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War with Persia (which see)

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ment meets

30 April, 1857

Penny postage begins

28 June, 1838 March, 1839 10 Jan. 1840

Marriage of the queen with prince Albert of Saxe

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10 Feb.

10 June,

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ο Νον. 1841

24 Jan. 1842

30 May,

Queen's visit to the Orleans family at Château d'Eu,

Emperor of Russia visits England

Dissolution of parliament, 21 March; new parlia

Death of duchess of Gloucester (aged 81), the last of George III.'s children

30 April, Mutiny of Indian army begins (see India) . March, Opening of the Fine Arts exhibition at Manchester, 5 May, Educational conference in London, prince Albert in the chair 22 June, Victoria crosses (which see) distributed by the queen in Hyde-park 26 June, Meetings for relief of sufferers by the mutiny in India [by 15 Nov. 260,000l. raised] 25 Aug. Great commercial panic; relieved by suspension of Bank Charter Act of 1844

Parliament meets.

12 Nov. 3 Dec. Marriage of princess royal to prince Frederick-William of Prussia

3 July,

Aug.

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29 Aug.

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Dec.

21 April, 1843

2 Sept.

King Louis Philippe's visit

I June, 1844 7 Oct.

Tractarian or Puseyite controversy

1844-5

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25 Jan. 1858 Excitement respecting attempted assassination of Louis Napoleon, 14 Jan.; indiscreet addresses of French colonels, published

27

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The Atlantic telegraph completely laid, and mes sages sent to lord Stanley

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The cable of 1865 recovered, and communication established with Valentia, 2 Sept.; and with Newfoundland. 8 Sept.

27 July,

31 Oct. Prince of Wales visits Canada and United States, 24 July-20 Oct. ; returns 15 Nov. Severe cold (see Cold). Dec. 1860, and Jan. 1861 14 Feb. 16 March, . 8 April,

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Charter granted for Exhibition of 1862 Death of duchess of Kent (aged 75) Excitement about "Essays and Reviews" Seventh census taken (29,192,419). Great excitement through capt. Wilkes (of U.S. navy) forcibly taking Messrs. Slidell and Mason from the Royal British Mail steamer Trent (see United States) 8 Nov. King of Sweden and his son visit London Aug. Death of the prince consort of "typhoid fever, duration 21 days," 14 Dec.; buried (see Albert Memorial) 23 Dec.

The United States' government release Messrs. Slidell and Mason 28 Dec.

Second great International Exhibition opened by the duke of Cambridge

33

1 May, 1862

May,

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Inundations in Norfolk (see Levels).
Marriage of princess Alice to Louis of Hesse, 1 July,
Prince Alfred declared king of Greece at Athens
(throne declined)

23 Oct. Final closing of international exhibition . 15 Nov. Remains of the prince consort transferred to the mausoleum at Frogmore 18 Dec. Great distress in the cotton manufacturing districts begins, April: contributions received, central relief fund, 407,830l.; Mansion-house fund, 236,9261. Rupture with Brazil

Projected attack of Fenians on Chester prevented by the authorities 11, 12 Feb. 18677

The queen laid foundation of the Albert hall of arts at S. Kensington

Visit of the Belgian volunteers (see Belgium),

Visit of the viceroy of Egypt.

20 May, 6-18 July,

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New Reform act passed (see Reform) . 15 Aug. Michael Faraday, natural philosopher (nearly 76) died

July,

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25 Aug. Preparations for the expedition to Abyssinia (see Abyssinia) Aug. Fenian outrages; rescue of prisoners at Manchester (see Fenians) 18 Sept. Synod of bishops at Lambeth (see Pan-Anglican) 24-27 Sept. Meeting of parliament respecting Abyssinian war, 19 Nov. Fenian explosion at Clerkenwell prison, London, 13 Dec. Special constables called for; 113,674 (in the U. K.) sworn in by. 28 Jan. 1860

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"Leaves from our Journal in Scotland," &c., by the

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20 Dec. Jan. 1863 Prince Alfred elected king of Greece. 3 Feb. Princess Alexandra of Denmark enters London, 7 March; married to the prince of Wales, 10 March,

The British, French, and Austrian governments re-
monstrate with Russia on cruelties in Poland,
7 April,
Inauguration of the Great Exhibition memorial to
the prince consort in the Horticultural gardens,
London
. 11 June,
Arrival of captains Grant and Speke from exploring
the source of the Nile
June,

Great decrease of distress in cotton districts Oct.
Earthquake in central and N. W. England 6 Oct.
The government declines the French emperor's pro-
posal for a congress of sovereigns.
Νον.
Death of William Thackeray (aged 52). 24 Dec.
Birth of prince Albert-Victor of Wales
Final judgment of the judicial committee of the

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Resignation of earl of Derby, 25 Feb.; the Disraeli

7 May, Arrival of the duke of Edinburgh from Australia

26 June,

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Irish and Scotch reform acts passed 13 July, Mr. Gladstone's resolution for disestablishing the Irish church; adopted by the commons, 30 April, Nearly 21,000 extra deaths attributed to the hot summer (23 July said to be the hottest)

1 July-30 Sept. Parliament dissolved 11 Nov., new parliament meets 10 Dec. Resignation of Disraeli ministry, 2 Dec.; Gladstone ministry take office. 9 Dec. Convention with the United States respecting the

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Supplemental treaty proposed; accepted by U.S. senate, 25 May; further discussion in parliament; unsatisfactory correspondence; the U.S. congress adjourns. 10 June, 1872 Strikes among builders and other trades June, Final meeting of arbitrators; damages awarded; see Alabama

14 Sept. Continued rain; floods in midland counties Dec. Death of Edward Bulwer Lord Lytton, orator, poet, and novelist, aged 66 18 Jan. 1873 Strikes among colliers, Jan.; great dearth of coal; the best, 528. a ton in London Visit of the Shah of Persia

15 Feb.

18 June,-5 July,

KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND.

BEFORE THE CONQUEST.

827. Egbert, styled "king of England" in 828.

837. Ethelwolf; his son.

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16 Feb.

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26 July,

23 Oct. 8 Feb. 1870 9 June, 27 June, received royal

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8 July,

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Neutrality in Franco-Prussian war (which see) proclaimed 2,000,000l. voted to increase the army by 20,000 men

Foreign enlistment act passed, 1 Aug.; stringent proclamation of neutrality issued Parliament prorogued

Treaty with Prussia and France for neutrality of Belgium signed

vest

Long drought: bad hay harvest: good wheat harMar.-Aug. Earl Granville repels the charge of violating neutralities made by the Prussian government,

1-15 Sept. The queen's consent to the marriage of the princess Louise to the marquis of Lorne announced 24 Oct. Foot and mouth disease prevalent among cattle Aug.-Nov. Election of elementary school-boards Nov. Excitement through the Russian note respecting the Black sea (see Russia)

Foundation of new Post-office laid

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857. Ethelbald; his son.

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Nov. 16 Dec. 20 Dec. 9 Feb. 1871

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marquis of

21 March,

Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, opened by the queen

29 March, Eighth census taken (31,817,108) 3 April, Death of sir John F. Herschel, astronomer and philosopher (aged 79) 11 May,

Death of George Grote, historian of Greece (aged 77) 18 June, First annual International Exhibition at South Kensington, opened 1 May, closed 30 Sept. Black Sea conference met 17 Jan., closed (neutralisation of Black Sea abrogated, &c.) 13 March, Disestablishment of the Church of England bill rejected in the commons (374-89), 1 May; parliament prorogued 21 Aug. Illness of the queen at Balmoral, 4 Sept. ; recovery 13 Sept. Serious illness of the prince of Wales from typhoid fever, Dec.; began to recover 14 Dec. Letter from the queen and princess to the people, thanking them for sympathy . 26 Dec.

Thanksgivings for recovery of prince of Wales

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860. Ethelbert; brother.

866. Ethelred; brother.

871. Alfred the Great; brother; died 21 or 28 Oct. 901. 901. Edward the Elder; son; died 925.

925. Athelstan; eldest son; died 17 Oct. 940.

940. Edmund I., fifth son of Edward the Elder; died from a wound received in an affray, 26 May, 946. 946. Edred; brother; died 955.

955. Edwy, eldest son of Edinund; died of grief in 958. 958. Edgar the Peaceable; brother; died 1 July, 975975. Edward the Martyr, his son, stabbed at Corfe Castle, at the instance of his step-mother Elfrida, 18 March, 979.

979. Ethelred II. half-brother; retired.

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1013. Sweyn, proclaimed king; died 3 Feb. 1014. 1014. Canute the Great; his son.

Ethelred restored in Canute's absence; died 24 April, 1016.

1016. Edmund Ironside, his son, divided the kingdom with Canute; murdered at Oxford, 30 Nov. 1016; reigned seven months.

1017. Canute sole king; married Emma, widow of Ethelred; died 12 Nov. 1035.

1035. Harold I.; son; died 17 Mar. 1040.

1040. Hardicanute, son of Canute and Emma; died of repletion at a marriage feast, 8 June, 1042.

1042. Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred and Emma; died 5 Jan. 1066.

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The queen, prince and princess of Wales, and court and parliament go in state to St. Paul's; national thanksgiving for recovery of the prince of Wales; London decorated; illuminations, &c. ; a successful day 27 Feb. The queen in a public letter, gazetted 1 March, says, "Words are too weak for the queen to say how very deeply touched and gratified she has been by the immense enthusiasm and affection exhibited towards her dear son and herself," dated 29 Feb.

The queen, while entering Buckingham Palace, threatened by Arthur O'Connor, aged about 18, who presents an unloaded pistol, with a paper to be signed; immediately apprehended 29 Feb. The queen sailed for Germany, and stayed several weeks. 23 March-7 April, Strikes among agricultural labourers in Warwickshire and other counties; a union formed, 29 March, Arthur O'Connor pleads guilty (sentenced to imprisonment and flogging). 9 April, Correspondence between the British and American governments respecting the claims for indirect losses, which the former rejects . 3 Feb. - May,

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1066. William the Conqueror; crowned 25 Dec.: died at Rouen, 9 Sept. 1087.

*

Queen, Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, earl of
Flanders; married in 1054; died in 1083.

The REGNAL DATES are those given by sir H. Nicolas, The early Norman and Plantagenet kings reckoned their reigns from the day of their coronation; the later Plantagenets from the day after the death of their predecessor. With Edward VI. began the present custom of beginning the reign on the day of the death of the preceding sovereign.

ROYAL ARMS OF ENGLAND.

William I., William II., and Henry L-two lions or leopards passant.

Stephen-sagittarius, the archer, one of the signs of the zodiac (traditional).

Henry II. to Edward II. Three lions passant.

Edward III. and his successors quartered the preceding with fleurs de lys, the arms of France.

Henry V. used only 3 fleurs de lys.

Mary I. quartered the preceding with the arms of her husband Philip II. of Spain.

UNITED KINGDOM.

James I. and his successors combined the arms of England and France (1st and 4th quarter); 2nd, the lion rampant of Scotland; 3rd, the harp of Ireland. He introduced the unicorn as a supporter of the arms. George I. George II. and George III. introduced the arms of Brunswick.

In 1801 the arms of France were omitted. In 1816 the arms were modified through Hanover being made a kingdom.

VICTORIA. In 1837 the arms of Hanover were omitted. The arms are now: 1st and 4th quarters, 3 lions passant for England; 2nd, lion rampant for Scotland; 3rd. harp for Ireland.

1087. William II. Rufus; reign began 26 Sept. ; killed by an arrow, 2 Aug. 1100.

1100. Henry I. Beauclere, his brother; reign began
5 Aug.; died of a surfeit, 1 Dec. 1135
Queens, Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of
Scotland; married 11 Nov. 1100; died 1 May,
1119. 2. Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, earl of
Louvaine; married 29 Jan. 1129; died 1151.
1135. Stephen, earl of Blois, nephew of Henry; reign
26 Dec.; died 25 Oct. 1154.

Queen, Matilda, daughter of Eustace, count of
Boulogne; married in 1128; died 3 May, 1151.
[Maud, daughter of Henry I. and rightful heir to
the throne; born 1101; betrothed, in 1109, at
eight years of age, to Henry V. emperor of Ger-
many, who died 1125. She married, secondly,
Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, 1130.
Was
set aside from the English succession by Stephen,
1135; landed in England and claimed the crown,
1139.
Crowned, but soon after defeated at Win-
chester, 1141; concluded a peace with Stephen,
which secured the succession to her son Henry,
1153; died 1165.]

THE PLANTAGENETS.

1154. Henry II. Plantagenet, grandson of Henry I. and son of Maud; reign began 19 Dec.; died 6 July, 1189.

Queen, Eleanor, the repudiated queen of Louis VII. king of France, and heiress of Guienne and Poitou; married to Henry, 1151; died 26 June, 1202; see Rosamond.

1189. Richard I. Cœur de Lion, his son; reign began 3 Sept.; died of a wound, 6 April, 1199. Queen, Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre; married 12 May, 1191; survived the king. 1199. John, the brother of Richard; reign began 27 May; died 19 Oct. 1216.

Queens, Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester; married in 1189; divorced. 2. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoulême: she was the young and virgin wife of the count de la Marche; married to John in 1200. Survived the king, on whose death she was re-married to the count de la Marche.

1216 Henry III. son of John; reign began 28 Oct.; died 16 Nov. 1272.

Queen, Eleanor, daughter of the count de Provence; married 14 Jan. 1236; survived the king; and died in 1291, in a monastery.

1272. Edward I. son of Henry, surnamed Longshanks; reign began 20 Nov.; died 7 July, 1307. Queens, Eleanor of Castile; married in 1253; died of a fever, on her journey to Scotland, at Grantham, in Lincolnshire, 1290. 2. Margaret, sister of the king of France; married 12 Sept. 1299; survived the king, dying in 1317.

1307. Edward II. son of Edward I.; reign began 8 July; dethroned 20 Jan. 1327; murdered at Berkeley castle, 21 Sept. following.

Queen, Isabella, daughter of the king of France; married in 1308. On the death, by the gibbet, of her favourite Mortimer, she was confined for the rest of her life in her own house at Risings, near Lynn, and died in 1357.

1327. Edward III. his son; reign began 25 Jan.; died

21 June, 1377

Queen, Philippa, daughter of the count of Hainault; married in 1326; died 15 Aug. 1369.

1377. Richard II. son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III.; reign began 22 June; dethroned 29 Sept. 1399; said to have been murdered at Pomfret castle, 10 Feb. following. Queens, Anne of Bohemia, sister of the emperor Wenceslaus of Germany; married in Jan. 1382; died 7 June, 1394- 2. Isabella, daughter of Charles V. of France; married when only seven years old, 1 Nov. 1396. On the deposition of her husband she returned to her father.

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1485. Henry VII.; began to reign 22 Aug.; died 21 April, 1509.

Queen, Elizabeth of York, princess of England, daughter of Edward IV.; married 18 Jan. 1486; died 11 Feb. 1503.

1509. Henry VIII. his son; began to reign, 22 April; died 28 Jan. 1547

1547.

1553.

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Queens, Catherine of Aragon, widow of Henry's elder brother, Arthur, prince of Wales; married 7 June, 1509; mother of queen Mary; repudiated, and afterwards formally divorced, 23 May, 1533 died 7 Jan. 1536.

2. Anne Boleyn, daughter of sir Thomas Boleyn, and maid of honour to Catherine; privately married, before Catherine was divorced, 14 Nov. 1532; mother of queen Elizabeth; beheaded at the Tower, 19 May, 1536.

3. Jane Seymour, daughter of sir John Seymour, and maid of honour to Anne Boleyn; married 20 May, 1536, the day after Anne's execution; mother of Edward VI. of whom she died in childbirth, 24 Oct. 1537

4. Anne of Cleves, sister of William, duke of Cleves; married 6 Jan. 1540; divorced 10 July, 1540; died 1557.

5. Catherine Howard, niece of the duke of Norfolk; married 28 July, 1540; beheaded, 12 Feb.

1542.

6. Catherine Parr, daughter of sir Thomas Parr, and widow of Nevill, lord Latimer; married 12 July, 1543 survived the king, after whose death she married sir Thomas Seymour, created lord Sudley; died 5 Sept. 1548.

Edward VI. son of Henry VIII. (by Jane Seymour);
died 6 July, 1553-

Jane, daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and wife of
lord Guildford Dudley; proclaimed queen on the
death of Edward; ten days afterwards returned
to private life; was tried 13 Nov. 1553; beheaded
12 Feb. 1554, when but 17 years of age.
Mary, daughter of Henry (by Catherine of Aragon)
married Philip of Spain, 25 July, 1554; died 17
Nov. 1558.

1558. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry (by Anne Boleyn), died 24 March, 1603.

HOUSE OF STUART.

1603. James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, son of Mary, queen of Scots; died 27 March, 1625. Queen, Aune, princess of Denmark, daughter of Freder.ck II; married 20 Aug. 1590; died March, 1619.

1625. Charles I. his son; beheaded at Whitehall, 30

1649.

Jan.

Queen, Henrietta-Maria, daughter of Henry IV.

ENGLAND.

king of France; married 13 June, 1625; survived the king; died in France 10 Aug. 1669. 1649. COMMONWEALTH. Oliver Cromwell made protector, 12 Dec. 1653; died 3 Sept. 1658. 1658. Richard Cromwell, his son, made protector, 4 Sept. resigned 22 April, 1659.

1660. Charles II. son of Charles I.; died 6 Feb. 1685.

Queen, Catherine of Braganza, infanta of Portugal, daughter of John IV. and sister of Alfonso VI.; married 21 May, 1662; survived the king; returned to Portugal; died 21 Dec. 1705. 1685. James II. his brother; abdicated by flight, 11 Dec. 1688; died in exile, 6 Aug. 1701.

[1st Wife, Ann Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon; married Sept. 1660; died 1671; mother of queens Mary II. and Anne.] Queen, Mary Beatrice, princess of Modena, daughter of Alphonso d'Este, duke; married 21 Nov. 1673; in 1688 retired with James to France; died at St. Germains, 1718.

1689. William III. prince of Orange, king, and Mary, queen, daughter of James; married 4 Nov. 1677; began their reign, 13 Feb. 1689; Mary died 28 Dec. 1694.

1694. William III.; died of a fall from his horse, 8 March,

1702.

1702. Anne, daughter of James II.; married George, prince of Denmark, 28 July, 1683; succeeded to the throne, 8 March, 1702: had thirteen children, all of whom died young; lost her husband, 28 Oct. 1708; died 1 Aug. 1714.

HOUSE OF HANOVER. (See Brunswick and Este.) 1714. George I. elector of Hanover and duke of Brunswick-Luneburg; son of Sophia, who was daughter of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I.; died 11 June, 1727.

Queen, Sophia-Dorothea, daughter of the duke of
Zell; died in prison, 2 Nov. 1726.

1727. George II. his son; died 25 Oct. 1760.

Queen, Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of Brandenburg Anspach; married 1705; died 20 Nov.

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1820.

Queen, Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; married 8 Sept. 1761; died 17 Nov. 1818.

1820. George IV. his son; died 26 June, 1830.

Queen, Caroline Amelia Augusta, daughter of the duke of Brunswick; married 8 April, 1795; died 7 Aug. 1821 (see article Queen Caroline) 1830. William IV. brother of George IV.; died 20 June, 1837.

Queen, Adelaide Amelia Louisa Theresa Caroline, sister of the duke of Saxe-Meiningen; married 11 July, 1818; died 2 Dec. 1849. 1837. Victoria, the reigning queen, WHOM GOD PRE

SERVE.

THE PRESENT ROYAL FAMILY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The QUEEN, Alexandrina VICTORIA, only daughter of Edward, duke of Kent, (fourth son of king George III.) born 24 May, 1819; succeeded to the throne on the decease of her uncle, William IV. 20 June, 1837; crowned at Westminster, 28 June, 1838; married (10 Feb., 1840) to her cousin, Francis-ALBERT-Augustus-Charles-Emmanuel, duke of Saxe, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; born 26 Aug. 1819, naturalized, 24 Jan. 1840; (ordered to be styled Prince Consort 20 June, 1857 :) elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge, 28 Feb. 1847; died 14 Dec. 1861.

ISSUE.

I. VICTORIA-Adelaide-Mary-Louisa, princess royal, born 21 Nov. 1840; married to prince Frederick-William,

*On 1 Nov. 1858, the queen was proclaimed throughout India as "Vietoria, by the grace of God, of the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the colonies and dependencies thereof, in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australasia, QUEEN, defender of the faith,"

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of Prussia, 25 Jan. 1858 (dowry 40,000l. and annuity of 8000l.). Issue: Frederick-William, born 27 Jan 1859 and 4 other children.

2. ALBERT-EDWARD, prince of Wales, duke of Saxony, duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, earl of Chester, Carrick, and Dublin, baron of Renfrew, and lord of the Isles, born 9 Nov. 1841; married princess Alexandra of Denmark (born 1 Dec. 1844) 10 March, 1863. Issue; Albert Victor, born 8 Jan. 1864; George Frederick, born 3 June, 1865; Louisa Victoria, born 20 Feb. 1867; Victoria Alexandra, born 6 July, 1868; Maud Charlotte, 26 Nov. 1869; Alexander John, born 6 April, died 7 April, 1871. (See Wales) 3. ALICE-Maud-Mary, born 25 April, 1843; married prince Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1 July, 1862 (dowry 30,000l., annuity 6000l.). Issue: Victoria, 5 April, 1863; and 5 other children.

4. ALFRED-Ernest, born 6 Aug. 1844; entered the Euryalus as midshipman, 31 Aug. 1858; created duke of Edinburgh, &c. 24 May, 1866; visited Cape of Good Hope, Aug.; Australia, Nov. 1867; escaped assassination by a Fenian at Port Jackson, 12 March, 1868; visited Japan, China, and India, 1869. 5. HELENA-Augusta-Victoria, born 25 May, 1846; married to prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, 5 July, 1866. Issue: Christian Victor, born 14 April, 1867; and 3 other children.

6.

LOUISE-Carolina-Alberta, born 18 March, 1848; married to John, marquis of Lorne, 21 March, 1871. 7. ARTHUR-William-Patrick-Albert, born 1 May, 1850; voted 15,000l. a-year, 31 July, 1871.

9.

8. LEOPOLD-George-Duncan-Albert, born 7 April, 1853. BEATRICE-Mary-Victoria-Feodore, born 14 April, 1857 THE QUEEN'S AUNT and COUSINS, Augusta, duchess (widow of duke) of Cambridge, born 25 July, 1797. Her son, George, duke of Cambridge, commander-inchief, born 26 March, 1819; and

Her daughters, Augusta, grand duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, born 19 July, 1822; married 28 June, 1843; and the princess Mary of Cambridge, born 27 Nov. 1833; married to the prince of Teck, 12 June, 1866.

Queen's cousin, George, king of Hanover, duke of Cumberland see Hanover.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE is traced from the Frisian variety of the Teutonic or Germanic branch of the great Indo-European family. "The English tongue possesses a veritable power of expression such as, perhaps, never stood at the command of Grimm. any other language of man."

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John Wickliffe, t.
John Gower, p.
Geoffrey Chaucer, p.
Paston Letters
Wm. Caxton

Sir Thomas More, h. p.
Sir Philip Sidney. n. p.
Holinshed's Chronicles, 1586.

Died

1384

about 1320

1402

1328

1400

1460

1482

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