DURBAR, an East Indian term for an audiencechamber or reception. On 18 Oct. 1864, a durbar was held at Lahore by the viceroy of India, sir John Lawrence, at which 604 of the most illustrious princes and chieftains of the north-west province were present, magnificently clothed. Similar ones were held in 1866, 1867, and on 27 March, 1869, at Umballah. 6 Oct. 1868 Sir Seymour Fitzgerald, governor of Bombay, held a great durbar of the princes of Western India at Poona The earl of Mayo, the viceroy, held a solemn durbar at Ajmere in Rajpootana 22 Oct. 1870 DURHAM, an ancient city, the Dunholme of the Saxons, and Durême of the Normans. The BISHOPRIC was removed to Durham from Chesterle-street in 995; whither it had been transferred from Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, on the coast of Northumberland, in 875, in consequence of the invasion of the Danes. The bones of St. Cuthbert, the sixth bishop, were brought from Lindisfarne, and interred in Durham cathedral. The palatine privileges, granted to the bishop by the Danish Northumbrian prince Guthrum, were taken by the crown in June 1836. Durham was ravaged by Malcolm of Scotiand in 1070, and was occupied by the Northern rebels in 1569; and by the Scots in 1640. In 1650 Cromwell quartered his Scotch prisoners in the cathedral. Near Durham on 17 Oct. 1346, was fought the decisive battle of Neville's cross (which see). This see, deemed the richest in England, was valued in the king's books at 28217. Present income 8000l. College founded in 1290; abolished at the Reformation. Cromwell established a college, 1657; which was suppressed at the Restoration 1660 June, 1837 Present University established in 1831, opened Oct. 1833; chartered . Certain new ordinances, recommended by a commis sion, 1852, set aside BISHOPS. 1863 to ten (the Decemviri) 365 B.C., afterwards to fifteen; the added five called quinque viri. DWARFS: ANCIENT. Philetas of Cos, distinguished about 330 B.C., as a poet and grammarian, was said to have carried weights in his pockets, to prevent his being blown away. He was preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. Alian. Julia, niece of Augustus, had a dwarf named Coropas, two feet and a hand's breadth high; and Andromeda a freedmaid of Julia's, was of the same height. Pliny. Aug. Cæsar exhibited in his plays a man not two feet in stature. Sueton. Alypius of Alexandria, a logician and philosopher, was but one foot five inches and a half high; "he seemed to be consumed into a kind of divine nature." V'os. Instit. MODERN DWARFS.-John d'Estrix, of Mechlin, was brought to the duke of Parma, in 1592, when he was 35 years of age, having a long beard. He was skilled in languages, and not more than three feet high. Geoffrey Hudson, an English dwarf, when a youth of 18 inches high, was served up to table in a cold pie, before the king and queen, by the duchess of Buckingham, in 1626. He challenged Mr. Crofts to fight a duel, but the latter came aruied with a squirt. At another meeting the dwarf shot his antagonist dead, 1653Count Borowlaski, a Polish gentleman, of great accomplishments and elegant manners, well known in England, where he resided for many years, was born in Nov. 1739. His growth was at one year of age, 14 inches; at, six, 17 inches; at twenty, 33 inches; and at thirty, 39. He had a sister, named Anastasia, seven years younger than himself, and so much shorter that she could stand under his arm. He visited many of the courts of Europe, and died in England in 1837. Charles Stratton (termed general Tom Thumb), an American, was exhibited in England, 1846. In Feb. 1863, in New York, when 25 years old and 31 inches high, he married Lavinia Warren, aged 21, 32 inches high. He, his wife, and child, and commodore Nutt, another dwarf, came to England in Dec. 1864, and remained there some time. DYEING is attributed to the Tyrians, about 1500 B.C. The English sent their goods to be dyed in Holland, till the art was brought to them it is said in 1608. "Two dyers of Exeter were flogged for teaching their art in the north" (of England), 1628. A statute against abuses in dyeing passed in 1783. The art has been greatly improved by chemical research. A discovery of Dr. Stenhouse in 1848, led to M. Marnas procuring mauve from lichens; and Dr. Hofmann's production of aniline from coal-tar, has led to the invention of a number of beautiful dyes (mauve, magenta red, &c.); see DURHAM LETTER, see Papal Aggression, Aniline. 1850. DUST AND DISEASE. A controversy respecting the connection between them originated with a lecture on the subject by professor Tyndall at the Royal Institution, 21 Jan. 1870, when he demonstrated the presence of organic matters in the dust of the atmosphere in conformity with the experiments of Pasteur and other eminent philosophers. Professor Huxley, at the meeting of the British Association, 14 Sept. 1870, expressed his opinion that contagious diseases are propagated by germs in the atmosphere, in agreement with some physicians. DUTCH REPUBLIC, see Holland. DUUMVIRI, two Roman patricians appointed by Tarquin the Proud 520 B.c. to take care of the books of the Sibyls, which were supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire. The books were placed in the Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. The number of keepers was increased DYNAMITE, a new explosive compound, consisting of 75 parts of silicious earth saturated with 25 parts of nitro-glycerine (which see). It is suitable for mining purposes, and was tried and approved at Merstham 14 July, 1868. It was invented by A. Nobel to obviate danger. Its manufacture is very dangerous. DZOUNGARIA, a region of Central Asia, N. of China, with about 2,000,000 inhabitants, fierce, warlike Mahometans. After being long tributary to China, they rebelled in 1864, massacred the Chinese residents, and set up their countryman Abel Oghlan, as sultan. As he was unable to restrain predatory attacks upon the Russians, the czar declared war in April 1871. After a brief campaign in May and June, and several conflicts in which the Russians were victors, the sultan surrendered himself to general Kolpakoviski, 4 July, and the country was annexed to the Russian empire. E. EAGLE, an ancient coin of Ireland, made of a base metal, and current in the first years of Edward I. about 1272, was so named from the figure impressed upon it. The American gold coinage of eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles, began 6 Dec. 1792; an eagle is of the value of 10 dollars, or about 21. 18.-The standard of the eagle was borne by the Persians, at Cunaxa, 401 B.C. The Romans carried gold and silver eagles as ensigns, and sometimes represented them with a thunderbolt in their talons, on the point of a spear, 102 B.C. Charlemagne added the second head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome and Germany were united in him, A.D. 802. The eagle was the standard of Napoleon I. and Napoleon III.; as well as of Austria, Russia, and Prussia; sce Knighthood. EARL (Latin, comes), introduced at the conquest, superseded the Saxon ealdorman, and continued the highest rank in England, until Edward III. created dukes in 1337 and 1351, and Richard II. created marquises (1385), both above earls. Alfred used the title of earl as a substitute for king. William Fitz-Osborn was made earl of Hereford by William the Conqueror, 1066. Gil christ was created earl of Angus, in Scotland, by king Malcolm III. in 1037, and sir John de Courcy created baron of Kingsale and earl of Ulster in Ireland, by Henry II. 1181. EARL MARSHAL of England, the eighth great officer of state. This office, until it was made hereditary, always passed by grant from the king. Gilbert de Clare was created lord marshal by king Stephen, 1135. The last lord marshal was John Fitz-Alan, lord Maltravers. Camden. Richard II. in 1397 granted letters patent to the earl of Nottingham by the style of earl marshal. In 1672, Charles II. granted to Henry lord Howard the dignity of hereditary earl marshal. The earl marshal's court was abolished in 1641. (See Howard.) EARL MARISCHAL of Scotland was an officer who commanded the cavalry, whereas the constable commanded the whole army; but they seem to have had a joint command, as all orders were addressed to "our constable and marischal." The office was never out of the Keith family. It was reserved at the Union, and when the heritable jurisdictions were bought, it reverted to the crown, being forfeited by the rebellion of George Keith, earl marischal, in 1715. EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY began to publish in 1864. Nicomedia, Cæsarea, and Nicea overturned In Asia, Pontus, and Macedonia, 150 cities and towns damaged Nicomedia again demolished, and its inhabitants buried in its ruins One felt by nearly the whole world At Constantinople; its edifices destroyed, and thousands perished In Africa; many cities overturned Awful one in Syria, Palestine, and Asia; more than 500 towns were destroyed, and the loss of life surpassed all calculation In France, Germany, and Italy Constantinople overturned; all Greece shaken One at Antioch; many towns destroyed One severely felt at Lincoln. 157 358 543 557 560 742 801 936 1089 1114 1137 1142 1158 Sept. 1186 1268 1274 At Calabria; one of its cities and all its inhabitants overwhelined in the Adriatic sea In Cilicia, 60,000 perished. One again felt throughout England; Glastonbury destroyed In England; the greatest known there 14 Nov. 1318 Constantinople; thousands perished. At Naples; 40,000 persons perished 5 Dec. 1456 14 Sept. 1509 At Lisbon: 1500 houses and 30,000 persons buried in the ruins; several neighbouring towns engulfed, 26 Feb. 1531 6 April, 1580 One felt in London; part of St. Paul's and the Temple churches fell In Japan; several cities made ruins, and thousands perish 2 July, 1596 In Naples; 30 towns or villages ruined; 70,000 lives lost EARRINGS were worn by Jacob's family, Awful one at Calabria 1732 B.C. (Gen. xxxv. 4.) EARTH, see Globe. EARTHENWARE, see Pottery. EARTHQUAKES. Anaxagoras supposed that earthquakes were produced by subterraneous clouds bursting into lightning, which shook the vaults that confined them, 435 B.C. Diog. Laert. Kircher, Des Cartes, and others, supposed that there were many vast cavities under ground which have a communication with each other, some of which abound with water, others with exhalations, arising from inflammable substances, as nitre, bitumen, sulphur, &c. Dr. Stukeley and Dr. Priestley attributed earthquakes to electricity. They are probably due to steam generated by subterraneous heat. Ragusa ruined; 5000 perished 30 July, 1626 27 March, 1638 perished 6 April, 1667 14 April, 1672 17 Oct. 1690 At Schamaki, lasted 3 months; 80,000 At Rimini: above 1500 perished One severely felt at Dublin, &c. . One at Jamaica, which totally destroyed Port Royal, whose houses were engulfed 40 fathoms deep, and 3000 perished 7 June, 1692 One in Sicily, which overturned 54 cities and towns, and 300 villages; of Catania and its 18,000 inhabitants, not a trace remained; more than 100,000 lives were lost. Sept. 1693 Aquila, in Italy, ruined; 5000 perished 2 Feb. 1703 Jeddo, Japan, ruined; 200,000 perished *Mrs. Somerville states that about 255 earthquakes have occurred in the British Isles; all slight. To avoid the effects of a shock predicted by a madman, for the 8th of April, 1750, thousands of persons, particularly those of rank and fortune, passed the night on the 7th in their carriages and in tents in Hyde-park. 7 June, Great earthquake at LISBON. In about eight minutes most of the houses and upwards of 50,000 inhabitants were swallowed up, and whole streets buried. The cities of Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga, suffered dreadfully, and St. Ubes was wholly overturned. In Spain, a large part of Malaga became ruins. One half of Fez, in Morocco, was destroyed, and more than 12,000 Arabs perished there. Above half of the island of Madeira became waste; and 2000 houses in the island of Meteline, in the Archipelago, were overthrown. This awful earthquake extended 5000 miles; even to Scotland Comorn, Pesth, &c., much damaged 1 Nov. 28 June, 1763 In Syria, extended over 10,000 square miles; Baalbec destroyed; here 20,000 perished At Martinico; 1600 persons perished At Guatemala; Santiago, with its swallowed up A destructive one at Smyrna 30 Oct. 1759 Aug. 1767 inhabitants, 3 July, 1778 7 June, 1773 At Tauris; 15,000 houses thrown down, and multitudes buried Messina and other towns in Italy and Sicily overthrown thousands perished. Ezinghian, near Erzeroum; destroyed, persons buried in its ruins St. Lucia, W. Indies; 900 perished At Borgo di San Sepolero; many houses In Naples; Vesuvius overwhelmed the 1780 5 Feb. 1783 and 5000 23 July, 1784 12 Oct. 1788 and 1000 30 Sept. 1789 city of June, 1794 Panamá The whole country between Santa Fé and destroyed, including Cuzco and Quito; 40,000 people buried in one second Cumana, S. America, ruined 4 Feb. 1797 14 Dec. At Constantinople, which destroyed the royal palace, and many buildings From Cronstadt to Constantinople A violent one felt in Holland At Frosolone, Naples; 6000 lives lost 26 Sept. 1800 26 Oct. 1802 end of Jan. 1804 26 July, 1805 At the Azores; a village of St. Michael's sunk, and a lake of boiling water appeared in its place, 11 Aug. 1810 26 March, 1812 Awful one at Caracas (which see) Several throughout India; district of Kutch sunk; 2000 persons buried 16 June, 1819 Genoa, Palermo, Rome, and many other towns In Calabria; 100 perish at Castiglione Djocja, Java; above 400 perished; town destroyed Slight earthquake in W. England and S. Wales; At Quebec, not much damage N. W. England; houses shaken, crockery broken, evening, 17 March; slight shock in Yorkshire, California; several small towns destroyed; about 30 killed 26, 27 March, 1872 Lehree, Eastern Catchi, Sind frontier, India, destroyed; about 500 killed 14, 15 Dec. In the course of 75 years, from 1783 to 1857, the kingdom of Naples lost, at least, 111,000 inhabitants by the effects of earthquakes, or more than 1500 per year, out of an average population of 6,000,000! EAST ANGLES, the sixth kingdom of the Heptarchy, commenced by Uffa, 526; ended with Ethelbert in 792; see Britain. The bishop's see founded by St. Felix, who converted the East Angles in 630, was eventually settled at Norwich (which see) about 1094. EASTER, instituted about 68, the festival observed by the church in commemoration of Gur Saviour's resurrection, so called in England from the Saxon goddess Eostre, whose festival was in April. After much contention between the eastern and western churches, it was ordained by the council of Nice, 325, to be observed on the same day throughout the whole Christian world. "Easter-day is the Sunday following that fourteenth day of the calendar moon which happens upon or next after the 21st March: so that, if the said fourteenth day be a Sunday, Easter-day is not that Sunday but the next.' Easter-day may be any day of the five weeks which commence with March 22 and end with April 25. The dispute between the old British church and the new Anglo-Saxon church respecting Easter was settled about 664.Easter Sunday, 1873, 13 April; 1874, 5 April; 1875, 28 March. EASTER ISLAND, in the Pacific Ocean, was discovered by Davis in 1686; it was visited by Roggewein, April 1722, and from him obtained the name it now bears; it was visited by captain Cook, March 1774. At the south-east extremity is the crater of an extinguished volcano, about two miles in circuit and 800 feet deep. EASTERN (or GREEK) CHURCH, see Greek Church. EASTERN EMPIRE. After the death of the emperor Jovian, in Feb. 364, the generals at Nice elected Valentinian as his successor; who, in June, made his brother Valens emperor of the West; the final division was in 395, between the sons of Theodosius. The eastern empire ended with the capture of Constantinople, and death of Constantine XIII., 29 May, 1453; see Turkey. Nestorius, the bishop, nominated the first patriarch of Constantinople 9 July, 381 Theodosius the Great succours Valentinian II., the 388 392 6 Sept. 394 1299 The Genoese trade in the Black sea. 1303 1353 1373 1390 Sultan Bajazet defeats the Christians under Sigismund of Hungary, at Nicopolis western emperor, and defeats the tyrant Maximus, at Aquileia Valentinian II. slain by Arbogastes the Frank, who makes Eugenius emperor. Eugenius defeated and slain by Theodosius, who re-unites the two empires Death of Theodosius; the empire finally divided between his sons-Arcadius receives the east, Honorius the west 17 Jan. Constantinople walled by Theodosius II. Alaric the Goth begins to ravage the empire Violent religious dissensions; Theodosius II. establishes schools, and revives learning The Theodosian code promulgated The councils of Ephesus, 431, 449: of Chalcedon Frequent sanguinary conflicts between the Blues 438 451 and Greens, circus factions at Constantinople, 493-520 The Justinian code published 529. War with Persia; beginning of the victorious career of Belisarius, the imperial general 529-531 He suppresses the "Nika" ("conquer") insurrection of the circus factions; 30,000 Greens slain, and Constantinople burnt. 532 Dedication of St. Sophia 537 Victories of Belisarius in Africa, Italy, and the East 28 Sept. 1396 The emperor Manuel vainly solicits help from the western sovereigns A Turkish pacha established at Athens The Greek empire made tributary to Timour, 1402; who subjugates the Turkish sultan, and dismembers his empire, 1403; death of Timour, on his way to China. Dissension amongst the Turks defers the fall of Constantinople, 1403-12; Mahomet I. aided by the emperor Manuel, becomes sultan Amurath II. in vain besieges Constantinople, 1422; peace made John Palaologus visits Rome and other places, soliciting help in vain Accession of Constantine XIII., last emperor. Accession of Mahomet II. 1451; begins the siege of Constantinople, 6 April; takes it 29 May, 1453 (He granted the Christians personal security and free exercise of their religion.) See Turkey. EMPERORS OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 364. Valens. 379. Theodosius I. the Great. 395. Arcadius, the son of Theodosius. 408. Theodosius II, succeeded his father. 450. Marcian, a Thracian of obscure family. 457. Leo I. the Thracian. 474. Leo II. the Younger, died the same year. Zeno, called the Isaurian. .. 491. Anastasius I. an Illyrian, of mean birth. 518. Justin I. originally a private soldier. 527. Justinian I. founder of the Digest. 565. Justin II. nephew of Justinian. 578. Tiberius II. renowned for his virtues. 582. Maurice, the Cappadocian: murdered with all his children, by his successor, 602. Phocas, the Usurper, a centurion, whose crimes and cruelties led to his own assassination in 610. 610. Heraclius, by whom Phocas was dethroned. 641. (Heracleonas) Constantine III. reigned a few months; poisoned by his step-mother Martina. Constans II.; assassinated in a bath. " 668. Constantine III. (or IV.) Pogonatus. 685. Justinian II. son of the preceding; abhorred for his exactions, debaucheries, and cruelties: dethroned and mutilated by his successor. 695. Leontius: dethroned and mutilated by Tiberius Aspimar. 698. Tiberius III. Aspimar. 775. Leo IV. 780. Constantine V. (or VI.) and his mother Irene. 790. Constantine, alone, by the desire of the people, Irene having become unpopular. 792. Irene again, jointly with her son, and afterwards alone, 797 deposed for her cruelties and murders, and exiled. 802. Nicephorus I. Logothetes: slain. 811. Stauracius: reigns a few days only. Michael I. defeated in battle, abdicates the throne, and retires to a monastery. 813. Leo V. the Armenian: killed in the temple at Constantinople on Christmas-day, 820, by conspirators in the interest of his successor, predecessor's consort, who has him assassinated. 969. John I. Zimisces, celebrated general; takes Basil II. and Constantine VIII. (or IX.), sons of Romanus II., as colleagues; John dies, supposed by poison, and 976. Basil II. and Constantine VIII. reign alone: the former dies in 1025; the latter in 1028. 1028. Romanus III. Argyropulus: poisoned by his profligate consort Zoe, who raises 1034. Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, to the throne: on his death Zoë places 1041. Michael V. Calaphates, as his successor: Zoë dethrones him, has his eyes put out, and marries 1042. Constantine IX. (or X.) Monomachus, and Zoë reign jointly: Zoë dies, 1050. 1054. Theodora, widow of Constantine. 1056. Michael VI. Stratiotes, or Strato: deposed. 1057. Isaac I. Comnenus: abdicates. 1059. Constantine X. (or XI.) Ducas. 1067. Eudocia, consort of the preceding, and Romanus IV. Diogenes, whom she marries, reign to the prejudice of Michael, Constantine's son. 1071. Michael VII. Parapinaces, recovers his throne, and reigns jointly with Constantine XI. (or XII.) 1078. Nicephorus III.; dethroned by 1081. Alexis or Alexius I. Comnenus, succeeded by 1118. John Comnenus, his son Kalos: died of a wound from a poisoned arrow. 1143. Manuel I. Comnenus, son of John. 1180. Alexis II. Commenus, son of the preceding, under the regency of the empress Maria, his mother. Andronicus I. Comnenus, causes Alexis to be strangled, and seizes the throne; put to death by 1183. 1185. Isaac II. Angelus-Comnenus, who is deposed, imprisoned, and deprived of his eyes by his brother, 1195. Alexis III. Angelus, the Tyrant: deposed, and his eyes put out; died in a monastery. 1203. Isaac II. again, with his son, Alexis IV.; deposed. 1204. Alexis V. Ducas, murders Alexis IV.; is killed by the crusaders. 1261. [Constantinople recovered, and the empire of the Franks or Latins terminates.] GREEK EMPERORS AT NICE. 1204. Theodore Lascaris I. 1222. John Ducas Vataces. 1255. Theodore Lascaris II., his son. 1259. John Lascaris, and (1260) Michael VIII. Pala ologus. GREEK EMPERORS AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 820. Michael II. the Stainmerer. 1261. 867. Basil I. the Macedonian. 1282. Michael VIII. now at Constantinople: puts out the eyes of John, and reigns alone. Andronicus II. Palæologus the Elder, son of preceding deposed by 886. Leo VI. the Philosopher. 911. Alexander and Constantine VI. (or VII.) Porphyrogenitus, brother and son of Leo, the latter only six years of age; the former dying in 912, Zoë, mother of Constantine, assumes the regency. 919. Romanus Lecapenus, usurper, associates with him his sons: 920. Christopher, and 928. Stephen and Constantine VII. (or VIII.) [Five emperors now reign: Christopher dies, 931; Romanus exiled by his sons Constantine and Stephen, who are themselves banished the next year.] 945. Constantine VII. (or VIII.) reigns alone: poisoned by his daughter-in-law, Theophania, 959. 959. Romanus II. son of preceding: contrived his father's death: banished his mother, Helena. 963. Nicephorus II. Phocas: married Theophania, his 1328. Andromicus III. the Younger, his grandson. 1341. John Palæologus I. under the guardianship of John Cantacuzenus: the latter proclaimed emperor at Adrianople. 1347. John Cantacuzenus abdicates. 1355. John Palæologus I. restored. 1391. Manuel II. Palæologus, his son: succeeded by his son and colleague. 1425. John Palæologus II. The throne claimed by his three brothers. 1448. Constantine Palæologus XII. (XIII. or XIV. (some of the other emperors being called Constantine by some writers) killed, when Constantinople was taken, 29 May, 1453. EAST INDIES, see India. EAST LONDON MUSEUM, see Bethnal Green. |
