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Samuel Rogers, p.

1763

1855

William Wordsworth, p.

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R. H. Dana, p. e......

1787

1879

Bryan W. Procter (Barry Cornwall "), p... 1790

1874

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1871

Percy B. Shelley, p..

1792

1822

J. R. Drake, p..

1795

1820

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ENGRAVING ON COPPER -Prints from engraved copper plates
made their appearance about 1450, and were first produced
in Germany. Masso, surnamed Finiguerra, is considered
to have been the first Italian engraver, about 1440; see
Niello.

The earliest date known of a copper-plate engraving is 1461.
Rolling presses for working the plates were invented in 1545.
Of the art of etching on copper by means of aqua-fortis,
Francis Mazzuoli, or Parmegiano, is the reputed inventor,
about 1532.-De Piles.

Etching was practised by Albert Dürer, and most especially
by Rembrandt. Its revival began about 1860. Eminent
modern etchers: Messrs. Lalanne, P. G. Hamerton, F. Sey.
mour Haden, Bracquemond, Jacquemart, Martial, and oth-
ers. The Etching Club was established in 1838.
Society of Painter-etchers formed; opened an exhibition, April,

1881.

ENGRAVING ON WOOD, long known in China, began in Europe with the briefmahlers, or manufacturers of playing-cards, about 1400 (see Printing). The art is referred by some to a Florentine, and by others to Reuss, a German; it was greatly improved by Dürer (1471-1528) and Lucas van Leyden (1497). It was much improved in England by Bewick and his brother, and pupils Nesbitt, Anderson, etc.. 1789 et seq The earliest wood engraving which has reached our times is one representing St. Christopher carrying the infant Jesus over the sea; it bears date 1423.

ENGRAVING ON SOFT STEEL, to be hardened afterwards, was
introduced into England by Messrs. Perkins and Heath, of
Philadelphia, 1819.

John Pye, father of English landscape engraving," died 6
Feb. 1874.

MEZZOTINTO 18 said to have been discovered by col. von Siegen,
who engraved a portrait of princess Amelia of Hesse in
mezzotinto in 1643; it was improved by prince Rupert in
1648; and by sir Christopher Wren, about 1662.
Aquatinta, by which a soft and beautiful effect is produced,
was invented by the celebrated French artist St. Non,
about 1662; he communicated his invention to Le Prince.
Barabbe of Paris was distinguished for his improvements
in this kind of engraving, 1763. Chiaroscuro engraving
originated with the Germans, and was first practised by
Mair, one of whose prints bears date 1491; see Zinc, etc.
Enlistment. No persons enlisting as soldiers or
1853 sailors are to be sworn in before a magistrate in less

1836

1837

1837

1837

than twenty-four hours after, and they are then at liberty to withdraw upon their returning the enlistment or bounty money and 21s. costs. Enlistment is now entirely voluntary. In 1847 the term of enlistment was limited to ten years for the infantry, and twelve years for the cavalry, artillery, and royal marines; and in 1867, to twelve years; see Army, 1867 and 1879, and Foreign Enlistment.

Enniskillen (N.W. Ireland). This town made an obstinate defence against the army of Elizabeth, 1595, and resisted James II., 1689. 1500 Enniskilleners met his gen. M'Carthy at Newton Butler with 6000 men (of whom 3000 were slain, and nearly all the rest made prisoners), they losing but twenty men, 30 July, 1689. The dragoon regiment the "Inniskillingers" was originally recruited here.

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Entail of Estates began with the statute of Westminster, 1285. Subsequent legislation broke the entail in cases of treason (1534), when the estate is to revert to the crown, and of bankruptcy (1833 and 1849), when

it is to be sold. The law of entail in Scotland was amended in 1875.

Entertainment of the People Society, for the very poor, held first concert at the board schoolroom, Saffron hill, London, Saturday, 12 April, 1879.

Entomology, the science of insects, now mainly based upon the arrangement of Linnæus, 1739. Ray's "Methodus Insectorum," 1705; "Insectorum Historia," 1710. The Entomological Society of London was instituted in 1833. A National Entomological Exhibition at the Westminster Aquarium was opened 9 March, 1878.

Envelopes for letters are mentioned by Swift, 1726. Stamped adhesive envelopes came into general use shortly after the establishment of the penny postal system, 10 Jan. 1840. Machinery for their manufacture was patented by Mr. George Wilson in 1844; and by Messrs. E. Hill and Warren De La Rue, 17 March, 1845. Envoys at Courts, in dignity below ambassadors, enjoy the protection, but not the ceremonies, of ambassadors. Envoys-extraordinary are of modern date. Wicquefort. The court of France denied to them the ceremony of being conducted to court in the royal carriages, 1639.

Eozoön Canadense, asserted to be the earliest known form of life, is a species of foraminifera, found by prof. J. W. Dawson, of Montreal, in Laurentian limestone, in 1858.

Epact (Greek, iπaктóç, added) is the excess of the solar month above the lunar synodical month, 1 day, 11 hours, 15 minutes, 57 seconds, the lunar month being only 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds; and the excess of the solar year above the lunar synodical year (nearly 11 days), the lunar year being 354 days. The number of the Gregorian epact for 1877, 15; 1878, 26; 1879, 7; 1880, 18.

sians is dated A.D. 64. The third general council was held here in 431. After investigation, begun in 1863, Mr. J. T. Wood discovered the site of the temple of Diana in April, 1870; and about 60 tons of marble were shipped at Smyrna for the British Museum, Jan. 1872, part of which arrived in the summer. Mr. Wood published an illustrated account of his discoveries in 1876. The site of the temple was purchased for the British Museum.

Ephori, powerful magistrates of Sparta, five in number, said to have been first created by Theopompus to control the royal power, about 757 B.C.

Epic Poems (from Greek πоç, a song), narratives in verse. Eminent examples:

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Epicurean Philosophy. Epicurus of Gargettus, good consists in peace of mind springing from virtue, as near Athens, about 300 B.C., taught that the greatest tending to prevent disquiet; but the name epicurean is frequently given to those who derive happiness from sensual pleasure; see Atoms.

Epidaurus (Greece), celebrated for the temple of Asclepius, or Esculapius, god of medicine, and enriched by gifts from persons healed. The Romans sent an embassy to seek the help of the god during a pestilence, and his worship was introduced at Rome, 293 B.C. temple was visited by Æmilius Paulus, after his conquest of Macedonia, 167 B.C.

The

Epidemiological Society, established in 1850.
Epigenesis, see Spontaneous Generation.

Epigrams derive their origin from the inscriptions
placed by the ancients on tombs. Marcus Valerius
Martialis, the Latin epigrammatist, who flourished about
A.D. 83, is allowed to have excelled all others, ancient or
modern. The following epigram on Christ's turning
water into wine (John iii.) is an example: "Vidit et
erubuit lympha pudica Deum." "The modest water
saw its God, and blushed.”—Crashaw (died 1650).
"The Epigrammatists," a collection by rev. H. P. Dodd, pub-
lished 1870 and 1875.

Epiphany (appearance), a feast (Jan. 6), termed Twelfth-day, celebrates the manifestation of the Saviour by the appearance of the star which conducted the Magi to the place where he was to be found; instituted 813.— Whately.

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The first Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus) settled in Epirus, after
the Trojan war, 1170 B. C., and was killed in the temple
of Delphi...
...about B. C 1165
Pyrrhus the Great reigns, 295; he takes Macedon from
Demetrius, 290; compelled to yield to Lysimachus... 287
He invades Italy; defeats the Romans, 280; again, 279;
subdues Sicily...

Dentatus at Beneventum

Épernay (N.E. France), seat of the trade in cham- He invades Italy again, and is totally defeated by Curius pagne, was taken from the League by Henry IV., 26 July, 1592, when marshal Armand Biron was killed.

Ephesus (in Asia Minor), a city founded by the Ionians about 1043 B.C. It was subdued by Cyrus in 544 B.C.; revolted from the Persians, 501 B.C.; and was destroyed by an earthquake in A.D. 17; see Diana, Temple of, and Seven Churches. Paul preached here A.D. 55, 56 (Acts xviii., xix.). His epistle to the Ephe

He takes Macedon from Antigonus

He unsuccessfully invades Sparta; enters Argos, and is
killed by a tile, thrown by a woman.

Philip unites Epirus to Macedon
Its conquest by the Romans..
Epirus annexed to the Ottoman empire.
An insurrection against the Turks put down..

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Episcopacy, see Bishops.

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278

275

273

272

220

167

A. D. 1466

1854

Epistles, or LETTERS. The earliest known letter | the civil power in spiritual matters and the law of patis that sent to Joab by David by the hands of Uriah, ronage are now termed Erastians. about 1035 (2 Sam. xi. 14); see under article Bible. Horace Walpole, renowned for his letters, was born 5 Oct. 1717; died 2 March, 1797. The collection entitled Elegant Epistles," commencing with Cicero, was published in 1790. It ends with an essay on letter-writing by Dr. Johnson.

66

Epitaphs were inscribed on tombs by the Egyptians, Jews, Greeks, and Romans. Mr. T. J. Pettigrew published a collection entitled "Chronicles of the Tombs,"

in 1857.

Epithalamium, a nuptial song at marriage. Tisias, the lyric poet, is said to have been the first writer of one. He received the name of Stesichorus, from the alterations made by him in music and dancing, about 536 B.C. -Bossuet.

Epocha, a point of time made remarkable by some event, from which subsequent years are reckoned by historians and chronologers; see Eras.

Creation......

Deluge

First Olympiad.

Building of Rome

The birth of Christ..

.B. C. 4004

.A.D.

2348

Erasures. By order of sir John Romilly, master of the rolls, in 1855, no document corrected by erasure with the knife was to be heuceforth received in his court. The errors must be corrected with the pen. It is so in the army courts.

Erdington Orphanage, etc., see Orphans' Houses. Erfurt (Central Germany) was founded in 476, and its university established about 1390. Erfurt was ceded to Prussia in 1802. It capitulated to Murat, when 14,000 Prussian troops surrendered, 16 Oct. 1806. In this city Napoleon and Alexander met, and offered peace to England, 27 Sept. 1808. The French retreated to Erfurt from Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813. A German parliament met here in March and April, 1850.

Ericsson's Caloric Engine, see Heat, note.

Erie, FORT, in Upper Canada, nearly opposite Black Rock, was the theatre of many stirring events. On 3 July, 1814, it was taken from the British by a part of gen. Brown's division, commanded by gens. Scott and Ripley. The garrison withdrew to the intrenched Brit776 ish camp. Early in Aug., Fort Erie was besieged by 753 gen. Drummond, with 5000 men. Gen. Gaines was in 1 command of the fort, with 2500 troops. Drummond made a severe assault on the 15th, but was repulsed with the loss of almost 600 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost 26 killed and 86 wounded command of the fort, a sortie was made, by his orders, by during the siege. On 17 Sept., when gen. Brown had 3000 of his division, who drove the British towards ChipEquestrian Order in Rome began with Romulus, pewa. They were then more than 5000 strong. In that about 750 B.C.; see Knighthood.

The Hegira (or flight of Mahomet)

622

Epping Forest, see Forests, note. Epsom (Surrey). The mineral springs were discovered in 1618. The races began about 1711, and have been held annually since 1730.

Equinox. When the sun in his progress passes through the equator in one of the equinoctial points, the day and night are equal all over the globe. This occurs twice in the year: about 21 March the vernal equinox, and 22 Sept. the autumnal equinox. The equinoctial points move backwards about 50 seconds yearly, requiring 25,000 years to accomplish a complete revolution. This is called the precession of the equinoxes, which is said to have been observed by the ancient astronomers. Equity, COURTS OF, are those of the lord chancellor, the vice-chancellors, and the master of the rolls, their office being to correct the operations of the literal text of the law, and supply its defects by reasonable construction not admissible in a court of law. The supreme court of session in Scotland combines the functions of law and equity. In 1865 equity powers were conferred on the county courts for cases respecting sums under 5001; see Supreme Court, in which law and equity are combined.

sortie the British lost almost 1000 men. The Americans lost 79 killed and 216 wounded.

Erivan (Armenia), in the sixteenth century the residence of the shahs of Persia, was taken by the Turks in 1553 and 1582, but recovered by Abbas the Great, 1604. After being several times captured, it was ceded to Persia, 1769. It was taken by Paskiewitch in 1827, and annexed to Russia by treaty in Feb. 1828.

Erzeroum (Asiatic Turkey), a city built by Theodosius II., 415; taken by the Seljuk Turks in the thirteenth century, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. It was captured by the Russian gen., Paskiewitch, June, 1829, but restored in 1830. It was almost totally destroyed by earthquakes, 2 June to 17 July, 1859.

Escheats, land or other property that falls to a lord within his manor by forfeiture or death. The escheator observes the rights of the king in the county whereof he is escheator.-Cowel. In London, a court of escheats was held before the lord mayor to recover the property of a bastard who died intestate for the king, 16 July,

Eras. The principal are more fully noticed in their 1771 such a court had not been held in the city for 150 alphabetical order.

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commenced

The Olympiads belong to the Grecians, and date from 1
July, 776 B.C.; they subsequently reckoned by in-
dictions, the first beginning A.D. 313; these, among
chronologers, are still used (see Indictions).
The Romans reckoned from the founding of their city,
A. U.C. (anno urbis condita).

Spanish Era (of the conquest of Spain), Varro, 752, Cato
the Elder; the 16th year of the emperor Augustus (see
Cæsars) long used by the Spaniards........ A. D. 1 Jan.
Era of Diocletian or Martyrs....
.began 29 Aug.
The Mahometans began their era from the Hegira, or
flight of their prophet from Mecca...
16 July,

747

312

753

38

284

622

(See Creation, Anno Domini, Calendar.) Erastianism, the opinions of Thomas Lieber (Latinized Erastus), a German physician (1524-83), who taught that the church had no right to exclude any person from church ordinances, to inflict excommunication, etc. Persons who acknowledge the jurisdiction of

years before.-Phillips.

Escombrera Bay, BATTLE OF; see Spain, 11 Oct.

1873.

Escurial, properly ESCORIAL (25 miles N.W. of Madrid), the magnificent palace of the sovereigns of Spain, termed the eighth wonder of the world, was commenced by Philip II. in 1563, and completed in 1586, at a cost of about 10,000,000l. It was built in the form of a gridiron in honor of St. Lawrence, on whose day (10 Aug. 1557) the Spaniards gained the victory of St. Quentin. According to Francisco de los Santos, the total length of all its rooms and apartments is above 120 English miles. The Escurial comprises a church, mausoleum, monastery, palace, library, and museum. It was struck by lightning and caught fire 11.30 P.M., 1 Oct. 1872, and was much damaged; but the grand library and other treasures were preserved.

Esparto (from the Latin spartum; stipa tenacissima of Linnæus), a Spanish grass used by Romans for whipthongs, and now largely employed in paper-making. In 1856 about 50 tons, in 1870 above 100,000 tons, were imported into Britain. The price has risen from 41. to 107.

per ton. Living plants were received at Newcastle, July, 1867.

Espierres (Belgium). At Pont-à-Chin, near this village, the French, under Pichegru, attacked the allied English and Austrian army (100,000 men), commanded by the duke of York, and were repulsed after a long and desperate engagement, losing the advantages gained by the victory at Turcoing, 22 May, 1794.

Esprit, SAINT (or Holy Ghost), the title of an order of knighthood, founded by Henry III of France in 1578,

and abolished in 1791.

Esquires, among the Greeks and Romans, were armor-bearers to, or attendants on, a knight.-Blount. In England, the king created esquires by putting about their necks the collars of SS, and bestowing upon them a pair of silver spurs. John de Kingston was created a squire by patent, 13 Richard II. 1389-90.

"Essays and Reviews," by six clergymen and one layman of the Church of England (the rev. Drs. Frederick Temple and Rowland Williams, prof. Baden Powell, H. B. Wilson, Mark Pattison, prof. B. Jowett, and Mr. C. W. Goodwin), were published in an 8vo vol. in March, 1860. The book did not excite much attention at first; but having been severely censured for heterodox views by nearly all the bishops and many of the clergy, it created much excitement in 1861, and was condemned by convocation 24 June, 1864. The ecclesiastical courts sentenced the revs. R. Williams and H. B. Wilson to suspension for one year, and costs, 15 Dec. 1862; but on appeal the sentence was reversed by the judicial committee of the privy council, 8 Feb. 1864. The most remarkable among the works put forth in position (in 1862) are the "Aids to Faith," edited by the bishop of Gloucester (W. Thomson, now archbishop of York), and "Replies to Essays and Reviews," edited by the bishop of Oxford (S. Wilberforce). The election of Dr. Temple to the see of Exeter was much opposed on account of his essay in this collection; see Church of England, 1869.

op

Essenes, an ascetic Jewish sect at the time of Christ.

Essex, KINGDOM OF; see under Britain.

EARLS OF ESSEX (from Nicolas).

..14 Sept. 1144

Geoffrey de Mandeville, created earl of Essex by Matilda,
was slain...
Humphrey de Bohun succeeded by right of his mother,
Mary, sister of William, who died without heir...
Humphrey de Bohun, died without heir.

Thomas of Woodstock, son of Edward III., 1372; murdered....

Henry Bourchier, grandson

Henry Bourchier, grandson; died without heir (earldom

extinct)..

Thomas Cromwell, 1539; beheaded..

William Parr, 1543; attainted..

Walter Devereux, 1572; died...

Robert Devereux, lord lieut. of Ireland, 1599; censured

for misgovernment; conspired against the government; beheaded...

Robert (son); died without heir.

Arthur Capel, ancestor of the present earl..

1189
1372

1397
1461

1539

1540

1543
1576

.25 Feb. 1601

1646 .. 1661

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ether was first discovered by Kunkel, in 1681; and muriatic ether, from the chloride of tin, by Courtanvaux, in 1759. Acetic ether was discovered by count Lauraguais, same year; and hydriotic ether was first prepared by Gay-Lussac. The phosphoric ether was obtained by M. Boullay. The discovery that by inhaling ether the patient is rendered unconscious of pain is due to Dr. Charles T. Jackson, of Boston, U. S. Mr. Thomas Morton, of the same place, first introduced it into surgical practice, under Dr. Jackson's directions (1846); see Chloroform and Amylene. The term "ether" was applied to the transparent celestial space by the German astronomer Encke, about 1829, when studying the elements of Pons's comet, discovered in 1818.

Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius contain heathen systems; Ethics (Greek term for Morals). The works of the New Testament is that of Christianity. Paley's "Moral Philosophy" appeared in 1785, and Whewell's "Elements of Morality" in 1845.

Ethiopia. The name was applied anciently rather vaguely to countries the inhabitants of which had sunburnt complexions, in Asia and Africa; but is now considered to apply properly to the modern Nubia, Sennaar, and Northern Abyssinia. Many pyramids exist at Napata, the capital of Meroë, the civilized part of ancient Ethiopia.

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Ethnology, a branch of anthropology, is defined as the science "which determines the distinctive characters of the persistent modifications of mankind, their distribution, and the causes of the modifications and distribution." The study of the relations of the different divisions of mankind to each other is of recent origin. Balbi's "Ethnographic Atlas" was published in 1826, and Dr. Prichard's great work, "Researches on the Physical History of Mankind," 1841-7. The Ethnological Society, established in 1843, published transactions. On 17 Jan. 1871, it was amalgamated with the Anthropological Society (which see), and named the Anthropological Institute. Dr. R. G. Latham's works, "On the Ethnology of the British Empire," appeared in 1851-2. Prof. T. H. Huxley gave courses of lectures on ethnology at the Royal Institution, London, May and June, 1866, 1867.

Ethyl, a compound radical, a colorless gas, with a slightly ethereal odor, a compound of carbon and hydrogen, first obtained in the free state by prof. Edward Frankland in 1849. Several of its compounds with metals take fire on exposure to the air.

Essling, BATTLE OF, see Asperne. Este, HOUSE OF. Boniface, count of Lucca and duke of Tuscany, about 811, is said to have descended from Odoacer, king of Italy. From Boniface sprang Albert Azzo II., marquess of Italy and lord of Este, born about 996, who married-first, Cunegonda of the house of Guelf, by whom he had Guelf, duke of Bavaria, the ancestor of the house of Brunswick (see Bavaria and Brunswick); and, secondly, Gersonda, by whom he had Fulk, the ancestor of the Estes, dukes of Ferrara and Mo-eruptions, 125, 121, and 43 B.C.—Livy.

dena.

Estella (N. Spain). In a conflict at Peña Mura, near this place, 25-28 June, 1874, the republicans were repulsed, and their general, Manuel de Concha (aged 66), killed by the Carlists, 27 June.

Esthonia, or REVEL, a Russian province, said to have been conquered by the Teutonic knights in the twelfth century; after various changes it was ceded to

Etna, MOUNT (Sicily). Here were the fabled forges of the Cyclops, and it is called by Pindar the pillar of heaven. Eruptions are mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as happening 1693 B.C., and Thucydides speaks of three eruptions as occurring 734, 477, and 425 B.C. There were

Eruptions, A. D. 40, 254, and 420.-Carrera.
One in 1012.-Geoffrey de Viterbo.
One overwhelmed Catania, when 15,000 inhabitants per-
ished in the burning ruins..

Eruptions, 1329, 1408, 1445, 1536, 1537, 1564, et seq.
In 1669, when tens of thousands of persons perished in
the streams of lava which rolled over the whole coun-
try for forty days.

Eruptions in 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811, and in May, 1830,
when several villages were destroyed, and showers of
lava reached near to Rome.

1169

The town of Bronte was destroyed..
Violent eruption occurred in..

18 Nov. 1832

EUT

.Aug. and Sept. 1852 Lord's Supper; see Sacrament.
Eucharist, thanksgiving, an early name for the

An eruption began on 1 Feb., and ceased in........July, 1865
Violent eruption began...
Another eruption began..
Violent eruption....

.....28 Nov. 1868 .29 Aug. 1874 26 May-7 June, 1879

Eton College (Buckinghamshire), founded by Henry VI. in 1440, and designed as a nursery to King's College, Cambridge. John Stanbery, confessor to Henry VI. (bishop of Bangor, in 1448), was nominated the first provost. One of the provosts, William Waynflete (bishop of Winchester, 1447) greatly promoted the erection of the buildings. Besides about three hundred noblemen's and gentlemen's sons, there were seventy king's scholars on the foundation, who, when properly qualified, were formerly elected, on the first Tuesday in August, to King's College, Cambridge, and removed there when there were vacancies, according to seniority. The establishment of the Montem is nearly coeval with the college. It consisted in the procession of the scholars, arrayed in fancy dresses, to Salt-hill once in three years; the donations collected on the road (sometimes as much as 8007.) were given to the senior or best scholar, their tain, for his support while studying at Cambridge. The capmontem was discontinued in 1847. The college system was modified by the Public Schools act, 1868. In 1873 the practice of electing students to King's College, Cambridge, ceased, the scholars to be students at Cambridge being chosen there. In 1880 there were 853

students.

Etruria (or TUSCIA, hence the modern name Tuscany), a province of Italy, whence the Romans, in a great measure, derived their laws, customs, and superstitions. Herodotus asserts that the country was conquered by a colony of Lydians. The subjugation of this country forms an important part of early Roman history. It was most powerful under Porsena of Clusium, who attempted to reinstate the Tarquins, 506 B.C. Veii was taken by Camillus, 396 B.C. A truce between the Romans and Etrurians for forty years was concluded, 351 b.c. The latter and their allies were defeated at the Vadimonian lake, 310, with the Boii their allies, 283 B.C., and totally lost their independence about 265 B.C. The vases and other works of the Etruscans still remaining show the degree of their civilization. Napoleon I. established a kingdom of Etruria, 1801, and suppressed it 1807; see Tuscany. "The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," by George Dennis, published 1848 and 1878. Etruria, Staffordshire, the site of Josiah Wedgwood's porcelain works, etc., was founded in 1771.

Two

Euboea, the largest island in the Egean sea. of its cities, Chalcis and Eretria, were very important, till the former was subdued by Athens, 506 B.C., and the latter by the Persians, 490. After the Persian war, Euboea became wholly subject to Athens, and was its most valuable possession. It revolted in 445, but was soon subdued by Pericles. After the battle of Charonea, 338, it became subject to Macedon. It was made independent by the Romans in 194; but was afterwards incorporated in the province of Achaia. It now forms part of the kingdom of Greece.

Eucalyptus Globulus, or Blue Gum-tree, a very fast-growing Tasmanian evergreen, of the order Myrtaceœ. From the extraordinary power of its roots of absorbing moisture, and the salutary aromatic odor of its leaves, it has been found highly beneficial in counteracting the malaria of marshy districts of hot climates, and hence has been named the fever-destroying tree. M. Ramel first sent seeds from Melbourne to Paris in 1854, and subsequently seeds were distributed over the south of Europe, the north and south of Africa, and elsewhere. He died in 1881.

Euclid's Elements. Euclid, a native of Alexandria, flourished about 300 B.C. The "Elements" are not rived from Thales, Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and others. wholly his; for many of the demonstrations were deEuclid reduced them to order, and probably inserted printed at Basil by Simon Grynæus, in 1533. many theorems of his own. The "Elements" were first

Eudiometer, an apparatus to ascertain the purity of atmospheric air, or the quantity of oxygen gas or vital air contained in it; one was invented by Dr. Priestley in 1772.

Eugubine Tables, seven tablets of brass, probable date about 400 B.C. (with inscriptions relating to sacrifices, etc.-four in Umbrian, two Latin, and one partly in both dialects), were discovered in 1444 at Gubbio, the ancient Eugubium, or Iguvium. The inscriptions are accurately given by Lepsius, in his "Inscriptiones Umbricæ et Oscæ," 1841.

Assyrians, and said to have been first employed by Se-
Eunuchs, first mentioned among the Egyptians and
miramis, queen of Assyria, about 2007 B.C.
frequently attained to political power in the later East-
Eunuchs
ern empire.

Eupatoria (KOSLEFF), a seaport on the west coast
of the Crimea. After the allied French, English, and
detachment under capt. Brock occupied this place, which
Turkish armies landed in the Crimea, 14 Sept. 1854, a
tacked 17 Feb. 1855, by 40,000 Russians under Liprandi.
was afterwards reinforced by the Turks. It was at-
Turks, whose loss was only 50, among whom, however,
The latter were repulsed with the loss of 500 men by the
tingent.
was Selim Pacha, the commander of the Egyptian con-

Euphrates Valley Railway, as a speedy means of reaching India, has been much advocated, especially by the late gen. Chesney, who published his survey of the Euphrates and Tigris in 1850. commission reported on it, Aug. 1872, when it was also A parliamentary considered at the meeting of the British Association at Brighton. The construction would cost from five to ten millions sterling, and its advantages are considered rather hypothetical by the best judges.

in the time of Elizabeth, arose from "Euphues; the
Euphuism, an affected style of language, prevalent
Anatomy of Wit," by John Lyly, published in 1581.

and Asia, so named by ethnologists (1865).
Eurasian Plain, the great central plain of Europe

Europe, the smallest of the three divisions of the old continent, really an appendage of Asia; area, nearly 3,800,000 square miles; population, 301,700,000 (1872); 310,675,966 (1877). For the history, see Greece, Rome, and the modern kingdoms.

European Assurance Company, see Insurance. "Eurydice," H.M.S. frigate, foundered in a squall off Dunnose, near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, 24 March, 1878; see Navy and Wrecks, 1878.

Cimon, son of Miltiades, destroyed the fleet of the PerEurymedon, a river in Pamphylia, near which sians at Cyprus, and defeated their land forces, 466 B.C.

feated here, 14 Dec. 1837, and compelled to surrender Eustace, St. (Lower Canada). The rebels were detheir arms. Their chiefs fled.

So rapid is the growth of this tree that a forest may be formed in twenty years. It sometimes reaches the height of 350 feet, with a circumference of 100 feet, rivalling Welling-year; tonia gigantea (which see).

The timber, bark, and oils of the Eucalyptus are highly valu able, and prof. Bentley says that the genus is one of the most important to man in the vegetable kingdom. medicinal value was said to have been exaggerated. In 1874 its

Eustatius, St., a West India island, settled by the Dutch, 1632; taken by the French in 1689; by the British in 1690; again by the British forces under Rodney and Vaughan, 3 Feb. 1781. French under the marquess de Bouillé, 26 Nov. same It was recovered by the captured by the British, 1801, 1810; restored to the Dutch, 1814. Euston Square MYSTERY, see Trials, July, 1879. Eutaw Springs, BATTLE OF. One of the most

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