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other charges or taxes of any kind upon any vessel using or passing through the Canal or belonging to or employed by the United States, directly or indirectly, in connection with the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the main Canal, or auxiliary works, or upon the cargo, officers, crew or passengers of any such vessels, except such tolls and charges as may be imposed by the United States for the use of the Canal and other works, and except tolls and charges imposed by the Republic of Panama upon merchandise destined to be introduced for the consumption of the rest of the Republic of Panama, and upon vessels touching at the ports of Colon and Panama and which do not cross the Canal.

The Government of the Republic of Panama shall have the right to establish in such ports and in the towns of Panama and Colon such houses and guards as it may deem necessary to collect duties on importations destined to other portions of Panama and to prevent contraband trade. The United States shall have the right to make use of the towns and harbors of Panama and Colon as places of anchorage, and for making repairs, for loading, unloading, depositing, or transshipping cargoes either in transit or destined for the service of the Canal and for other works pertaining to the Canal."7

ARTICLE X.

The Republic of Panama agrees that there shall not be imposed any taxes, national, municipal, departmental, or of any other class, upon the Canal, the railways and auxiliary works, tugs and other vessels employed in the service of the Canal, storehouses, work shops, offices, quarters for laborers, factories of all kinds, warehouses, wharves, machinery, and other works, property, and effects appertaining to the Canal or railroad and auxiliary works, or their officers or employees, situated within the cities of Panama and Colon, and that there shall not be imposed contributions or charges of a personal character of any kind upon officers, employees, laborers, and other individuals in the service of the Canal and railroad and auxiliary works.

ARTICLE XI.

The United States agrees that the official dispatches of the Government of the Republic of Panama shall be transmitted over any telegraph and telephone lines established for Canal purposes and used for public and private business at rates not higher than those required from officials in the service of the United States.

ARTICLE XII.

The Government of the Republic of Panama shall permit the immigration and free access to the lands and workshops of the Canal and its auxiliary works of all employees and workmen of whatever nationality under contract to work upon or seeking employment upon or in any wise connected with the said Canal and its auxiliary works, with their respective families, and all such persons shall be free and exempt from the military service of the Republic of Panama.

ARTICLE XIII.

The United States may import at any time into the said zone and auxiliary lands, free of customs duties, imposts, taxes, or other charges, and without any restrictions, any and all vessels, dredges, engines, cars, machinery, tools, explosives, materials, supplies, and other articles necessary and convenient in the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the Canal and auxiliary works, and, all provisions, medicines, clothing, supplies and other things necessary and convenient for the officers, employees, workmen and laborers in the service and employ of the United States and for their families. If any such articles are disposed of for use outside of the zone and auxiliary lands granted to the United States and within the territory of the Republic, they shall be subject to the same import or other duties as like articles imported under the laws of the Republic of Panama.18

ARTICLE XIV.

As the price or compensation for the rights, powers and privileges granted in this convention by the Republic of Panama to the United States, the Govern

"See also Art. XVII, p. 22.

"The Taft Agreement of Dec. 3, 1904, and Executive Order of Jan. 7, 1905 (E. O. 29 and 33) interpret this and other articles of the Hay-Varilla Treaty. See also pp. 5-22 of Annual Report of I. C. C. of 1904, giving more detailed explanation of the Taft Agreement.

ment of the United States agrees to pay to the Republic of Panama the sum of ten million dollars ($10,000,000) in gold coin of the United States on the exchange of the ratification of this convention and also an annual payment during the life of this convention of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000) in like gold coin, beginning nine years after the date aforesaid. 19

The provisions of this Article shall be in addition to all other benefits assured to the Republic of Panama under this convention.

But no delay or difference of opinion under this Article or any other provisions of this treaty shall affect or interrupt the full operation and effect of this convention in all other respects.

ARTICLE XV.

The joint commission referred to in Article VI shall be established as follows: The President of the United States shall nominate two persons and the President of the Republic of Panama shall nominate two persons and they shall proceed to a decision; but in case of disagreement of the Commission (by reason of their being equally divided in conclusion) an umpire shall be appointed by the two Governments who shall render the decision. In the event of the death, absence, or incapacity of a Commissioner or Umpire, or of his omitting, declining or ceasing to act, his place shall be filled by the appointment of another person in the manner above indicated. All decisions by a majority of the Commission or by the umpire shall be final. 20

ARTICLE XVI.

The two Governments shall make adequate provision by future agreement for the pursuit, capture, imprisonment, detention and delivery within said zone and auxiliary lands to the authorities of the Republic of Panama of persons charged with the commitment of crimes, felonies or misdemeanors without said zone and for the pursuit, capture, imprisonment, detention and delivery without said zone to the authorities of the United States of persons charged with the commitment of crimes, felonies and misdemeanors within said zone and auxiliary lands."

ARTICLE XVII.

The Republic of Panama grants to the United States the use of all the ports of the Republic open to commerce as places of refuge for any vessels employed in the Canal enterprise, and for all vessels passing or bound to pass through the Canal which may be in distress and be driven to seek refuge in said ports. Such vessels shall be exempt from anchorage and tonnage dues on the part of the Republic of Panama.22

ARTICLE XVIII.

The Canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in perpetuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by Section I of Article three of, and in conformity with all the stipulations of, the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18, 1901.3

ARTICLE XIX.

The Government of the Republic of Panama shall have the right to transport over the Canal its vessels and its troops and munitions of war in such vessels at all times without paying charges of any kind. The exemption is to be extended

19 Sec. 1, act of Apr. 28, 1904, p. 34, authorized the payment of $10,000,000 provided by Art. XIV, in lieu of the indefinite sum appropriated by act of June 28, 1902, p. 30. (See pp. 54-55, in re payment of installments of $250,000 for years 1908, 1909, 1910, to Colombia, under certain treaty provisions which failed of ratification.)

20 See notes under Art VI, p. 19.

1 Executive Order of Governor of Canal Zone of Sept. 19, 1906, and Decree No. 118 of President of Panama of Sept. 22, 1906 (1906 Ann. Rept. 75-79) provide extradition measures between Canal Zone and Panama. See also sec. 12, Panama Canal Act, p. 87, extending United States extradition laws to Canal Zone, to the extent that they may not be in conflict with or be superseded by any special treaty between United States and Panama with respect to the Canal Zone. See also Extradition Treaty between United States and the Republic of Panama, ratified Apr. 8, 1905-p. 1357 of vol. 2, Malloy (Treaties between United States and other powers).

22 See Art. IX, p. 20.

23 See notes under Art. III, p. 16.

to the auxiliary railway for the transportation of persons in the service of the Republic of Panama, or of the police force charged with the preservation of public order outside of said zone, as well as to their baggage, munitions of war and supplies."

ARTICLE XX.

If by virtue of any existing treaty in relation to the territory of the Isthmus of Panama, whereof the obligations shall descend or be assumed by the Republic of Panama, there may be any privilege or concession in favor of the Government or the citizens or subjects of a third power relative to an interoceanic means of communication which in any of its terms may be incompatible with the terms of the present convention, the Republic of Panama agrees to cancel or modify such treaty in due form, for which purpose it shall give to the said third power the requisite notification within the term of four months from the date of the present convention, and in case the existing treaty contains no clause permitting its modifications or annulment, the Republic of Panama agrees to procure its modification or annulment in such form that there shall not exist any conflict with the stipulations of the present convention.

ARTICLE XXI.

The rights and privileges granted by the Republic of Panama to the United States in the preceding Articles are understood to be free of all anterior debts, liens, trusts, or liabilities, or concessions or privileges to other Governments, corporations, syndicates or individuals, and consequently, if there should arise any claims on account of the present concessions and privileges or otherwise, the claimants shall resort to the Government of the Republic of Panama and not to the United States for any indemnity or compromise which may be required.

ARTICLE XXII.

The Republic of Panama renounces and grants to the United States the participation to which it might be entitled in the future earnings of the Canal under Article XV of the concessionary contract with Lucien N. B. Wyse now owned by the New Panama Canal Company and any and all other rights or claims of a pecuniary nature arising under or relating to said concession or arising under or relating to the concessions to the Panama Railroad Company or any extension or modification thereof; and it likewise renounces, confirms and grants to the United States, now and hereafter, all the rights and property reserved in the said concessions which otherwise would belong to Panama at or before the expiration of the terms of ninety-nine years of the concessions granted to or held by the above mentioned party and companies, and all right, title and interest which it now has or may hereafter have, in and to the lands, canal, works, property and rights held by the said companies under said concessions or otherwise, and acquired or to be acquired by the United States from or through the New Panama Canal Company, including any property and rights which might or may in the future either by lapse of time, forfeiture or otherwise, revert to the Republic of Panama under any contracts or concessions, with said Wyse, the Universal Panama Canal Company, the Panama Railroad Company and the New Panama Canal Company.25

The aforesaid rights and property shall be and are free and released from any present or reversionary interest or claims of Panama and the title of the United States thereto upon consummation of the contemplated purchase by the United States from the New Panama Canal Company, shall be absolute, so far as concerns the Republic of Panama, excepting always the rights of the Republic specifically secured under this treaty.26

24 Sec. 6 of act of June 28, 1902, p. 32, authorized President to make guarantees provided in this section. 25 Sec. 2 of act of June 25, 1910, p. 58, cancels payment by Panama Railroad to United States of subsidy of $250,000 annually, provided in concession granted by Colombia to Panama Railroad.

26 On p. 1025 of Minutes of the Isthmian Canal Commission, meeting of Feb. 5, 1906, is quoted the substance of an opinion of counsel for the Panama Railroad Company, concerning the title of that company to lands in Colon, in which it is stated, inter alia, "The ownership or fee of all this property is vested in the United States."

In opinion rendered by the Supreme Court of the Canal Zone, on May 6, 1907, in the case of Canal Zone v. Coulson (1 C. Z. Řept. 50), it was decided that "The United States is not owner in fee of the Canal Zone; it has only the use and occupation as long as it complies with the terms of the treaty." But in the case of Wilson v. Shaw,,204 U. S., p. 24 (opinion of Justice Brewer of Jan. 7, 1907) the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that "The title of the United States to the Canal Zone is not imperfect either because the treaty with Panama does not contain technical terms used in ordinary conveyances of real estate or because the boundaries are not sufficient for identification, the ceded territory having been practically identified by the concurrent action of the two interested nations."

ARTICLE XXIII.

If it should become necessary at any time to employ armed forces for the safety or protection of the Canal, or of the ships that make use of the same, or the railways and auxiliary works, the United States shall have the right, at all times and in its discretion, to use its police and its land and naval forces or to establish fortifications for these purposes.

ARTICLE XXIV.

No change either in the Government or in the laws and treaties of the Republic of Panama shall, without the consent of the United States, affect any right of the United States under the present convention, or under any treaty stipulation between the two countries that now exists or may hereafter exist touching the subject matter of this convention.

If the Republic of Panama shall hereafter enter as a constituent into any other Government or into any union or confederation of states, so as to merge her sovereignty or independence in such Government, union or confederation, the rights of the United States under this convention shall not be in any respect lessened or impaired.

ARTICLE XXV.

For the better performance of the engagements of this convention and to the end of the efficient protection of the Canal and the preservation of its neutrality, the Government of the Republic of Panama will sell or lease to the United States lands adequate and necessary for naval or coaling stations on the Pacific Coast and on the western Caribbean Coast of the Republic at certain points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.

ARTICLE XXVI.

This convention when signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the Contracting Parties shall be ratified by the respective Governments and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington at the earliest date possible.

In faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention in duplicate and have hereunto affixed their respective seals.

Done at the City of Washington the 18th day of November in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and three.

JOHN HAY

P. BUNAU VARILLA

[SEAL] [SEAL]

And whereas the said Convention has been duly ratified on both parts, and the ratifications of the two governments were exchanged in the City of Washington, on the twenty-sixth day of February, one thousand nine hundred and four;

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, have caused the said Convention to be made public, to the end that the same and every article and clause thereof, may be observed and fulfilled with good' faith by the United States and the citizens thereof.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this twenty-sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and four, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-eighth.

[SEAL]

By the President:

JOHN HAY,

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Secretary of State.

Protocol of an agreement between the United States and Panama regarding neutrality, signed at

Washington, October 10, 1914.

Protocol of an agreement concluded between Honorable Robert Lansing, Acting Secretary of State of the United States, and Don Eusebio A. Morales, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Panama, signed the tenth day of October, 1914.

The undersigned, the Acting Secretary of State of the United States of America and the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Panama, in view of the close association of the interests of their respective Governments on the Isthmus of Panama, and to the end that these interests may be conserved and that, when a state of war exists, the neutral obligations of both Governments as neutrals may be maintained, after having conferred on the subject and being duly empowered by their respective Governments, have agreed:

That hospitality extended in the waters of the Republic of Panama to a belligerent vessel of war or a vessel belligerent or neutral, whether armed or not, which is employed by a belligerent power as a transport or fleet auxiliary or in any other way for the direct purpose of prosecuting or aiding hostilities, whether by land or sea, shall serve to deprive such vessel of like hospitality in the Panama Canal Zone for a period of three months, and vice versa.27

In testimony whereof, the undersigned have signed and sealed the present Protocol in the city of Washington this tenth day of October, 1914.

ROBERT LANSING, [L. S.]
EUSEBIO A. MORALES [L. S.]

Convention between the United States and Panama, defining the boundary line of the Panama Canal Zone. Signed at Panama, September 2, 1914; ratification advised by the Senate, October 22, 1914; ratified by the President, January 4, 1915; ratified by Panama, February 8, 1915; ratifications exchanged at Panama, February 11, 1915; proclaimed, February 18, 1915.

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas a Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama defining the boundary line of the Panama Canal Zone, was concluded and signed by their respective Plenipotentiaries at the City of Panama on the second day of September, one thousand nine hundred and fourteen, the original of which Convention, being in the English and Spanish languages, is word for word as follows:

BOUNDARY CONVENTION. 28

Whereas, Gen. George W. Davis, then Governor of the Canal Zone, on behalf of the United States of America, and Messrs. Tomás Ariás and Ramón Valdés López, then Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Attorney General, respectively, of the Republic of Panama, acting on behalf of that Republic, entered into an agreement on the 15th day of June, 1904, by the terms of which the Republic of Panama delivered over to the United States of America, the use, occupation, and control in perpetuity of the zone of land ten miles in width described and mentioned in articles II and III of the Canal treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Panama, dated November 18, 1903, and the boundary lines of said zone, as well as those of the cities of Panama and Colon and their adjacent harbors, were subsequently located upon the ground and monumented:

And, whereas, the President of the Republic of Panama, by decree number 46 of May 17, 1912, delivered over to the United States the use, occupation, and control of the areas of land to be covered by the waters of Lake Gatun and all that part of the shores of the lake up to an elevation of one hundred feet above sea level, in conformity with articles II and III of said Canal Treaty:

And whereas, since the promulgation of said decree of May 17, 1912, the United States, in conformity with the said articles of said Treaty, have taken over the use, Occupation, and control of the islands in said Lake Gatun and the peninsulas bordering on said lake to which there is no access except from said lake or from lands within the jurisdiction of the Canal Zone;

Now, therefore, the Government of the United States and the Republic of Panama being desirous to establish permanently the boundary lines of the above-mentioned lands and waters so taken over by the United States, to that end have resolved to enter into the following agreement, for which purpose the President of the United States of America has commissioned His Excellency William Jennings Price, Envoy

See secs. 3-5, Aft. III, p. 17 (Hay-Pauncefote Treaty) relative to use of Canal by vessels of belligerents, and neutrality proclamation of Nov. 13, 1914 (E. O. 203), on same subject.

* See notes under Arts. II-III, pp. 18-19.

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