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Declaration of Rights, see Rights.

Decorated Style, see Gothic.

soundings, especially in the Gulf Stream, have been made in connection with the United States coast survey. These soundings are made with apparatus especially deDecoration Day. The custom of strewing flow-vised for the purpose; and, under the supervision of ers on the graves of the dead originated among the prof. Agassiz and the count de Pourtalès, they have been women of the South, who, during the civil war, annually made to contribute largely to scientific knowledge condecorated the graves of soldiers in that way. The beau-cerning ocean deposits and the deep-sea fauna. The tiful custom was adopted throughout the country, and

rich in scientific results.

in 1868 and 1869 gen. John A. Logan, as commander-in-voyage of the coast-survey vessel Hussler, in 1871, with chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, appointed 30 Agassiz and other scientific men on board, was very May for that purpose. Since that time 30 May in each year has been observed as Decoration Day throughout

the United States.

Deer are mentioned in a will of one Athelstan, dated

1045. Professor Owen thinks that fallow-deer are not native, but were introduced here at an early period. Decorative Art. Its principles, enunciated by There are now in England 334 deer-parks, the oldest A. W. Pugin in his "Designs," in 1835, have been ad- being probably lord Abergavenny's at Eridge, Sussex. vanced by Owen Jones, Redgrave, and others. Owen See Evelyn Shirley's "Account of Deer-parks," July, Jones's elaborate "Grammar of Ornament" was pub-1867. 1658 deer in the royal parks, 1873. lished in 1856. A decorative art society, founded in 1844, existed for a short time only.

"Deerhound," an English yacht, while conveying arms to the Carlists, seized by the Spanish government De Courcy's Privilege, that of standing covered vessel Buenaventura, off Biarritz, and captain and crew before the king, granted by king John to John de Cour-imprisoned, 13 Aug.; released about 18 Sept. 1873. Rescy, baron of Kingsale, and his successors, in 1203. He cued capt. Semmes and part of his crew from the Alawas the first Irish nobleman created by an English sov-bama after her capture by the Kearsarge, 19 June, 1864. ereign, 27 Hen. II. 1181, and was intrusted with the government of Ireland, 1185. The privilege was allowed to the baron of Kingsale by William III., George III., and by George IV. at his court held in Dublin in Aug. 1821. The present baron is the 30th in succession.

Defamation is punishable by fine and imprisonment by statute of 1843. The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts on this subject was abolished by 18 and 19 Vict. c. 41 (1855).

Defence Act, a complete conscription act, authorizing a levy en masse, 1803, was unsuccessful; new measures were taken in 1807-8. The Defence of the Realm Act passed 28 Aug. 1860, in consequence of the unsettled state of Europe, and the doubtful policy of the emperor Napoleon; see Fortification and Colonies.

Decretals. They formed the second part of the canon law, or collection of the pope's edicts and decrees and the decrees of councils. The first acknowledged to be genuine is a letter of Siricius to Himerus, a bishop of Spain, written in the first year of his pontificate, 385. -Howel. Certain false decretals were used by Gregory IV. in 837. The decretals of Gratian, a Benedictine (a collection of canons), were compiled in 1150.-Hénault. Five books were collected by Gregory IX. 1227; a sixth by Boniface VIII. 1297; the Clementines by Clement V. in 1313; employed by John XXII. in 1317; the Ex-pitulated, 5, 6 Feb. 1871; see France. travagantes range from 1422 to 1483.

"Defence Government" in France, formed on 4 Sept. 1870, when the emperor was deposed and a republic proclaimed, gen. Trochu president; it included Gambetta, Simon, etc. It resigned after Paris had ca

Defender of the Faith (Fidei Defensor), a title of the British sovereign, conferred by Leo X. on Henry Dedication of the Jewish tabernacle took place VIII. of England, 11 Oct. 1521, for the tract against Lu1490 B.C.; of the temple, 1004 B.C.; of the second tem-ther on behalf of the Church of Rome (then accounted ple, 515 B.C. The Christians under Constantine built Domicilium fidei Catholica). new churches and dedicated them with great solemnity, in A.D. 331 et seq. The dedication of BOOKS (by authors to solicit patronage or testify respect) existed in the time of Mæcenas, 17 B.C., the friend and counsellor of Augustus, and a patron of Horace (Ode i. 1).

Deed, a written contract or agreement. The formula, "I deliver this as my act and deed," occurs in a charter of 933.-Fosbrooke. Deeds in England were formerly written in Latin or French; the earliest known instance in English is the indenture between the abbot of Whitby and Robert Bustard, dated at York in 1343; see English.

Deep-sea Soundings. Much new and interestesting information respecting the animal life and temperature of the deep sea has been acquired by the dredgings on the coast of Norway by M. Sars, and by those of Dr. W. B. Carpenter and professor (afterwards sir) Wyville Thomson on our own coasts, near the Faroe isles, in 1868 and 1869, and in the Mediterranean by Dr. Carpenter in 1870. Living animals have been found at a depth of three miles. On 21 Dec. 1872. Dr. Wyville Thomson and a party of scientific men sailed in H.M.S. Challenger (capt. G. S. Nares) to examine into the phys ical and biological condition of the great ocean basins and the direction of their currents. Deepest sounding then known was taken in the Atlantic, north of St. Thomas's, 3875 fathoms (4 miles, 710 yards), 24 March, 1873. On 10 Dec. 1874, capt. Thompson succeeded capt. Nares, who took command of the new Arctic expedition. The Challenger returned, with valuable collections, 25 May, 1876, after a voyage of above 80,000 miles. The "Voyage" was published by sir C. Wyville Thomson in Dec. 1877. A Norwegian expedition explored the northern seas 16 July-18 Aug. 1877. Extensive deep-sea

Defenders, a faction in Ireland which arose out of a quarrel between two residents of Market-hill, 4 July, 1784. Each was soon aided by a large body of friends, and many battles ensued. On Whit-Monday, 1785, an armed assemblage of one of the parties (700 men), called the Nappagh Fleet, prepared to encounter the Baun Fleet, but the engagement was prevented They subsequently became religious parties-Catholic and Presbyterian distinguished as Defenders and Peep-o'-day Boys: the latter were so named because they usually visited the dwellings of the Defenders at daybreak in search of arms; see Diamond.

Degrees. Eratosthenes attempted to determine the length of a geographical degree about 250 B.C.; see Geodesy, Latitude, and Longitude. Collegiate degrees are coeval with universities. Masters and doctors existed, 826. Those in law are traced up to 1149; in medicine, to 1384; in music, to 1463. Middle-class examinations for degrees were instituted at Oxford, 18 June, 1857; at Cambridge, 24 Nov. 1857; and girls were allowed to compete for degrees, Oct. 1863. universities to grant degrees to women rejected by the commons, 3 March, 1875; see Women. Dei Gratia, see Grace of God.

Bill to enable Scotch

Deira, a part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria; see Britain, p. 113.

Deism, THEISM, or MONOTHEISM (Latin, deus; Greek, Oɛóç, God), the belief in one God, in opposition to polytheism and to the doctrine of the Trinity. About the middle of the sixteenth century some gentlemen of France and Italy termed themselves deists, to disguise their opposition to Christianity by a more honorable appellation than that of Atheism (which see). The most

distinguished deists were Herbert, baron of Cherbury, in | 29 May, 1806. The members were lord Grenville, lord 1624; Hobbes, Tindal, Morgan, lord Bolingbroke, Gibbon, Hume, Holcroft, Paine, and Godwin.

A high caste Brahmin, Rammohun Roy, founded a Brah-
min monotheistic church..
.....about 1830
Progressive Brahmins," termed the Brahmo So-
maj, or theistic church of India, opened a place of wor-
ship at Calcutta...

The

.24 Aug. 1869

Their leader, Baboo Keshub Chunder Sen, was received at a public meeting in London as a reformer, 12 April, and subsequently preached in a Unitarian chapel, Finsbury, London ..

Schism in his church; new church formed..

(See Unitarians and Voysey.)

1870

1880

Erksine, earl Spencer, and lord Ellenborough. The inquiry, of which the countess of Jersey, sir J. and lady Douglas, and other persons of rank were the prompters, led to the publication called "The Book;" afterwards suppressed. The charges against the princess were disproved in 1807 and in 1813; but, not being permitted to appear at court, she went on the continent in 1814; see Queen Caroline.

Delium, Boeotia, N. Greece, the site of a celebrated temple of Apollo. Here, in a conflict between the Athenians and the Boeotians, in which the former were de

Delagoa Bay (S.E. Africa), claimed by Great Brit-feated, Socrates the philosopher is said to have saved ain and Portugal. Having been referred to arbitration, it the life of his pupil Xenophon, 424 B.C. was awarded to Portugal by marshal MacMahon, Aug. 1875. Delaware, one of the United States of North America, named after lord De la Warre, governor of Virginia, who entered the bay 1610. It was settled by Swedes, sent there by Gustavus in 1627; acquired by the Dutch, 1655; ceded to the English, 1664.

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Della Crusca Academy of Florence merged into the Florentine in 1582.-The DELLA CRUSCA SCHOOL, a term applied to some English residents at Florence, who printed inferior sentimental poetry and prose in 1785. They came to England, where their works, popular for a short time, were severely satirized by Gifford in his "Baviad" and "Mæviad" (1792–5).

Delos, a Greek isle in the Ægean sea. Here the Greeks, during the Persian war, 477 B.C., established their common treasury, which was removed to Athens, 461.

Delphi (N. Greece), celebrated for its enigmatical oracles delivered by the Pythia, or priestess in the temple of Apollo, which was built, some say, by the council of the Amphictyons, 1263 B.C. The Pythian games were first celebrated here 586 B.C. The temple was burned by the Pisistratidæ, 548 B.C. A new temple was raised by the Alcmæonida. The Persians (480 B.C.) and the Gauls (279 B.C.) were deterred from plundering the temple by awful portents. It was, however, robbed and seized by the Phocians 357 B.C., which led to the Sacred War, and Nero carried from it 300 costly statues, A.D. 67. The oracle was consulted by Julian, but silenced by Theodosius.

Delphin Classics, a collection of thirty-nine Latin authors in sixty volumes, made for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini), son of Louis XIV., and published in 1674-91. Ausonius was added in 1730. The duc de Montausier, the young prince's governor, proposed the plan to Huet, bishop of Avranches, the dauphin's preceptor; and he, with other learned persons, including Madame Dacier,* edited all the Latin classics except Lucan. Each author is illustrated by notes and an index of words. An edition of the Delphin classics, with additional notes, etc., was published by Mr. Valpy of London, 1818 et seq.

Delhi, the once great capital of the Mogul empire, and chief seat of the Mahometan power in India; it was taken by Timour in 1398. It is now in decay, but contained a million of inhabitants in 1700. In 1739, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindostan, he entered Delhi; 100,000 of the inhabitants perished by the sword, and plunder to the amount of 62,000,000l. sterling is said to have been collected. Similar calamities were endured in 1761, on the invasion of Abdalla, king of Candahar. In 1803, the Mahrattas, aided by the French, took Delhi; but were defeated by gen. Lake, 11 Sept., and the aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindostan, was restored to his throne with a pension; see India, 1803. On 10 May, 1857, a mutiny arose in the sepoy regiments at Meerut. It was soon checked; but the fugitives fled to Delhi on 11 May, and, combined with other troops here, seized the city, proclaimed a descendant of the Mogul king, and committed frightful atrocities. The rebels were anxious to possess the chief magazine; but, after a gallant defence, it was exploded by order of lieut. Willoughby, who died of his wounds shortly after. The other heroes of this exploit were lieutenants Forrest and Rayner, and the gunners Buckley and Scully. Delhi was shortly after besieged by the British, but was not taken till 20 Sept. following. The final struggle began on the 14th, brigadier (since sir) R. Archdale Wilson being the commander. Much heroism was shown; the gallant death of Salkeld at the explosion of the Cashmere gate created much enthusiasm. The old king and his sons were captured soon after: the latter were shot, and the former, after a trial, was sent for life to Rangoon, The deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly, is placed 1503 B.C. ac

where he died 11 Nov. 1862; see India, 1857.

A camp

formed at Delhi by the earl of Mayo, the viceroy, Dec. 1871, was visited by the king of Siam, Jan. 1872. The prince of Wales visited Delhi, 11 Jan. 1876. Queen Victoria was proclaimed empress of India here with much magnificence, many Indian princes being present, 1 Jan. 1877.

"Delicate Investigation" into the conduct of the princess of Wales (afterwards queen of England, as consort of George IV.) was commenced by a committee of the privy council, under a warrant of inquiry, dated

Deluge. The Deluge was threatened in the year of the world 1536; and began 7 Dec. 1656, and continued 377 days (Gen. vi., vii., and viii.). The ark rested on Mount Ararat 6 May, 1657; and Noah left the ark 18 Dec. following. The year corresponds with that of 2348 B.C.-Blair. The following are the epochs of the Deluge, according to Dr. Hales: Septuagint.. .........B.C. 3246 | Clinton.. Jackson 3170 Playfair Hales.. 3155 Josephus Persian.

Hindoo.
Samaritan.
Howard..

3146

B. C. 2482 2352 Usher and Eng. Bible... 2348 Marsham..

2344

3103

Petavius..

2329

3102

Strauchius..

2293

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2698

Vulgar Jewish.. ..... 2101 In the reign of Ogyges, king of Attica, 1764 B.C., a deluge so inundated Attica that it lay waste for nearly 200 years.— Blair. Buffon thinks that the Hebrew and Grecian deluges were the same, and arose from the Atlantic and Bosphorus bursting into the valley of the Mediterranean.

cording to Eusebius. It was often confounded by the ancients with the general flood; but considered to be merely a local inundation, occasioned by the overflowing of the river Peneius, whose course was stopped by an earthquake between the mounts Olympus and Ossa. Deucalion, who then reigned in Thessaly, with his wife Pyrrha, and some of their subjects, are stated to have saved themselves by climbing up Mount Parnassus. A general deluge was predicted to occur in 1524, and arks were built; but the season happened to be a fine and dry one.

at the age of 23; and also Anacreon, Sappho, Plautus, Terence, This beautiful and gifted woman translated Callimachus and Homer. She died in 1720.

Demerara AND ESSEQUIBO, colonies in British Gui- country. For their numerous invasions of Britain, etc., ana, South America, founded by the Dutch, 1580, were see Danes. Population of the kingdom of Denmark in taken by the British, under major-gen. Whyte, 22 April, 1860, 1,600,551; of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, 1796, but were restored at the peace of Amiens, March, and Lauenburg, 1,004,473; of the colonies, 120,283. By 1802. They again surrendered to the British under the treaty of peace, signed 30 Oct. 1864, the duchies were gen. Grinfield and commodore Hood, Sept. 1803, and be- taken from Denmark; Schleswig and Holstein were to came English colonies in 1814. John Scott was appoint- be made independent, and Lauenburg was to be incored governor, 31 Dec. 1868; James R. Longden, 1874; porated, by its desire, with Prussia. For the result, see Cornelius Hendrickson Kortright, 1877. Gastein and Prussia, 1866. Population of the monDemocratic Federals, a political party, pro-archy, 1870, 1,784,741; 1876, 1,903,000; 1880, 1,969,454; posed by Mr. Joseph Cowan, M.P. for Newcastle, opposed of the colonies, 1860, 127,401; 1876, 129,000; 1880, 150,to the policy of the government of Mr. Gladstone, 5 April, 1881.

Democrats, advocates for government by the people themselves (dñμoç, people, and кpartiv, to govern), a term adopted by the French republicans in 1790 (who termed their opponents aristocrats, from aptoroç, bravest or best). The name Democrat was adopted by one of the two great political parties in the United States before the present and recent questions entered into politics. The Democrats in early days advocated free trade and opposed national appropriations for internal improveTheir opponents were ments, a national bank, etc. called Whigs until 1853-55, when the Native American, or Know-nothing, party arose. In 1856 the various parties in opposition to the Democrats were merged into the Republican party. The Republicans opposed and the Democrats favored the extension of slavery. With the election of Mr. Lincoln as president, 4 Nov. 1860, the Republicans came into control of the national government, which they have held ever since. The elections of 1874 and 1875 gave the Democrats a majority in congress, but in 1881 they became again a minority party in both houses.

Demonology, see Devil-worship.

Denain (N. France). Here marshal Villars defeated the Imperialists, 24 July, 1712.

Denarius, the chief silver coin among the Romans, weighing the seventh part of a Roman ounce, and value 7d. sterling, first coined about 269 B.C., when it exchanged for ten ases; see As. In 216 B.C. it exchanged for sixteen ases. A pound weight of silver was coined into 100 denarii.-Digby. A pound weight of gold was coined into twenty denarii aurei in 206 B.C.; and in Nero's time into forty-five denarii aurei.—Lemprière.

Denham Murders, see Trials, 1870.

Denis, St., an ancient town of France, near Paris, famous for its abbey and church; the former abolished at the Revolution, the latter the place of sepulture of the French kings, from its foundation by Dagobert, about 630; the remains of the saint Denis were placed there in 636. On 6, 7, 8 Aug. 1793, the republicans demolished most of the royal tombs, and in Oct. following the bodies were taken from coffins and cast into a pit; the lead was melted, and the gold and jewels taken to Paris. By a decree of Bonaparte, dated 20 Feb. 1806, the church (which had been turned into a cattle-market) was ordered to be cleansed out and redecorated as "the future burial-place of the emperors of France." On the return of the Bourbons, more restorations were effected, and the duc de Berri and Louis XVIII. were buried here. The damage sustained in the war of 1870-1 has been well repaired.

Denison's ACT (18 & 19 Vict. c. 34) provides "for the education of the children of persons in receipt of out-door relief:" passed 26 June, 1855.

Denman's ACT, LORD, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 85 (1843), relates to juries and witnesses.

Denmark (N. Europe). The most ancient inhabitants were Cimbri and Teutones, who were driven out by the Jutes or Goths. The Teutones settled in Germany and Gaul; the Cimbrians invaded Italy, where they were defeated by Marius. The peninsula of Jutland obtained its name from the Jutes; and the name of Denmark is supposed to be derived from Dan, the founder of the Danish monatchy, and mark, a German word signifying

350.

Reign of Skiold, alleged first king...

..B.C.

The Danish chronicles mention 18 kings to the time of Ragnor Lodbrog, killed in an attempt to invade England...

60

.....A.D. 794

1016-28

12 July, 1397

Canute the Great conquers Norway..
By the union of Calmar, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
made one kingdom under Margaret..
Copenhagen made the capital...
Accession of Christian I. (of Oldenburg), from whom the
Christian II. deposed; independence of Sweden under
late royal family sprang...
Gustavus Vasa acknowledged
Lutheranism introduced in 1527; established by Chris-
Christian IV. chosen head of the Protestant league
Danish East India Company established..

tian III...

against the emperor...

Charles Gustavus of Sweden invades Denmark, besieges
The crown made hereditary and absolute..
Copenhagen, and makes conquests..
Frederick IV. takes Holstein, Schleswig, Tonningen, and
Stralsund; reduces Weismar, and drives the Swedes
from Norway..

Copenhagen nearly destroyed by fire..
The peaceful reign of Christian VI..

1440

1448

1523

1530 1612

1629

1658 1665

.1716 et seq. 1728 ....1720-46

.......

Plot of the queen-dowager against the ministers and
Matilda (sister of our George III. and queen of Chris-
tian VII., a weak monarch). Matilda, entrapped into
a confession of criminality to save the life of her sup-
posed lover, Struenzee, condemned to imprisonment
for life in the castle of Zell....

Count Struenzee and Brandt beheaded......
Queen Matilda dies, aged 24

.18 Jan. 1772 .28 April,

1775

1784 ...9 June, 1795

Christian VII. becomes deranged, and prince Frederick
is appointed regent.
One fourth of Copenhagen burned.
Admirals Nelson and Parker bombard Copenhagen
(which see). (Confederacy of the North [see Armed
Neutrality] dissolved)..
...2 April, 1801

Admiral Gambier and lord Cathcart bombard Copenha

gen; the Danish fleet surrenders.

.7 Sept. 1807 14 Jan. 1814

Peace of Kiel; Pomerania and Rügen annexed to Denmark for Norway..

1824 1831

Pomerania and Rügen ceded to Prussia for Lauenburg.. 1815
Commercial treaty with England..
Christian VIII. declares the right of the crown to Schles-
Frederick VI. grants a new constitution.

wig, Holstein, etc......

......11 July, 1846 Accession of Frederick VII. 20 Jan.; he proclaims a new constitution, uniting the duchies more closely with Denmark..

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.28 Jan. 1848 Insurrection in the duchies: a provisional government .23 March, The rebels seize fortress of Rendsburg........24 March, They are defeated near Flensburg.. .9 April, The Danes defeated by the Prussians (helping the duch ies) near Dannawerke, Schleswig.. 23 April, The North Sea blockaded by Denmark. ......1 Aug. Hostilities suspended: the European powers recommend 26 Aug. peace.... Hostilities recommence.. ......25 March, 1849 Victory of the Danes over the Holsteiners and Germans, Several conflicts with varying success. The king sanctions a new liberal constitution....5 June, Armistice renewed at Malmo.... Separate peace with Prussia.. Integrity of Denmark guaranteed by England, France, Prussia, and Sweden.....

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..10 July, .2 July, 1850 4 July, Battle of Idstedt, and defeat of the Schleswig-Holsteiners by the Danes.. .25 July, Procotol signed in London by the ministers of all the great powers.. 23 Aug. Bombardment of Friedrichstadt by the Holsteiners, and the town almost destroyed, but not taken, 29 Sept. to 6 Oct. Proclamation of the stadtholders of Schleswig-Holstein, placing the rights of the country under the protection of the Germanic confederation.. The integrity of the Danish monarchy and the independence of Schleswig and its old union with Holstein guaranteed by treaty. ......18 Feb. 1852 Austrians evacuate Holstein, etc. Treaty of European powers. [The succession in the line .......2 March, of Sonderburg-Glücksburg settled, and the integrity of

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the Danish kingdom guaranteed. Christian, duke of Augustenburg Holstein, renounced his rights for a compensation in money.]...

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The Danes defeated by Wrangel at Oever-see; Schleswig 1864 taken; prince Frederick proclaimed...... .6 Feb. The all es occupy Flensburg, 7 Feb.; commence their attack on Düppel.... ....13 Feb. The federal commissioners protest against the Prussian occupation of Altona. ..13 Feb. The Prussians enter Jutland; take Kolding, 18 Feb.; Danes fortify Alsen... 18 Feb. et seq. A conference on Danish affairs proposed by England; agreed to by allies.... .23 Feb.

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..8 May, 1852 The king promulgates a new constitution, 29 July, 1854; adopted.. .1 Oct. 1855 The sound dues abolished for a compensation (see Sound), 14 March, 1857 Dissension between the government and the duchies, Oct. 1857-62 Fortification of Copenhagen decreed. ..27 March, 1858 New ministry appointed 3 Dec. 1859; resigns 9 Feb.; bishop Monrad forms a ministry. .24 Feb. 1860 The assembly of Schleswig complain that the promise of equality of national riglits in 1852 has not been kept, 11 Feb.; protest against the annexation to Denmark, 1 March, The Prussian chamber of deputies receive a petition from Schleswig, and declare that they will aid the duchies, 4 May; at which the Danish government pro...16 May, Correspondence ensues between the Prussian, Danish, and British governments; the Danish government declares for war, if German forces enter the duchies, Jan. 1861 Warlike preparations in Denmark. ...Feb. Decimal coinage adopted..... ..June, Agitation in favor of union of Denmark with Sweden, June; the king of Sweden visits Denmark, and is warmly received.. .17 July, 1862 Earl Russell recom nends the government to give to Holstein and Lauenburg all that the Germanic confedera tion desire for them, and to give self-government to Schleswig.. ...24 Sept.

tests...

M. Hall, the Danish minister, declines to accede, stating that to do so would imperil the existence of the monarchy itself... 20 Nov. Princess Alexandra of Denmark married to the prince of Wales at Windsor... 10 March, rights to Hol .30 March, ....... 17 April, .May,

The king grants, by patent, independent stein, but annexes Schleswig..

Austria and Prussia protest against it.. Further diplomatic correspondence...

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A subscription for the wounded Danes begun in London, 24 Feb. 1 March,

De Gertach, general of the Danes.. Defeated at Sonderbygaard and Veill.. The rigsraad vote a firm address to the king, 26 Feb.; adjourned.. 22 March, The Prussians bombard and take the village of Düppel, or Dybböl, 16, 17 March, and bombard Fredericia, 20 March; repulsed in an attack on the fortress. 28 March, The opening of the conference adjourned from 12 to 20 April, The Prussians take the fortress of Düppel by assault, with much slaughter.... ...18 April, Meetings of the conference at London; result unfavora ble to Denmark... ..25 April et seq. The Danes retreat to Alsen; evacuate Fredericia and fortresses of Jutland.. .29 April,

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Agreement for an armistice for one month from 12 May, 9 May, Jutland subjected to pillage for not paying a war contri bution to Prussians. 6 May et seq.

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The Danes defeat the allies in a naval battle off Heligoland..

.9 May,

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.9 June, .22 June,

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Formation of the Bluhme ministry. Armistice agreed to...

..9 July, ..11 July, .18 July, .26 July,

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30 Oct.

Conference for peace at Vienna.

Treaty of peace signed at Vienna; the king of Denmark resigns the duchies to the disposal of the allies, and agrees to a rectification of his frontier, and to pay a large sum of money to defray the expenses of the war,

66

66

Proclamation of the king to the inhabitants of the duch ies, releasing them from their allegiance......16 Nov. Project of a new constitution presented to the chambers, 21 Dec.; rejected.. 25 Feb. 1865

New ministry formed under count Frijsenborg, 6 Nov.; a new constitution proposed, 7 Nov.; approved by the two chambers, 19 and 27 July; sanctioned by the king........ .28 July, 1866 Princess Dagmar married to prince Alexander of Russia,

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9 Nov. 66 .12 Nov. 66 March, 1867

The Danish West Indies, St. Thomas and St. John, proposed to be sold to the United States for 1,500,000l.; proclamation in the islands dated.. 25 Oct. 66 Proposed sale of St. Thomas to the United States approved by the assembly (not carried out)......30 Jan. 1868 Marriage of the crown-prince Frederick to the princess Louisa of Sweden. 28 July, 1869 New ministry formed by M. Holsteinborg. .20 May, 1870 Denmark remains neutral in the Franco-Prussian war; fruitless visit of the duc de Cadore to Copenhagen, 4-11 Aug. ..27 Sept.

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Prince Frederick of Augustenburg claims the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. ..16 Nov. Great excitement in Holstein; many officials refuse to take oath to Christian.. .21 Nov. et seq. Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse, and other German powers resolve to support the prince of Augustenburg,

26 Nov. et seq. New constitution affirmed by the rigsraad, 13 Nov.; signed by king, 18 Nov.; published.. ..1.2 Dec. The Austrian and Prussian ministers say that they will quit Copenhagen if the constitution of 18 Nov. is not annulled Dec. Great excitement in Norway; proposals to support Denmark... .. Dec. Prince Frederick's letter to the emperor Napoleon, 2 Dec., an ambiguous reply.. 10 Dec. Denmark protests against federal occupation....19 Dec. 900 representatives of different German states meet at Frankfort, and resolve to support prince Frederick as duke of Schleswig and Holstein, and the inseparable union of those duchies... ..21 Dec. The federal execution takes place; a Saxon regiment enters Altona, 24 Dec.; and the federal commissioners assume administrative powers.. 25 Dec.

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Parliament opened.

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.12, 13 Nov.

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Meeting of the International at Copenhagen forbidden; chiefs arrested...

Industrial exhibition opened..

Statue of Frederick VII. at Copenhagen augurated...

A communistic party in the assembly (folkething) defeat the ministry, 4 Dec.; the king refuses to dismiss it,

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New ministry under Fonnesbeck.

The king visits Iceland (which see), July-Aug.; Edinburgh....

6 Dec. 14 July, 1874

Several ministerial changes..

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16 Aug. J. B. S. Estrup, president of the ministry.. ....11 June, The folkething, defeating the government on the question of fortifications, is dissolved. 29 March, New assembly meets, 15 May; votes no confidence in the ministry, 12 June; is adjourned... .24 June, 1876

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1875

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Crisis respecting the supplies..

Dissension among Germans; the Austro-Prussian proposition rejected by the diet. Austria and Prussia demand abrogation of the constitution (of 18 Nov.) in two days, 16 Jan.; the Danes require six weeks' time... ..18 Jan. The German troops under marshal Wrangel enter Holstein 21 Jan.

The Prussians enter Schleswig, and take Eckenforde,

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Continued contest between the king and senate and the lower house..

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......Oct. ...Dec. The session closed without settling the budget...4 April, 1877 Provision made by the king for it in accordance with the

constitution...

......12 April, 66

Political crisis; an armistice agreed to.

..8 Nov. 1877 | tained by marshal Bernadotte (afterwards Charles XIV., Negro outbreak at Santa Cruz (see Virgin Isles).. 1-5 Oct. 1878 king of Sweden) over marshal Ney, 6 Sept. 1813. The Marriage of princess Thyra with the duke of Cumberland... ..11 Dec. loss of the French exceeded 13,000 men, several eagles, and cannon; of the allies, 6000. The defeat of Napoleon at Leipsic, on 18 Oct. following, closed this disastrous campaign.

The lower house dismissed by the king as incapable and idle......

A. D.

SOVEREIGNS.

794. Sigurd Snogoje.

803. Hardicanute.

850. Eric I.

854. Eric II.

883. Gormo, the Old; reigned 53 years.

941. Harold, surnamed Blue Tooth.

..about 10 May, 1881

991. Suenon, or Sweyn, the Forked-beard.

1014. Canute II. the Great, king of Denmark and England.

1035 Canute III., son (Hardicanute of England).

1042. Magnus, surnamed the Good, of Norway.

1047. Suenon, or Sweyn II. (Denmark only).

1073. [Interregnum.]

1076. Harold, called the Simple.

1080. Canute IV.

1086. Olaus IV. the Hungry.

1095. Eric I., styled the Good.

1103. [Interregnum.]

1105. Nicholas I., killed at Sleswick. 1135. Eric II., surnamed Harefoot. 1137. Eric III. the Lamb.

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1241. Eric IV.

Denominations, THE THREE (Presbyterians, Congregationalists or Independents, and Baptists), were organized in 1727 as an association, with the privilege of direct appeal to the reigning sovereign of Great Britain. Dentists, an act for regulating their education and registration passed 22 July, 1878.

The Odontological Society (of Dentists) established...... 1856 The Dental Hospital of London, Leicester square, was established... 1858

(See Odontology.)

Deodand (Latin, to be given to God). Formerly anything which had caused the death of a human being became forfeit to the sovereign or lord of the manor, and was to be sold for the benefit of the poor. The forfeiture was abolished by 9 & 10 Vict. c. 62 (1846).

D'ÉON, CHEVALIER, who had acted in a diplomatic capacity in several countries, and been minister plenipotentiary from France in London, was affirmed to be a female, at a trial at the King's Bench in 1771, in an ac

1250. Abel: assassinated his elder brother Eric; killed in an tion to recover wagers as to his sex. He subsequently

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wore female attire, but at his death he was proved to be a male.

Deontology, the knowledge of what is right, or the science of duty (from the Greek rò dior, that which is proper), an element of the Utilitarian philosophy propounded by Jeremy Bentham in his "Deontology," pub

1387. Margaret, styled the "Semiramis of the North," queen lished by Dr. Bowring in 1834.

of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.

1397. Margaret and Eric VII. (Eric XIII. of Sweden).

1412. Eric VII. reigns alone; obliged to resign both crowns.
1438. [Interregnum.]

1440. Christopher III. king of Sweden.
1448. Christian I. count of Oldenburg; elected king of Den-
mark, 1448; of Sweden, 1457; succeeded by his son,
1481. John; succeeded by his son,

Departments, see France.

Deptford (near London). The hospital here was incorporated by Henry VIII. about 1512, and called the Trinity-house of Deptford Strond; the brethren of Trinity-house hold their corporate rights by this hospital. 1513. Christian II. called the Cruel, and the "Nero of the The dockyard, founded about 1513, was closed 31 March, North;" he caused all the Swedish nobility to be mas-1869, having been purchased by Mr. T. P. Austin for 70,sacred; dethroned for his tyranny in 1523; died in a 000l. He sold part of it to the corporation of London dungeon in 1559. for 94,640., for a market for foreign cattle, which was opened for use 28 Dec. 1871. On 4 April, 1581, queen Elizabeth dined at Deptford on board the Golden Hind, the ship in which Drake had made his voyage round the globe. The Deptford victualling-office was burned 16 Jan. 1748-9; the storehouse, 2 Sept. 1758; the Red House, 26 Feb. 1761; and the king's mill, 1 Dec. 1755. Peter the Great of Russia lived at Evelyn's house, Say's court, while learning ship-building, etc., in 1698.

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1523. Frederick I. duke of Holstein, son of Christian I.; a lib-
1533. Christian III., son of Frederick; established the Luther-
an religion; esteemed the "Father of his People."
1559. Frederick II., son of Christian III.
1588. Christian IV., son.

1648. Frederick III.; changed the constitution from an elec-
tive to an HEREDITARY MONARCHY, Vested in his own
family, 1665.

1670. Christian V., son of Frederick III.; succeeded by his son. 1699. Frederick IV.; leagued with the czar Peter and the king of Poland against Charles XII. of Sweden.

1730. Christian VI., his son.

1746. Frederick V., his son; married the princess Louisa of England, daughter of George II.

1766. Christian VII., his son (see p. 198).

Deputies, CHAMBER OF, the title borne by the French legislative assembly, from the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814 till Jan. 1852, when it was named "Corps Législatif."

Derby was made a royal burgh by Egbert (about

1784. Prince Frederick declared regent, in consequence of the 828). Alfred expelled the Danes from it and planted a

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1839. Christian VIII. (son of Frederick, brother of Christian
VII.).
1848. Frederick VII., son of Christian VIII.; 20 Jan.; born 6
Oct. 1808; separated from his first wife, Sept. 1837;
from his second wife, Sept. 1846; married morganati
cally Louisa, countess of Danner, 7 Aug. 1850; died 15
1863. Christian IX., son of William, duke of Schleswig-Hol-
stein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; 15 Nov. (succeeded by
virtue of the protocol of London, 8 May, 1852, and of
the law of the Danish succession, 31 July, 1853). He
was born 8 April, 1818; married princess Louisa of
Hesse-Cassel, 26 May, 1842. [He is descended from
Christian III., and she from Frederick V.; both from
George II. of England.

Heir: Frederick (his son), born 3 June, 1843; married prin-
cess Louisa of Sweden, 28 July, 1869. Son: Christian,
born 26 Sept. 1870.

colony in 880. His heroic daughter, Ethelfleda, again
expelled the Danes in 918. William I. gave Derby to
his illegitimate son, William Peveril. Lombe's silk-
throwing machine was set up in 1718; and in 1756, Jed-
ediah Strutt invented the Derby ribbed stocking-frame.
The young Pretender reached Derby 3 Dec. 1745, and
retreated thence soon after. The new town-hall was
opened 29 May, 1866. The midland counties fine-art
exhibition was held here, and was opened by the duke
of Devonshire, 5 May, 1870.

DERBY TRIALS. Brandreth, Turner, Ludlam senior, Ludlam
junior, Weightman, and others, Luddites, convicted at a
commission of high-treason, 15 Oct. 1817; and Brandreth,
Turner, and the elder Ludlam executed, 7 Nov. following.
Twenty-three were tried, and twelve not tried.
Twenty-one prisoners indicted at Derby for the murder of sev
eral miners in the Red-soil mine; but were acquitted on the
ground that the mischief was not wilful, 23 March, 1834.
Derby Administrations: the first formed after

Dennewitz (Prussia). Here a victory was ob- the resignation of lord John Russell, 21 Feb. 1852 (face

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