism and the trading interests. Its most distinguished statesman was sir Thomas Hanmer (the Montalto of Pope's Satires), who died in 1746.

Ashe.

COURT OF HONOUR. In England the court of chivalry, of which the lord high constable was a judge, was called Curia Militaris, in the time of Henry IV., and subsequently the Court of Honour. In Bavaria, to prevent duelling, a court of honour was instituted in April, 1819. Mr. Joseph Hamilton for many years ardently laboured to establish a similar institution in Britain.

COURT OF JUSTICIARY, HIGH, in Scotland, constituted by a commission under the great seal, 1671, ratified 1672. The present lordjustice-general, the right hon. John Inglis, was appointed, Feb. 1867, and the lord justice-clerk, the right hon. James Moncrieff, Nov. 1869. The procedure in this court was amended by an act passed in 1868.

COURT OF SESSION, the highest civil tribunal in Scotland, was instituted by James V. by statute, 17 May, 1532. It consisted of 14 judges and a president, and replaced a committee of parliament. In 1830 the number of judges was reduced;

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