ELPHIN. St. Patrick founded a cathedral near this place,“ by a river issuing from

two fountains," in the fifth century, and placed over it St. Asicus, whom he created bishop, and who soon after filled it with monks. After many centuries, and a little before the arrival of the English, this see was enriched with large estates, upon the translation of Roscommon to it. Ardcarn, Drumclive, and others of less note, were also annexed to Elphin ; and by these unions, it became, at length, one of the richest in all Ireland. It is valued in the king's books, by an extent returned 28

Elizabeth, at 1031. 18s. sterling. ELY. A church was built here by Etheldra, queen of Egfrida, king of Northumberland,

who founded also a religious house, and planted it with virgins, and became first abbess herself. The Danes ruined the latter ; but the monastery was rebuilt and filled with monks, on whom king Edgar and many succeeding monarchs bestowed great privileges, and made grants of land ; so that, in process of time, the abbey of Ely became the richest in England. Richard, the eleventh abbot, wishing to free himself from the bishop of Lincoln, within whose diocese the monastery was situated, made great interest with Henry I. to get Ely erected into a bishopric. His successor

was the first prelate, A.D. 1109. It is valued in the king's books at 21311. 18s. 5d. EMBALMING. The ancient Egyptians believed that their souls, after many thousand

years, would come to reinhabit their bodies, in case these latter were preserved entire. Hence arose their practice of embalming the dead. The Egyptian manner of preserving the dead has been the admiration and wonder of modern times. They rendered the body not only incorruptible, but it retained its full proportion of size, symmetry of features, and personal likeness. They called the embalmed bodies mummies, some of which, buried 3000 years ago, are perfect to this day. The art of such embalming is now lost. When Nicodemus came, with Joseph of Arimathea, to pay the last duties to our Saviour after his crucifixion, he brought a mixture of

myrrh and aloes to embalm his body.—John xix. 38. EMBARGO. This power is vested in the crown, but is rarely exercised except in

extreme cases, and sometimes as a prelude to war. The most memorable instances of embargo were those for the prevention of corn going out of the kingdom in 1766 ; and for the detention of all Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in the several ports

of the kingdom, owing to the armed neutrality, Jan. 14, 1801.-See Armed Neutrality. EMBER WEEKS. Observed in the Christian church in the third century, to implore

the blessing of God on the produce of the earth by prayer and fasting. EMBER Days, three of which fall in these weeks, and in which penitents sprinkle the ashes (embers) of humiliation on their heads. Four times in each year were appointed for these acts of devotion, so as to answer to the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn,

and winter. EMBROIDERY. Its invention is usually ascribed to the Phrygians; but we learn

from Homer, and other ancient authors, that the Sidonians particularly excelled in this decorative species of needle-work. Of this art very early mention is made in the Scriptures.Exodus xxxv. 35, and xxxviii. 23. An ancient existing specimen of beautiful embroidery is the Bayeux tapestry, worked by Matilda, the queen of

William 1. of England.-See Bayeux Tapestry. EMERALD. The precious stone of a green colour is found in the East and in Peru ;

inferior ones in other places. It has been alleged that there were no true emeralds in Europe before the conquest of Peru ; but there is a genuine emerald in the Paris Museum, taken from the mitre of Pope Julius II. who died in 1513, and Peru was not conquered till 1545; hence it is inferred that this emerald was brought from

Africa, or the East. EMIGRATION. Of late years emigrations from Britain have been considerable. In

the ten years ending 1830, the emigrations to our North American colonies, West Indies, Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, Swan River, Van Diemen's Land, &c. were, according to official returns, 154,291. In the decennial period to 1840, the emigrations advanced to 277,696, exclusively of the vast numbers that preferred

settling in the United States of America. EMINENCE. A spiritual dignity in the Roman states, conferred upon cardinals by a

decree of pope Urban VIII., dated January 10, 1630, previously to which time they had the title of Illustrissimi.--Ashe. The grand-master of Malta also obtained this title.- Pardon.

EMIR. A title of dignity among the Turks and Persians, first given to caliphs. This

rank was first awarded to the descendants of Mahomet, by his daughter Fatima, about A.D. 650.-Ricaut. To the emirs only was originally given the privilege of wearing

the green turban. It is also given to high officers (another title being joined). EMLY. An ancient Irish see, supposed to have been founded by St. Patrick, and

formerly endowed with large possessions. Emly was called Imelaca-Ibair ; and St. Ailbe was the first bishop in 448 : ancient historians mention it as having been, about this time, a great and flourishing city ; but Emly is now an inconsiderable

village. In 1568, the see was united to the archiepiscopal see of Cashel. EMPALEMENT. This barbarous and dreadful mode of putting criminals to death is

mentioned by Juvenal, and was often inflicted in Rome, particularly by the monster Nero. The victim doomed to empalement is spitted through the body on a stake fixed upright; and this punishment is still used in Turkey and Arabia. The dead bodies of murderers were sometimes staked in this manner, previously to being buried, in England. --Southern. Williams (who committed suicide) the murderer of the Marr family, in Ratcliffe Highway, London, Dec. 8, 1811, was staked in his

ignominious grave. This practice has been since abolished with us.-See Burying Alive. EMPEROR. Originally a title of honour at Rome, conferred on victorious generals,

who were first saluted by the soldiers by that name. Augustus Cæsar was the first Roman emperor, 27 B.C. Valens was the first emperor of the Eastern empire, A.D. 364. Charlemagne was the first emperor of Germany, crowned by Leo III. A.D. 800. Ottoman I., founder of the Turkish empire, was the first emperor of Turkey, 1296. The Czar of Russia was the first emperor of that country, 1722. Don Pedro IV. of

Portugal was the first emperor of Brazil, in 1825. EMPIRICS. They were a set of early physicians who contended that all hypothetical

reasoning respecting the operations of the animal economy was useless, and that experience and observation alone were the foundation of the art of medicine. The

sect of Empirics was instituted by Acron of Agrigentum, about 473 B.C. ENAMELLING. The origin of the art of enamelling is doubtful. It was practised

by the Egyptians and other early nations; and was known in England in the time of the Saxons. At Oxford is an enamelled jewel which belonged to Alfred, and

which, as appears by the inscription, was made by his order, in his reign, about A.D. 887. ENCAUSTIC PAINTING, known to the ancients. This very beautiful art, after

having been lost, was restored by Count Caylus and M. Bachelier, A.D. 1749. ENCYCLOPÆDIA. The first work to which this designation was expressly given,

was that of Abulfaraius, an Arabian writer, in the thirteenth century. Many were published as early as the fifteenth century, but none alphabetically. Chambers' Dictionary was the first of the circle of arts and sciences, in England, first pub

lished in 1728.-See Cyclopædia. ENGHIEN, BATTLE OF, fought by the British under William III. and the French

under Marshal Luxemburg, who were victorious, August 3, 1692. William bad put himself at the head of the confederated army in the Netherlands, and leagued himself with the Protestant powers upon the Continent against the ambition of Louis XIV. and in the end he triumphed. A victory obtained here by the great Condé, first gave the ducal title to a prince of the house of Bourbon Condé. The duke D'Enghien was shot by torch-light, immediately after condemnation by a military

court, at Vincennes, March 20, 1804. The body was exhumed, March 20, 1816. ENGINEERS. This name is of modern date, as engineers were formerly called

Trench-masters. Sir William Pelham officiated as trench-master in 1622. The chief engineer was called carp-master-general in 1634. Captain Thomas Rudd had the rank of chief engineer to the king, about 1650. The corps of engineers was formerly a civil corps, but was made a military force, and directed to rank with the artillery, April 25, 1787. It has a colonel-in-chief, and a second, and five colonelcommandants, and twenty colonels. The Association of Civil Engineers was estab

lished in 1828. ENGLAND. See Britain. So named by order of Egbert, first king of England, in a

general council held at Winchester, A.D. 829. This appellative had been used as far back as A.D. 688, but had never been, until then, ratified by any assembly of the nation. It came from Angles, a tribe of Saxons, and lond, the Saxon for country.

. 1294

.

. 1362

.

• 1417

.

.

•ENGLAND, continued.

First hostile appearance of the Danes The principality of Wales united to upon the coast. (See Danes). A.D. 783 England by Edward I.

A.D. 1283 They enter the Thames with a fleet of Death of Roger Bacon 350 sail, and destroy Canterbury and

Murder of Edward II. at Berkeley London by fire 851 castle, (which see)

1327 Second series of invasions

867 Art of weaving brought to England. Reign of Alfred, who defeats the in

(See Weaving)

1331 vaders in 56 pitched battles

871 Edward III. takes Calais, after a year's (The University of Oxford is said to have siege. (See Calais)

1317 been founded about this time.)

Order of the Garter instituted

1350 Alfred's body of laws framed

890 Edward the Black Prince takes the His general survey made, and the rolls French king prisoner, at the battle of deposited at Winchester 896 Poitiers (which see).

1356 He divides England into counties 900 Law pleadings in English University of Cambridge founded. (See Death of Wickliffe

1385 Cambridge)

915 Murder of Richard II. at Pomfret castle,
General massacre of the Danes
1002 (which see)

1399 Sweyn, king of Denmark, arrives in The line of Lancaster

1399 England, and avenges the death of his Order of the Bath instituted by Henry countrymen. Ethelred II. flies to Nor

IV. (See Bath)

1399 mandy for protection

. 1003 Henry IV. marries Joan of Navarre 1403 Ethelred recalled from exile

1014 France conquered by Henry V., who is The Danes again ravage England and made regent of the kingdom complete its conquest 1017 Marries Catherine of France

1420 The Saxon line restored .

1042 Henry VI. crowned at Paris , Dec. 1430 Era of the conquest. The Norman line He marries Margaret of Anjou

1445 begins in William I.

1066 Henry is deposed by Edward. Line of Justices of peace first appointed 1076 York. (See Towton)

1461 New survey of England ; Domesday. Margaret and her son made prisoners at book commenced, 1080-completed. Tewkesbury

May 4, 1471 (See Doomsday Book)

1086 The prince killed in cool blood, May 21, 1471 The empress Maud, daughter of Henry Henry murdered .

June 20, 1471 I., claims the succession on the death The civil wars between the houses of of her father

1135 York and Lancaster terminate by the
She lands in England

Sept. 1139 death of Richard III. at Bosworth,
Is crowned at Winchester March 3, 1141 (which see, and Roses)

1485 Is defeated ; retires to France . . . 1147 Henry VII. marries Elizabeth, daughter Returns, and concludes a peace, through of Edward IV.

1486 her son, with Stephen

. 1153 Court of Star-chamber instituted. (See
The Saxon line restored .
1154 Star-chamber)

1487 Murder of Becket at the altar. (See Yeomen of the Guard, being the first Becket's murder)

1171

appearance of a standing army in
Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172 England, instituted by Henry VII.
England divided into circuits for the ad- Henry sells the sovereignty over France
ministration of justice
1176 to Louis

1492 English laws digested by Glanville . 1181 Gardening introduced into England geRichard L joins the crusaders. (See ar- nerally, from the Netherlands. 1500 ticle Crusaders)

1191 Death of prince Arthur He is made prisoner by Henry VI. of

Shillings first coined. (See shillings)

1503 Germany

Dec. 1192 Henry VIII, marries Catherine of Is ransomed by his subjects for the sum Spain, widow of his brother Arthur 1509 of 400,0001.

1194 Interview with Francis I. at Ardres, Pas Dieu et mon droit made the motto of de Calais. (See Field of the Cloth of England by Richard I (See Dieu et Gold)

May 31, 1520 mon droit)

. 1198 First geographical map of England Normandy is lost to England in the drawn. (See article Maps)

1520 reign of John

. 1204 Henry VIII, receives the title of “ DeEngland put under an interdict by the fender of the Faith," (which see)

1521 pope, and king John excommunicated 1208 Is styled “ Head of the Church" Magna Charta, or the great Charter of He divorces Catherine

English Liberty, obtained by the ba- The Pope's authority in England is rons. (See Mag. Ch.)

abolished

1533 Gold first coined in England. (See Coin Era of the reformation

1534 and Gold)

1257 Sir Thomas More beheaded The Commons of England summoned to Anna Boleyn beheaded

1536 parliament. (See Parliament). 1266 Queen Jane Seymour dies

1537

.

.

• 1488

• 1502

.

.

• 1532

1532

• 1215

.

.

• 1535

* The various occurrences of a remarkable character relating to England, not noticed in this place, will be found under their respective heads through the volumo.

. 1540

· 1542

. 1683

.

.

• 1714 . 1714

. 1588

• 1587

*ENGLAND, continued.
The first authorised edition of the Sacred Death of Milton

A.D. 1674
Volume printed

A.D. 1539 The Habeas Corpus Act, for protecting Cromwell, lord Essex, beheaded

· 1540

English subjects against false arrest Anne of Cleves divorced

and imprisonment, passed

1678 Queen Catharine Howard and lady Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney put Rochford beheaded

to death
The title of King of Ireland "confirmed Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. 1085

to the English sovereigns by act of Abdication of James II.
parliament

1543 Era of the Revolution, styled by Voltaire Henry marries Catherine Parr, widow the era of English liberty; William of lord Latinier

1543
III, proclaimed

1688
Protectorate of Edward Seymour, duke Bank of England incorporated. (See
of Somerset
1547 Bank of England)

1694 Edward VI. promotes the Reformation Death of the queen regnant Mary, conduring his short reign 1546 sort of William

Dec. 28, 1694 Interest fixed at 10 per cent.

1547 Death of James II. in exile . Aug. 6, 1701 Somerset deprived of power .

1549' Union of the two kingdoms, by act, unAnd is beheaded 1552 der the title of Great Britain

1707
Book of common-prayer and the church Accession of the House of Hanover
service established

1552 Interest at 5 per cent.
Mary restores Papacy
1553 The Scots' rebellion

1715 Execution of lady Jane Grey, and of her Death of Marlborough

1722 husband, father, and friends 1554 Death of Newton

1727 Mary marries Philip of Spain . 1554 Death of Wilhelmina, queen of Geo. II. . 1737 Bishops Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer Second Scots' rebellion

1746 burnt. See Cranmer. 1555 and. 1536 Lords Lovat, Balmerino, and KilmarCalais retaken by the French

nock beheaded.

1746 Reign of Elizabeth; Papacy abolished, Death of prince Frederick Louis, son of and the Church of England established George II., and father of George III. .

1751 nearly as it now exists

1558 New style introduced into England. (See Execution of Mary, queen of Scots

New Style)

Sept. 3, 1752 The Spanish Armada. (See Armada) 1588 Conquest of India under colonel, afterDevereux, earl of Essex, beheaded 1601 wards lord Clive. (See India). 1757 Union of the two Crowns

1603 Death of Gen. Wolfe. (See Quebec) James I. is styled the first “ King of Accession of George III. Oct, 25, 1760 Great Britain "

. 1604 His nuptials with Charlotte Sophia of The Gunpowder plot (which sech

1603 Mecklenburgh Strelitz . Sept. 8, 1761 The present translation of the Bible . 1611 They are crowned

Sept. 22, 1761 Baronets first created. (See Baronets) · 1611 George, prince of Wales, born. Aug. 12, 1762 Shakspeare dies .

. 1616 Isle of Man, (which see,) annexed to the Raleigh beheaded

sovereignty of Great Britain .

1765 Anne of Denmark, queen of James, dies 1619 Death of the Old Pretender, the “ChevaCamden, the historian, dies .

lier de St. George

Dec. 30, 1765 Charles I. marries Henrietta of France. 1625 Commencement of the war with AmeDeath of lord Bacon

rica. (See America) Buckingham assassinated

1628 Death of Chatham

Apr. 8, 1778 Hampden's trial

1637 Separation of America from Great BriLord Strafford beheaded

Nov. 30, 1782 The civil war against Charles breaks out. Margaret Nicholson's attempt on the (See Battles) 1642 life of George III.

Aug. 3, 1786 Archbishop Laud beheaded

Death of Charles Edward, the Young
Death of Hampden.

1644
Pretender, at Rome.

1788 Execution of Charles I.; the form of George III. becomes deranged, Oct. 12, 1783

government changed . Jan. 30, 1649 He recovers, and goes to St. Paul's to Oliver Cromwell made Protector of the make thanksgiving

Apr. 23, 1789 Commonwealth

1653 First coalition against France. (See Death of Cromwell ,

16.58 Coalitions)

June 26, 1792
Richard Cromwell Protector. Sept. 4, 1658 Habeas Corpus suspended by the king.
He resigns

• 1759

. 1618

. 1623

.

. 1026

• 1773

• 1641

tain.

· 1614

see)

*ENGLAND, continued.

The legislative union with Ireland. See Manchester reform meeting, which see ;
Union)

Jan. I, 1801 its disastrous termination Aug. 16, 1819
Duke of kent dies

Jan. 23, 1820 [The English sovereigns relinquish the

Death of George III.
title of
France," on the

Jan. 29, 1820
· King
union of the two countries ; the

The trial of Queen Caroline. (See Queen

Caroline's Trial) empire now called the “ United

Aug. 19, 1820 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire

Coronation of George IV. July 19, 1821 land.")

Queen Caroline expires at Hammer

smith, near London August 7, 1821 The Habeas Corpus act is again sus. Lord Byron dies

April 19, 1824 pended April 19, 1801 Duke of York dies

Jan. 22, 1827 Peace of Amiens, which see March 27, 1801 Mr. Canning, first lord of the treasury. Despard's treason. (See Despard) Jan. 16, 1803 (See Administrations) April 10, 1827 War against Buonaparte April 29, 1803 His death

Aug. 8, 1827 Death of Nelson

Oct. 21, 1805 The portals of the constitution thrown Death of Mr. Pitt

Jan. 23, 1806 open to the Roman Catholics. (See Lord Melville impeached, (see Trials),

Roman Catholics)

April 13, 1829
April 29 ; acquitted
June 12, 1806 Death of George IV.

June 26, 1830
Death of Charles James Fox Sept. 13, 1806 Mr. Huskisson killed on the Liverpool
Death of General Moore. (See Corunna, railway (urhich see)

Sept. 15, 1830 Ballle on

Jan, 16, 1809 The cholera morbus makes great ravages Duke of York impeached by colonel in England. (See Cholera) . Oct. 26, 1831 Wardle

Jan. 26, 1809 Parliamentary reform ; act passed. (See The jubilee, (which

Oct. 25, 1809 Reform in Parliament June 7, 1832 Sir Francis Burdett's arrest, and subse- Sir Walter Scott dies

Sept. 21, 1832 quent riots

April 6, 1810

Assault on William IV. by a discharged
King's malady returns
Nov. 2, 1810 pensioner at Ascot

June 19, 1832
The prince of Wales is sworn as prince Coleridge dies

July 25, 1834 regent

Feb. 5, 1811 Slavery abolished. (See Slaves) Aug. 1, 1834 Assassination of Mr. Perceval, prime Corporation reform ; act passed. (See minister

May 11, 1812
Corporations)

Sept. 9, 1835
War with America is commenced. (See William IV. dies.

June 20, 1837 United States)

June 18, 1812 [The crown of Hanover is now sepaPeace with France

April 14, 1814

rated from that of Great Britain.] Visit of the emperor of Russia and king Coronation of Victoria

June 28, 1839 of Prussia to England June 7, 1814 Marriage of the queen with prince Albert Centenary of the house of Hanover cele- of Saxe-Coburg

Feb. 10, 1840 brated

August 1, 1814 Oxford's assault on the queen. (See
Peace with America
Dec. 24, 1814 Oxford, Edirard)

June 10, 1840
Battle of Waterloo, which finally closes Princess-royal born

Nov. 21, 1810 the French war June 18, 1815 Prince of Wales born

Nov. 9, 1841 Death of Sheridan

July 9, 1816 King of Prussia visits England, Jan 24, 1842
Spa-fields meeting, (which sce) Dec. 2, 1816 John Francis fires a pistol at the queen.
Green-bag inquiry, (which see). Feb. 2, 1817 (See Francis)

May 30, 1842
Habeas corpus suspended Feb. 21, 1817 Bain, a deformed youth, presents a pis-
Cash payments resumed Sept. 22, 1817 tol at her

July 3, 1842
Trial of Hone

.

.