"Israel in Egypt," 30 April, 1880. The hall was purchased for the Young Men's Christian Association for 25,000!, July, 1880; re-opened (jubilee), 29 March, 1881. to his new abbey of Westminster, and gave their church | The Sacred Harmonic Society met here 1831-80; last concert, for a cathedral to the united see, 1049; the see was valued in the king's books at 500l. per annum. Present stated income, 27001. Alfred invested the city, held by the Danes, and compelled them to capitulate. 1067 Exhibition or 1851 (THE GREAT EXHIBITION). The original idea of a National Exhibition* is attrib.877, 894 uted to Mr. F. Whishaw, secretary of the Society of 1003 Arts in 1844. It was not taken up till 1849, when 1136 prince Albert, president of the society, said, "Now is the 1200 time to prepare for a Great Exhibition-an exhibition 1236 worthy of the greatness of this country; not merely national in its scope and benefits, but comprehensive of 1371 the whole world; and I offer myself to the public as 1469 their leader, if they are willing to assist in the undertaking." 1250 1286 Prince Maurice takes Exeter for king Charles I....Sept. 1643 April, 1646 Besieged by sir William Courtenay. 1497 1536 Royal commission appointed.. Welsh, the vicar of St. Thomas's, hanged on the tower of his church, as a Cornish rebel. 2 July, 1549 Annual festival established. ......6 Aug. The Guildhall built 1593 1795 County jail built.. 1796 Devon and Exeter institution for the promotion of sci 1783 ....3 Jan. 1850 A subscription-list opened, headed by the queen for 10007. Civic banquets in support of the plan, at London, 21, 22 March; and at York.. 25 Oct. The building† commenced.. .26 Sept. Many persons admitted into it in Jan.; it is virtually transferred to the royal commissioners by the contractors, Messrs. Fox and Henderson. ..... Feb. 1851 Reception of goods began, 12 Feb., and the sale of season tickets... .25 Feb. 1773 The Exhibition opened by her majesty ..........1 May, 1778 The number of exhibitors exceeded 17,000, of whom 2918 received prize medals and 170 council medals. The articles exhibited in arts, manufactures, and the vari ous produce of countries defied calculation. The palace continued open above 23 weeks-altogether 144 days (1 May 15 Oct), within which time it was visited by 6,170,000 persons, averaging 43,536 a day, whose admission-at the respective prices of one pound, half a crown, and one shilling-amounted to 505, 107., including season tickets, leaving a surplus, after pay ment of expenses, of about 150,000l. ‡. . The greatest number of visitors in one day was 109,760 (8 Oct.); and at one time (2 o'clock, 7 Oct.) there were 93,000: these persons were assembled at one time, not in an open area, like a Roman amphitheatre, but within a windowed and floored and roofed building. There is no like vast assemblage recorded in either ancient or modern annals as having been gathered together, it may be said, in one room. 1807 1820 ..1 May, 1844 1870 Inauguration of a statue of John Dinham, who died 1869. Frederick Temple, elected 11 Nov., and enthroned (after much opposition from some of the clergy) 29 Dec. 1869. Exeter Change (London) was built about 1680, on part of the site of Exeter House, the palace of Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter and lord treasurer in 1319, beheaded by order of the queen-regent, Isabella, in 1326. It was entirely demolished at the period of the Strand improvements, in 1829. The new Exeter Change, built by the marquess of Exeter near its site, opened in 1845, was pulled down in 1862 for the Strand Music-hall, now Gaiety theatre. Exeter College (Oxford) was founded by Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, in 1314. The college buildings mainly consist of a quadrangle in the later Gothic style. Exeter Hall (Strand, London), erected in 1830-1 for the meetings of religious and philanthropic institutions, concerts, oratorios, and musical societies, a large and magnificent apartment with a splendid orchestra and organ, and having rooms attached for committees, etc., opened 29 March, 1831; see under Music. Religious services were held here in 1856 by the rev. C. Spurgeon, and in 1857 by ministers of the Church of England, on Sundays. The Exhibition was closed to the public.... A charter granted to the following commissioners: earl .22 Aug. 1862 *Industrial exhibitions began with the French; Exposi· tions having been organized and opened at Paris in 1798, 1801, 1802, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844, and 1849, the last being the eleventh, exceeding all the preceding, in extent and brilliancy. The first exhibition of the kind in this country was the National Repository, opened under royal patronage in It was not successful. Other ex1828, near Charing cross. hibitions were opened at Manchester in 1837, at Leeds in 1839, and at Birmingham in 1849. Exhibitions have since been held at Cork, Dublin, Manchester, New York, Paris, Montreal, Florence, Constantinople, Bayonne, Melbourne, Vienna, Philadelphia, and many other places (which see). The palace, with the exception of the flooring and joists, was entirely of glass and iron. It was designed by Mr. (since sir) Joseph Paxton (who died 8 June, 1865), and the contractors were Messrs. Fox and Henderson, to whom it was agreed to pay 79,800l., or 150,000, if the building were permanently corresponding with the year; the width 408 feet, with an adretained. It cost 176,0301. 13s. 8d. Its length was 1851 feet, ditional projection on the north side, 936 feet long by 48 wide. The central portion was 120 feet wide and 64 feet high, and the great avenues ran east and west through the building; the transept near the centre was 72 feet wide and 108 feet high. The entire area was 772,784 square feet, or about 19 acres. Four galleries ran lengthways, and others round the transept. The flooring. There were altogether 4000 tons of iron in the structground-floor and galleries contained 1,000,000 square feet of ure, and 17 acres of glass in the roof, besides about 1500 vertical glazed sashes. promoted the South Kensington Museum, and in 1876 proThis was placed in the hands of commissioners, who have posed the establishment of a science library. 12 Feb. 1862 The building,* erected at South Kensington by Messrs. Kelk and Lucas, according to a design by capt. Fowke, made over to the commissioners.. The Exhibition opened by the duke of Cambridge and royal commissioners. .1 May, The Fine Arts department included a noble collection of paintings and sculptures. The jurors' award of medals was announced in the building. 11 July, The Exhibition was closed 1 Nov., when the total number of visitors (exclusive of atendants) had been 6,117,450. The Exhibition reopened on 3 Nov. for the sale of goods exhibited; was finally closed.. .15 Nov. The success of the Exhibition was much impaired by the decease of the prince consort, 14 Dec. 1861, and the breaking-out of the civil war in the United States of America. The foreign exhibitors in 1851 were 6566; in 1862, 16,456. Exhibitors at London, in 1851, 14,000; at Paris, in 1855, 24,000; at London, in 1862, 29,000; at Paris, in 1867, 50,000. Exhibitions, International. A meeting was held 4 April, 1870, the prince of Wales in the chair, to promote annual international exhibitions at South Kensington, to commence 1 May, 1871; see Centennial Exhibition of the United States. I. 1871. Fine arts, pottery, woollen and worsted manufactures; educational department; opened by the prince of Wales, 1 May; closed 30 Oct. [34 countries contributed; total number of visitors, 1,142,154; highest on one day (Whit-Monday, 29 May), 21,946.] II. 1872. Fine arts, cotton, jewelry, stationery, with machinery, and raw materials; opened by the duke of Edinburgh, 1 III. 1873. Fine arts; manufactures (silk, steel, surgical instruments, etc.; carriages for rails or tramways; food); sci May; closed 19 Oct. closed 31 Oct. entific inventions and new discoveries; opened 14 April; IV. Fine arts; manufactures and raw materials, and engineering, and recent scientific inventions; opened 6 April; closed 31 Oct. 1874. Expenditure, see under Revenue. Exploring Expedition, UNITED STATES, under lieut. Wilkes, consisted of six small vessels of the United States navy (Vincennes, Peacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying-fish, and Sea-gull), to explore the southern seas, sailed from Hampton Roads, Va., on 19 Aug. 1838. They discovered an Antarctic continent 19 July, 1839. The Peacock was lost on the bar at the mouth of the Columbia river in July, 1841. The Vincennes, Wilkes's flag-ship, returned to New York in June, 1842, after an absence of almost four years. Wilkes's "Narrative' was published in six vols., illustrated. The scientific reports form 20 quarto and folio vols. Explosions, see Boilers, Coal. Explosives, see Gunpowder, Gun-cotton, Nitroglycerine, Dynamite, Dualine, Lithofracteur, Glyoxiline, Blasting, Gelatine, etc. A committee to examine into the nature and properties of various explosives was appointed by government in 1871. Explosives have been much studied by professor F. A. Abel, of Woolwich (1881). Professor Osborne Reynolds produced a new explosive-75 parts chlorate of potash, 25 sulphuria -a product of coal-gas; the ingredients kept apart till required; announced 1878. Explosives Act, passed 14 June, 1875, amends the law with respect to the manufacturing, keeping, selling, carrying, and importing gunpowder, nitro-glycerine, and other explosive substances. trade, turned the scale so much in favor of English Exports. Edward III., by his encouragement of merchandise that, by a balance taken in his time, the exported commodities amounted to 294,000l. and the imported to only 38,000l.; see Revenue. The declared value is of much less amount than the official. OFFICIAL VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. [The annual exhibitions having proved unsuccessful, the building was appropriated by the East India Museum.] Exodus (Greek, Eodoç, way out), a term applied to the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, 1491 B.C.; and described in the book of Exodus. Chronologers vary in the date of this event: the LXX. gives 1614; Hales, 1775 1648; Wilkinson, 1495; Bunsen, 1320 or 1314. 1700 1750 1800 1810 DECLARED VALUE OF BRITISH AND IRISH PRODUCE EXPORTED. 1851 Ex Officio Informations are those filed by the 1820 attorney-general, by virtue of his office, without applying to the court where they are filed for leave, or giving the defendant an opportunity of showing cause why they 1853 should not be filed.-Cabinet Lawyer. They were used 1855 Willby the Liverpool administration about 1817-19. £74,448,722 | 1866 98,933,781 1867 95,688,085 1868 1856 115,826,948 1869 1857 122,155,237 1870 iam Hone was tried on criminal information, 18-20 Dec. 1859 1817, and acquitted. The British bank directors were thus tried, 1857. 130,440,237 1875 1860 135,891,227 1876 1861 125,102,814 1877 1862 123,992,264 1878 £188,917,536 180,961,923 179,677,812 189,953,957 199,586,822 223,465,963 200,639, 204 198,893,065 192,848,914 .1 Oct. 1746 .7 Aug. 1758 1830 Sept. 1840 1796 1850 . May, 1798 1860 ..Sept. 1799 1870 $569,433,421 Extension, see University. .Aug. 1800 1871 March, 1801 ..Sept. 1807 .July, 1809 ...8 March, 1814 Oct. 1867-April, 1868 *The main building occupied about 16 acres of ground, and the annexes 7 acres. The south front was 1150 feet long and 55 feet high, and over the east and west fronts rose the two domes 260 feet high. The interior was decorated by Mr. John G. Crace. The building was given up to Messrs. Kelk and Lu cas on 31 Dec. 1862, the house of commons having refused to purchase it for 80,000l. 2 July, 1863; and the pulling-down commenced on 6 July. The domes and other parts of the structure were purchased for erection in Alexandra park, Muswell Hill, near London (north). 1872 1873 Extincteur, see Fire-annihilator. Extract of Meat, obtained by Liebig in 1847; a company was formed to manufacture it in South America in 1866. Extradition Treaty between Great Britain and France, 1843. In Dec. 1865, the French government gave notice of withdrawing from it in six months. It was renewed, with modifications, for six months, 21 May, 1866. A new act was passed 9 Aug. 1870; amended in 1873. Similar treaties have been concluded with other powers: with Austria, 3 Dec. 1873; Switzerland, 4 April, 1874; Holland, Aug. 1874; with Spain, 1878. In 1866, M. Lamirand, charged with forgery and fraud against the Bank of France, fled to America. He was pursued, and was arrested at Montreal, on 1 Aug., under the gov ernor general's warrant. On 15 Aug., while his examination was still pending, he petitioned the governor-general not to warrant his surrender before he could apply for a writ of habeas corpus, and was assured on 17 Aug. that ample time should be allowed for this purpose. On 22 Aug. he was finally committed; and on 24 Aug. his petition for a writ of habeas corpus was presented to judge Drummond, twenty-four hours' notice having been given to the representatives of the crown and the Bank of France. After arguments had been heard and the case adjourned until the following day, he was surreptitiously carried off the same night by train to Quebec, and hurried on board a steamer bound for Europe, by virtue of an extradition warrant, purporting to be signed by the governor-general at Ottawa on 23 Aug. He was conveyed to France, and on 5 Dec. was tried, found guilty, and condemned to ten years' imprisonment. These circumstances led to much discussion, and the Canadian authorities were censured for irregularity and want of discretion. The discussion ended by Lamirand declining British intervention. Dispute with United States respecting the surrender of Ezra D. Winslow, a forger, by Great Britain, which is refused unless it is agreed that the prisoner shall only be tried for the offence for which he has been committed (according to the treaty) ...April, 1876 Mr. Hamilton Fish, the American foreign secretary, Wilson, claimed by Swiss government, escapes through flaw in the treaty; decision of queen's bench...2 Nov. 1877 Extravagantes, see Decretals. Extreme Unction, see Anointing. Eylau (Prussia), where, on 7-8 Feb. 1807, the French defeated the Russians in one of the most bloody contests of the war. Napoleon commanded in person. Both armies, by this and other battles, were so much reduced that the French retired to the Vistula and the Russians on the Pregel. Eyre (old French for ire, to go on), the itinerant court of justices, the justices in eyre, was instituted by Henry II. 1176; and when the forest laws were in force its chief-justice had great dignity. These justices were to go their circuit every third year, and punish all abuses committed in the king's forests. The last instance of a court being held in any of the forests is said to have been in 1671.-Beatson. F. F's, THREE (that is, "fixity of tenure, fair rents, and free sale"), term much used respecting Irish land question in 1880-1. Sir Stafford Northcote termed them "fraud, force, and folly," and they were much opposed by lord Dufferin and others. Fabii. A noble family at Rome, said to have derived their name from faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse; or to have descended from Fabius, a son of Hercules. They made war against the Veintes, and in an engagement near the Cremera all the grown-up males of the family (306 men) were slain in a sudden attack, 477 B.C. From one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, arose the noble Fabii of the following ages. Fabius Cunctator (the delayer) kept Hannibal in check for some time without coming to an engagement, 217-216 B.C. Fables. "Jotham's fable of the trees [Judg. ix., about 1209 B.C.] is the oldest extant, and as beautiful as any made since."-Addison. Nathan's fable of the poor man (2 Sam. xii., about 1034 B.C.) is next in antiquity. The earliest collection of fables extant is of Eastern origin, and preserved in the Sanscrit. The fables of Vishnoo Sarma, or Pilpay, are the most beautiful, if not the most ancient, in the world.-Sir William Jones. Professor Max Müller traced La Fontaine's fable of the Milkmaid to a very early Sanscrit collection. Æsop's fables (which see), supposed to have been written about 565 or 620 B.C., were versified by Babrius, a Greek poet, about 130 B.C. (Coray), and turned into prose by Maximus Planudes, a Greek monk, about 1320, who added other fables and appended a worthless life of Esop. The fables of Phædrus, in elegant Latin 1ambies (about A.D. 8), of La Fontaine (1700), and of Gay (1727), are justly celebrated. Facial Angle (that contained by one line drawn horizontally from the middle of the ear to the edge of the nostrils, and another from the latter point to the ridge of the frontal bone) was invented by Peter Camper to measure the elevation of the forehead. In negroes this angle is about 70°; in Europeans varies from 75° to 85°. Camper died 7 April, 1789. His book on "Characteristic Marks of Countenance" was published were distinguished by colors, as green, blue, red, and white; Domitian added gold and scarlet, about A.D. 90. "Nika" Sedition.-In Jan. 532, a conflict took place at Constantinople, lasting five days, when about 30.000 lives were lost, and Justinian was mainly indebted for his life and throne to the heroism of his empress Theodora. The blues and greens united for a day or two against the emperor, taking Nika! The blues soon turned, and (overcome) for a watchword. massacred nearly all the greens. The conflict was suppressed by Belisarius with difficulty, and the games were abolished for a time. Factories, supplied with machinery for producing manufactures, have immensely increased in this country since 1815. The Factory act, regulating the hours of labor, etc., was passed in 1833 and amended 1834 and 1844. Similar acts have been passed since; and an act for the extension of the principles of the Factory acts was passed in 1867, in relation to women and children employed in manual labor; short time on Saturdays was enacted. Other acts were passed in 1870-8. The act of 1878 (like that of 14 July, 1874) relates to sanitary provisions, safety from machinery, hours of employment, meal hours, women and children, holidays, education of children, accidents, etc., passed 27 May, 1878. Faculties, COURT OF, giving powers to the archbishops of Canterbury and York, 25 Hen. VIII. cap. 21, 1534. Faenza, central Italy, the ancient Faventia, submitted to the emperor Frederick I., 1162; was taken by Frederick II., 12 April, 1241; held by the pope, 1275; by the Bolognese, 1282; by Cæsar Borgia, 1501; by Venice, 1504; by the papacy, 1509; by the French, 1512. After various changes early in the sixteenth century it was acquired by the papacy and retained till the annexation by Sardinia, 1859. Faïence pottery owes its name to this place, where it was invented. "Faerie Queene," by Edmund Spenser; a part was published in 1590; the whole, 1611. Fahrenheit, see Thermometer. ence, Fairlop Oak, with a trunk 48 feet in circumferEssex, was blown down in Feb. 1820. the growth of five centuries, in Hainault forest, Beneath its branches an annual fair was long held on the first FriFactions of the Circus, among the Romans, were day in July, which originated with the eccentric Mr. parties that fought on chariots in the circus, and who | Day, a pump and block maker of Wapping, who, having in 1791. a small estate in the vicinity, annually repaired here | F. Robinson, 1866; col. George A. K. D'Arcy, 1870; Thos. with a party of friends, to dine on beans and bacon. F. Callaghan, 1876; Thos. Kerr, 1880. Fairoaks, near the Chickahominy, Virginia, the site of two sanguinary indecisive battles between the Confederates, under gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and the Federal army of the Potomac, under gen. M'Clellan, 31 May and 1 June, 1862. Fairs AND Wakes, of Saxon origin, were instituted in Italy about 500; in England by Alfred, 886.-Spelman. Wakes were established by order of Gregory VII. in 1078, and termed Ferie, at which the monks celebrated the festival of their patron saint: the vast resort of people occasioned a great demand for goods, wares, Fairs were established in France about 800 by Charlemagne, and encouraged in England about 1071 by William the Conqueror. Many statutes were made for the regulation of fairs (1328-1868). The "Fairs act," passed 25 May, 1871, provides for the abolition of fairs; in 1872, Charlton and Blackheath fairs, and in 1873 Clapham fair, were abolished as nuisances. etc. An "old English fair" was opened at the Royal Albert Hall by princess Christian, to aid the Chelsea Hospital for Women, 9 June, 1881. Faith, see Defender. Falck Laws, see Prussia, 1873. Falconry, or HAWKING, in England cannot be traced with certainty before the reign of king Ethelbert, the Saxon monarch, 858.-Pennant. The grand seignior at one time kept six thousand falconers in his service. Juliana Berners's book on "Hawkynge and Huntynge was printed in 1496; see Angling. Recent attempts have been made to revive falconry. Hawking was practised in Thrace.-Aristotle. Falczi, on the Pruth, Turkey. Here was concluded a Peace between Russia and Turkey, 21 July, 1711, the Russians giving up Azof, and all the possessions on the Black Sea, to the Turks. The Russians were saved from imminent destruction by the address of Catherine, the empress. In 1712 the war was renewed, and terminated by the peace of Constantinople, 16 April, 1712. Falerii, a city of the Falisci, an Etruscan people who joined the Veientes against Rome, and were beaten by Cornelius Cossus, 437 B.C. It is recorded that when the city was besieged by Camillus in 394, a schoolmaster offered to betray to him the children of the principal citizens. On his refusal, the citizens from gratitude surrendered. They opposed Rome during the first Punic war; and in 241 the city was taken and destroyed. Falernian Wine, celebrated by Virgil and Horace, was the produce of Falernus, or, as called by Martial, Mons Massicus, in Campania. Horace, in his "Odes," boasts of having drunk Falernian wine that had been, as it were, born with him, or which reckoned its age from same consuls, 14 B.C. Falkirk (Stirlingshire, Scotland), the site of a victory by the English under Edward I. over the Scots, commanded by Wallace, part of whose forces deserted him. It is said from 20,000 to 40,000 Scots were slain, 22 July, 1298. A battle was fought at Falkirk Muir between the royal forces under Hawley, and prince Charles Edward Stuart, in which the former were defeated, 17 Jan. 1746. Falling Stars, see Meteors. Family of Love, a society, called also Philadelphians, from the love they professed to bear to all men, assembled at Brew-house yard, Nottingham. Their agated his doctrines in Switzerland, where he died in founder, David George, an Anabaptist, of Holland, prop1556. The tenets of the society were declared impious, and George's body and books ordered to be burned by the hangman. In England a sect with a similar title following century. See Agapemone. was repressed by Elizabeth, 1580; but existed in the Famines. The famine of the seven years in Egypt began 1708 B.C.—Usher; Blair. Famine at Rome, when thousands of people threw them- At Rome, attended by plague.. In Britain; people ate the bark of trees.. In Italy, when parents ate their children (Dufresnoy)... Again, which lasts four years In England and France: this famine leads to a pest len- ...B. C. 436 .A. D. 42 262 272 306 310 370 450 739 823 954 1016 1087 1193 to 1195 1251 1315 1336 1353 1438 1565 1693 1748 1771 1775 1789 1795 1801 Again, so dreadful that the people devoured the flesh of horses, dogs, cats, and vermin One occasioned by long rains.. One throughout these islands. At Cape Verd; 16,000 persons perish. At Drontheim, owing to Sweden intercepting the sup plies Scarcity of food severely felt by the Irish poor, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1831, 1846, in consequence of the failure of the potato crop. Grants by parliament, to relieve the suffering of the people, were made in the session of 1847, the whole amounting to ten millions sterling. In N. W. India; above 800,000 perish In N. W. India; thousands perish.. In Bengal and Orissa; about 1,000,000 perish.. In Rajpootana, etc.; about 1,500,000 perish.. In Persia very severe. In N. China; very severe; 9,500,000 said to have perished Great competitive exhibition of fans at Drapers' Hall, Falkland Islands, a group in the South Atlantic, ......2 July, 1878 belonging to Great Britain, seen by Americus Vespucius, Faraday Monument, etc. Professor Michael 1502, and visited by Davis, 1592; explored by Hawkins, Faraday, natural philosopher and chemist (see Electric1594; taken possession of by France, 1764. The French|ity), died 25 Aug. 1867. A public meeting was held at were expelled by the Spaniards; and in 1771 Spain resigned them to England. Not having been colonized by us, the republic of Buenos Ayres assumed a right to these islands, and a colony from that country settled at Port Louis; but owing to a dispute with America the settlement was destroyed by the latter in 1831. In 1833 the British flag was hoisted at Port Louis, and a British officer has since resided there. Governors, Wm. Cleaver the Royal Institution, 21 June, 1869, the prince of Wales in the chair, to take measures to provide a public monument to him. A sufficient sum having been subscribed, the production of a statue was intrusted to Mr. Foley. The statue was placed provisionally at the Royal Institution, London, in 1876, and still remains there (1881). The “Faraday Medal," to be given to distinguished foreigu philosophers by the Chemical Society, was awarded to M. Dumas, June, 1869; to professor Cannizzaro, May, 1872; to Dr. A. W. Hofmann, March, 1875; to professor A. Wurtz, and given to him after his lecture, 12 Nov. 1878; to professor H. Helmholtz, April, 1881. For Furaday steamship, see Steam. Faradization, the medical application of the magneto-electric currents which Faraday discovered in 1837. Apparatus for this purpose was first made by M. Pixii, and employed by Dr. Neef of Frankfort. "Farad," name taken for a unit of electric capacity, 1875. acts. Farce, a short comic drama, usually of one or two One by Otway is dated 1677. The best English farces (by Foote, Garrick, Bickerstaff, etc.) appeared from about 1740 to 1780. This species of dramatic entertainment originated in the droll shows which were exhibited by charlatans and their buffoons in the open streets; see Drama, Farmers' Alliance, an organization of agricultural reformers; held a provisional meeting 27 May, and a conference 2 July, 1879. It was active during the elections of April, 1880. Faustus, a professor of magic, renowned in chapGoethe's dramatic poem "Faust" appeared in 1790. Farmers' Union, National, established at Leamington, by lord Walsingham and others, to oppose the Agri-books, flourished about the end of the fifteenth century. cultural Laborers' Union, June, 1874. Farmers-general, see Fermiers. Farnese Family became important through the elevation of Alexander Farnese to the papacy as Paul III. He gave his natural son Peter the duchy of Parma, and his descendants ruled till the death of Antony without issue in 1731. Alexander, prince of Parma, was governor of the Netherlands in 1579. Farringdon Market, erected by the corporation of London, near the abolished Fleet Market, was opened 20 Nov. 1829. Feasts AND Festivals. The "Feasts of the Lord Hezekiah (726 B. C.) and Josiah (623) kept the feast of Passover Rogation days appointed 469. Jubilees in the Romish church were instituted by Boniface tled at the Reformation et seq., see Book of Common Prayer.. Feasts of Charity; see Agapæ. Farthing, an early English coin. Farthings in sil-For fixed festivals observed in the church of England, as setver were coined by king John; the Irish farthing of his reign (1210) is rare. Farthings were coined in England in silver by Henry VIII. First coined in copper by Charles II., 1665; and again in 1672, when there was a large coinage of copper money. Half-farthings were first coined in 1843; see Queen Anne's Farthings. A single copy of the Penny-a-week Country Daily Newspaper (conservative), No. 1, sold for d., 25 June, 1873. The Farthings act, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 75, 1858, relates to the payment for portions of a mile travelled by third-class railway trains. Farthingale, see Crinoline. second month of the year, in which were celebrated FebFebruary (from Februus, an Italian divinity), the This month, with January, was added to the year by rua, feasts on behalf of the manes of deceased persons. Numa, about 713 B.C. February 25 Constitution, sce France, 1875. Feciales, or FETIALES, twenty in number, heralds of Rome to denounce war or proclaim peace, appointed by Numa, about 712 B.C. Federal States are those united by treaty as one state, without giving up self-government-as in Switzerland. The people of the Northern United States of America during the great conflict in 1861-5 were styled Federals; their opponents Confederates. Feejee, see Fiji. law relating thereto, passed 4 July, 1870. Fasti Capitolini, marble tablets dug up in the forum at Rome, 1547, contain a list of the consuls and other officers from the year of Rome 250 to 765. Other fragments were found in 1817 and 1818. The "Fasti Consulares," from 509 B.C. to A.D. 235, are given at the end of Smith's " Dictionary of Greek and Roman AnFelony, in English law (says Blackstone, in 1765). tiquities." comprises every species of crime which occasions the forfeiture of land and goods. An act to abolish forfeitFasts, observed by most nations from the remotestures for treason and felony, and to otherwise amend the antiquity: by the Jews (2 Chron. xx. 3); by the Ninevites (Jonah iii.); see Isaiah lviii. A fast was observed by the Jews on the great day of atonement, Lev. xxiii., 1490 B.C. Moses fasted 40 days and nights on Sinai (Exod. xxiv.), 1491 B.C. The first Christian ministers were ordained with fasting (A.D. 45), Acts xiii. 2. Annual fasts, as that of Lent, and at other stated times, and on particular occasions to appease the anger of God, began in the Christian church in the second century (138). The Mahometan fast is termed Ramadan (which see). Fast-days are appointed by the Reformed churches in times of war and pestilence (as 21 March, 1855, for the Russian war, and 7 Oct. 1857, for the Indian mutiny); see Abstinence. session in 1865, when courses of lectures were given. Dr. Female Suffrage, etc., see Women. 1855 1836 Fencible Light Dragoons, a body of cavalry Scotland in 1794 to serve during the war in any part of Fathers of the Church. The following are the raised voluntarily in various counties of England and principal: |