non....

1870

66

....4 Nov. Failure of the negotiations for an armistice.......6 Nov. Félix Pyat and others arrested for the affair of 31 Oct., 6 Nov. "France can do nothing now but carry on with such courage and strength as remain to her a war à outrance."-Guizot...

66

cannon....

66

....8 Nov. Decree for melting some of the church-bells to make 10 Nov. Alexandre Dumas, novelist and dramatist, dies...10 Dec. The delegate government removed from Tours to Bordeaux. ..11 Dec. Murder of lieut. Arnaud at Lyons by the people for resisting them.. 20 Dec. Trial of 21 peasants for murder of M. Moneys (see 16 Aug.): 4 condemned to death; others to imprisonment, about 23 Dec. Firm proclamation of Trochu at Paris... ...30 Dec. Gambetta at Bordeaux declares that the government only holds office for defence of the country; demonstration in honor of the republic... ....1 Jan. 1871 Foreigners not permitted to leave Paris by the Germans,

Bronze statues of Napoleon ordered to be made into can..about 19 Sept. Stern proclamation of Trochu respecting the cowardice of the Zouaves on 19 Sept... .20 Sept. M. Duruof in a post-balloon quits Paris with mail-bags, arrives at Evreux, and reaches Tours.........23 Sept. The Journal Officiel replaced by the Moniteur Universel as the organ of the government........about 23 Sept. Esquiros struggles to maintain order at Marseilles, 24 Sept. Failure of the negotiations for peace between count Bismarck and Jules Favre; manifesto of the government at Tours calling on the people to rise and either disavow the ministry or "fight to the bitter end;" the elections for the assembly suspended ......24 Sept. All Frenchmen between 20 and 25 years of age prohibited leaving France... ....about 26 Sept. Great enthusiasm in the provinces on the failure of the negotiations; "war to the knife" and levée en masse proclaimed by the prefects; efforts made to excite warlike ardor in Brittany by M. Cathelineau.. 26, 27 Sept. The duc d'Aumale consents to become a candidate for the representative assembly, and promises submission to the de facto government for defence..about 27 Sept. Attempted insurrection of the Red Republicans at Lyons; order restored by national guards; gen. Cluseret disappears.. .28 Sept. Great order in Paris maintained by the national guard; report from surgeon-major Wyatt.. 28 Sept. All between 21 and 40 to be organized as a national guard mobile; all men in arms placed at the disposal of the minister of war.. .30 Sept. The empress and her son residing at Camden House, Chiselhurst, Kent..... ...Sept. The elections for the constituent assembly (753 members) ordered by the delegates at Tours to take place on 16 Oct..... .29 Sept.-1 Oct. Proclamations of gen. Trochu for maintaining order in Paris.. .about 1 Oct. Marseilles said to be unsettled; many arrested....1 Oct. The elections deferred till they can be carried out throughout the whole extent of the republic, by order of the government at Paris.... ...1 Oct. M. Crémieux becomes delegate minister of war at Tours in room of admiral Fourichon, still minister of marine, 3 Oct. Gustave Flourens, heading five battalions of national guards, marches to the Hôtel de Ville and demands chassepots (not to be had).. ...5 Oct. Suppression of the schools of the " Brethren of the Christian Doctrine" by the Republicans; much dissatisfaction.. .8 Oct. All Frenchmen under 60 years of age forbidden to quit France.. ..8 Oct. 66 M. Gambetta escapes from Paris in a balloon, 7 Oct.; arrives at Rouen and declares for "a pact with victory or death," 8 Oct.; arrives at Tours and becomes minister of war as well as of the interior. .9 Oct. Address from the comte de Chambord saying that his whole ambition is to found with the people a really national government... ...9 Oct. Battalions of amazons said to be forming in Paris, 12 Oct. Blanqui, Gustave Flourens, Ledru-Rollin, Félix Pyat, and other Red Republicans defeated in their attempts to establish the commune at Paris to supersede the government, 10, 11 Oct.; reconciliation effected by Rochefort.. ....about 14 Oct. Riots at Honfleur: the people oppose the embarkation of cattle to England, 12 Oct.; similar riots at St. Malo, 15 Oct.

M. Edmond Adam, prefect of police; replacing M. de Kératry, sent on a foreign mission......about 16 Oct. M. de Kératry quits Paris in a balloon, 12 Oct.; at Madrid fails in obtaining assistance from Prim., 19, 20 Oct. Marseilles disturbed by Red Republicans; Esquiros still in office... ..19 Oct. Publication of the imperial correspondence seized in the Tuileries.. .Oct.

Fierce speech of Gambetta at Lille, demanding continuance of the war..

22 Jan. Disturbances at Paris suppressed by the army....23 Jan. Resignation of Trochu; Vinoy made governor of Paris, 24 Jan. Capitulation of Paris; armistice signed by Favre and Bismarck.... 28 Jan. Disavowed by Gambetta at Bordeaux... .....31 Jan. Manifesto of the duc d'Aumale in favor of a constitutional monarchy... 1 Feb. Arrival of food from London to relieve Paris (see Mansion-house)....... .3 Feb. The defence government publish their reasons for capitulation (2,000,000 people in Paris with only ten days' provisions), 4 Feb.; and annul Gambetta's decree, 4 Feb.; he and his ministry resign.. ...5, 6, Feb. Railway accident between Bandoz and St. Nazaire; explosion of casks of gunpowder; 60 killed; about 100 wounded.... .5 Feb. Four murderers of M. Moneys (16 Aug. 1870) executed, 8 Feb. Proclamation of Napoleon III. "Betrayed by fortune," he condemns the government of 4 Sept.; states that his government was four times confirmed in 20 years; submits to the judgment of time; saying "that a nation cannot long obey those who have no right to command".

M. Thiers arrives in Paris with news of the surrender of Metz and the proposals for an armistice.. .30 Oct. Riots in Paris: gen. Trochu threatened; the principal members of the defence government imprisoned in the Hôtel de Ville; Ledru-Rollin, Victor Hugo, and Gustav Flourens, and others, established as a committee of public safety and of the commune of Paris, under the direction of M. Picard; the national guard releases the government, and order is restored

Gen. Boyer, replying to Gambetta, says, "We capitulated with hunger .31 Oct.

Pact of Bordeaux: M. Thiers made chief of the executive power, by agreement of the different parties in the assembly, 17 Feb.; voted.. 18 Feb. Thiers ministry: Dufaure (justice), Jules Favre (foreign), Picard (interior), Jules Simon (public instruction), Lambrecht (commerce), gen. Leflo (war), admiral Pothuan (marine), De Larcy (public works).......17 Feb. The French government recognized by the great powers of Europe.. .18 Feb. The duc de Broglie appointed French minister at London.... .21 Feb. Negotiations for peace between Thiers and Bismarck, 22, 23, 24 Feb. Preliminaries of a treaty of peace accepted by MM. Thiers and Favre, and 15 delegates of the national assembly at Versailles (cession of parts of Alsace and Lorraine, including Strasburg and Metz, and payment of five milliards of francs-200,000,000l.), 25 Feb.; signed 26 Feb. Intense excitement in Paris... ...27 Feb. Preliminaries of the treaty accepted by the assembly (546 to 107); the fall of the empire unanimously confirmed; and the emperor stigmatized........ 1 March, A strong party of the national guard seize some cannon and transport them to Montmartre and Belleville, to defend themselves against the Germans entering Paris, 1 March, The emperor of Germany reviews about 100,000 of his troops at Longchamps near Paris..... ...1 March, About 30,000 Germans enter Paris, 1 March; remain 48 hours; depart..... .3 March,

Impeachment of the defence government demanded by the party of the left (Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, Quinet, and others)... ..6 March, 1871 The ex-emperor protests against his deposition,

6 March,
The army of the north and other special army corps dis-
solved.
..7-10 March,
Meeting of national guard in Paris quelled.... 10 March,
The national assembly vote for removal to Versailles
(461-104)...
...10 March,
Le Vengeur and four other violent journals suppressed
in Paris by Vinoy...
.11 March,
Blanqui, Flourens, and others condemned for insurrec-
tion of 31 Oct. 1870..
.12 March,
Central committee of republican confederation of national
guards (termed "the government of the Buttes")
meet; depose Vinoy and appoint Garibaldi general-in-
chief....
....15 March,
Insurrection at Paris; the regular troops take possession
of the Buttes Montmartre and Belleville, for the as-
sembly; the national guard attempt to recover them;
after a brief conflict the troops fraternize with the in-
surgents, who capture and shoot generals Lecomte and
Clément Thomas, and take possession of the Hôtel de
Ville; barricades erected in Belleville and other places;
gen. Vinoy, with the gendarmerie, retires across the
Seine...
.....18 March,

The insurgents nominate a central committee of the
national guard, headed by Assy, a workman, who
take possession of public offices; Thiers issues a cir-
cular enjoining obedience to the assembly...19 March,
The central committee order communal election in Paris,
19 March; and liberate about 11,000 political prisoners
in Paris..
..20 March,

The national assembly meet at Versailles; propose con-
ciliatory measures; and appoint a committee to sup-
..20 March,
port the government...
Napoleon III. arrives at Dover..

..20 March,

66

46

66

The Journal des Débats and other papers renounce the
central committee..
20 March,
The Bank of France saved by the courage of the governor,
marquis de Plouc, and by the forbearance of citizen
Beslay....
.20 March,
The assembly appeal to the nation and the army.21 March,
Requisitions levied on the Paris shop-keepers.21 March,
Unarmed demonstration of the Friends of Order; they
are fired on by the insurgents; 10 killed, 20 wounded,
22 March,
Lullier arrested by the central committee. ..22 March, 66
Admiral Saisset appointed commander of the national
guard for the assembly....
.23 March,
The 69th regiment of the line retire to Versailles. 23 March,
The central committee appoint some of their delegates
generals....
.24 March,
The insurgents hold central Paris; Saisset returns to
Versailles..
.25 March,
Municipal elections at Paris; 200,000 out of 500,000 vote;
majority of two thirds in favor of the insurgents,
26 March,

The government of the commune proclaimed at the
Hôtel de Ville...
.28 March,
Meeting of the conference for the peace at Brussels,
28 March,
Gustave Flourens, Blanqui, and Félix Pyat now at the
head of the movement: they propose revival of the
system of the Italian republics of the middle ages,
29 March,
The remission of part of the rents due by tenants or
dered; the standing army to be named the national
guard...
29 March,
Reign of terror: "Paris has no longer liberty of the
press, of public meeting, of conscience, or of person."
-Le Soir..
...1 April,
Military operations commence 9 A.M.; action at Cour-
bevoie; Flourens marches his troops to Versailles, via
Rueil
...2 April,
The corps d'armée of gen. Bergeret at the Rond Point,
near Neuilly, stopped by the artillery of Mont Valérien;
exchange of shot between Fort Issy and Fort Vanves,
occupied by the insurgents, and Meudon......3 April,
Gen. Duval made prisoner in the engagement at Châtillon,
and shot; death of Flourens at Chatou; Delescluze,
Cournet, and Vermorel succeed Bergeret, Eudes, and
Duval on the executive commission; Cluseret delegate
of war, and Bergeret commandant of Paris forces,
4 April,
Communist insurrection at Marseilles suppressed. 4 April,
Gen. Cluseret commences active operations; military
service compulsory for all citizens under 40; the arch-
.5 April,
bishop of Paris arrested..
Extension of action to Neuilly and Courbevoie; severe
decree concerning complicity with Versailles, and ar-
rest of hostages; Dombrowski succeeds Bergeret as
commandant of Paris; the guillotine burned on the
Place Voltaire...
...6 April,
Federals abandon Neuilly; commission of barricades
created and presided over by Gaillard senior; military
occupation of the railway termini by the insurgents,
8 April,
Insurgents repulsed in an attempt to take Châtillon;
forts Vanves and Montrouge disabled; Mont Valérien

66

66

shells the Avenue des Ternes; Bergeret arrested by order of the commune.. .9 April, 1871 Marshal MacMahon, commander-in-chief for the assembly, distributes his forces, and commences the investment of Fort Issy.. 11 April, Versailles batteries established on Châtillon; the Orleans railway and telegraph cut; communications of the insurgents with the south intercepted; decree ordering the fall of the column Vendôme.. ....12 April, Publication of the reports of the sittings of the commune, 13 April, The redoubt of Gennevilliers taken; the troops of Versailles advance to the Château de Bécon, a post of importance; Assy at the bar of the commune... 14 April, The national assembly pass the new municipal bill (41918)... .14 April, Complementary elections; organization of a court-martial under the presidence of Rossel, chief officer of the staff.... ..16 April, Capture and fortification of the Château de Bécon by the Versailles troops.. 17 April, .18 April, .....19 April,

Station and houses at Asnières taken by the army of
Versailles..

The communists appeal to the nation.
Bagneux occupied by the Versaillais; reorganization of
commissions; Eudes appointed inspector - general of
the southern forts; transfers his quarters from Mont-
rouge to the palace of the Legion of Honor...20 April,
The Versailles batteries at Breteuil, Brimborion, Meudon,
and Moulin de Pierre trouble the federal fort Issy, and
battery between Bagneux and Chatillon shells fort
Vanves; truce at Neuilly from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M.; the
inhabitants of Neuilly enter Paris by the Porte des
Ternes....
.25 April,
Capture of Les Moulineaux, outpost of the insurgents,
by the troops, who strongly fortify themselves on the
27th and 28th...
.26 April,
Cemetery and park of Issy taken by the Versaillais in
the night; Freemasons make a new attempt at recon-
ciliation; the commune levies a sum of two millions
of francs from the railway companies........29 April,
A flag of truce sent to Fort Issy by the Versaillais, call-
ing upon the federals to surrender; gen. Eudes puts
fresh troops in the fort, and takes the command;
Cluseret imprisoned at Mazas by order of the com-
mune; Rossel appointed provisional delegate of war,
30 April,

The Versaillais take the station of Clamart and the
Château of Issy; creation of the committee of public
safety; members, Antoine Arnauld, Léo Meillet, Ran-
vier, Félix Pyat, Charles Gérardin; alleged massacre
of communist prisoners..
..1 May,
Lacretelle carries the redoubt of Moulin Saquet...3 May,
Col. Rossel appointed to the direction of military affairs,
defines the military quarters of Dombrowski, La Cécilia,
Wroblewski, Bergeret, and Eudes...
5 May,
Central committee of the national guard charged with
administration of war; the Chapelle Expiatoire con-
demned to destruction-the materials to be sold by
auction..
.5 May,
Concert at the Tuileries in aid of the ambulances; sup-
pression of newspapers..
6 May,
Battery of Montretout (70 marine guns) opens fire; Thiers
exhorts the Parisians to rise againt the commune,
8 May,

Morning; insurgents evacuate the Fort Issy; the com-
mittee of public safety renewed; members, Ranvier,
Antoine Arnauld, Gambon, Eudes, Delescluze; Rossel
resigns..
.8 May,
Treaty of peace with Germany signed at Frankfort. 10 May,
Cannon from the Fort Issy taken to Versailles; decree
for the demolition of M. Thiers's house; Delescluze ap-
pointed delegate of war.
10 May,

Thiers opposed; offers to resign; the assembly vote con-
fidence in him (495-10)..
11 May,
Troops take possession of the Couvent des Oiseaux at
Issy, and the Lyceum at Vanves; Auber, the composer,
dies, aged 89...
12 May,
Triumphal entry of the troops into Versailles with flags
and cannon taken from the convent; evacuation of the
village of Issy completed; Fort Vanves taken by the
troops...
13 May,
Vigorous cannonade from the batteries of Courbevoie,
Bécon, Asnières, on Levallois and Clichy; both villages
evacuated; commencement of the demolition of house
of M. Thiers..
14 May,
Report of the rearmament of Montmartre....... 15 May,
The column Vendôme overthrown..
...16 May,
Secession from the communist government; a central
club formed; a battalion of women formed....17 May,
Stringent conscription in Paris.. ...about 17 May,
Silver ornaments in churches seized; explosion of a
cartridge factory near the Champ de Mars; above 100
killed....
.17 May,
The assembly adopts the treaty of peace... 18 May,
Rochefort brought a prisoner to Versailles; last sitting
of the commune.
21 May,
Noon, explosion of the powder-magazine of the Manége
d'Etat-major (staff riding-school); the hostages trans-
ferred from Mazas to La Roquette; Assy arrested in
Paris by the Versaillais; the assembly votes the re-

:

66

erection of the column Vendôme; M. Ducatel, at the risk of his life, having signalled that the way was clear, the Versailles troops enter Paris by the gates of St. Cloud and Montrouge, 2 P. M. 21 May; take possession of the south and west, and about 10,000 prisoners, after some conflicts... .22 May, 1871 Montmartre taken by Douai and Ladmirault: death of Dombrowski. Morning: Assy arrives at Versailles; execution of gendarmes and Gustave Chaudey at the prison of Sainte-Pélagie. Night: the Tuileries set on fire; Delescluze and the committee of public safety hold permanent sittings at the Hôtel de Ville..23 May, Morning Palais Royal, Ministry of Finance, Hôtel de Ville, etc.. set on fire. 1 P.M., the powder-magazine at the Palais du Luxembourg blown up; the committee of public safety organize detachments of fusee-bearers; petroleum pumped into burning buildings; Raoul Rigault shot in the afternoon by the soldiers. Evening: execution in the prison of La Roquette of the archbishop, abbé Deguerry, president Bonjean, and 64 others, hostages... .24 May, The forts Montrouge, Hautes - Bruyères, Bicêtre, evacuated by the insurgents; the death of Delescluze reported; executions in the Avenue d'Italie of the Pères Dominicains of Arcueil... .25 May, 16 priests and 38 gendarmes shot at Belleville by the insurgents; many women fighting, and casting petroleum into fires, shot. .26, 27 May, The Buttes Chaumont, the heights of Belleville, and the cemetery of Père la Chaise carried by the troops; taking of the prison of La Roquette by the marines; deliverance of 169 hostages; the investment of Belleville complete; last position captured by MacMahon; fighting ends... .5 P. M. 28 May, Federal garrison of Vincennes surrendered at discretion, 29 May, Reported results of seven days' fighting in Paris: regular troops-877 killed, 645 wounded, 183 missing; insurgents-about 50,000 dead, 25,000 prisoners; nearly all the leaders killed or prisoners; about a fourth part of Paris destroyed .22-27 May, Estimated loss of property through the insurrection, 32,000,000Z... ...April, May, Thiers's decree for disarming Paris and abolishing the National Guard of the Seine. 29 May, Victor Hugo expelled from Belgium.. .30 May, Reported wholesale execution of prisoners by the marquis de Gallifet; Paris put under martial law; about 50,000 insurgents still at large... .30 May, Severe letter from prince Napoleon Jerome to Jules Favre, dated... 31 May, Changes in the ministry; resignation (and reappointment of some) of those who had been members of the government of defence.. ..6 June, Solemn funeral of Darboy, archbishop of Paris...7 June, Abrogation of the laws of proscription by the assembly (484-103); elections of the duc d'Aumale and the prince de Joinville declared valid.. Important speech of Thiers for maintaining the republic at present.. .S June, Imposition of new taxes (463,000,000 francs) and a loan proposed by M. Pouyer Quertier.. 12 June, Gen. Trochu's powerful speech defending the "government of national defence" .13, 14 June, Army of reserve ordered to be dissolved........14 June, Financial measures of M. Pouyer - Quertier opposed by Dufaure and the free-traders.... ...about 14 June, Theatres and public places reopened in Paris about 20 June, Letter from M. Guizot to M. Grévy recommending polit ical moderation to all parties, and maintenance of the 22 June, present government, published... The loan of two milliards francs (80,000,000l.) decreed, 26 June; subscription opened, 27 June; about four milliards subscribed for in France alone.. .28 June, 132 members elected for the assembly; includes Gambetta and a few legitimists and Bonapartists; the rest support the government.. ...2 July, Letter from the comte de Chambord at Chambord, professing devotion to France, and adhesion to modern policy and liberality; but declining to give up the white flag of Henry IV.; he retires to Germany to avoid all pretext for agitation; dated... 5 July, The government said to have 500 votes in the assembly; bill for new taxes passed (483 to 5) .. ...8 July, 20,000,000l., part of the indemnity, paid to the Germans, about 14 July, Prince Jerome Napoleon expelled from France (at Havre), 15 July, M. Devienne, president of the court of cassation, acquitted of blame for settling disputes relative to an imperial scandal (in Nov. 1860).. ...21 July, Jules Favre, foreign minister, resigns about 23 July; succeeded by Charles de Rémusat ..about 3 Aug. Full compensation for losses claimed by the invaded provinces refused by Thiers, who acknowledges no debt, but proposes to act generously... Aug. Trial of communist prisoners at Paris, begun about 8 Aug. Great dissensions in the assembly between the monarchist and republican parties; resignation of Thiers not accepted, 24 Aug; prolongation of his power and the

..8 June,

66

66

66

Bill for making the whole nation bear the losses of the invaded provinces adopted by the assembly....6 Sept. Rossel, communist general, sentenced to death...8 Sept. Message from Thiers to the assembly; consideration of the budget adjourned, 12 Sept.; read.. ...13 Sept. Disarmament of the national guard begun at Lyons, etc., 14 Sept.

Bill introduced concerning treaty with Germany relating to tariff on goods from Alsace and Lorraine, and the reducing German troops in France to 50,000 men, 14 Sept.; adopted by the assembly (533 to 33); the session declared closed, 2 A. M..

17 Sept. Courts martial on communists go on.. ...Sept. "Permanent committee" of 25 of different parties appointed by the assembly to watch over the course of the government during the recess (17 Sept-4 Dec.), 15 Sept. 25,000 communists yet to be tried; about half to be set free.... 15 Sept. Evacuation of Paris forts by the Germans begun about 20 Sept.

M. Pouyer Quertier, the French finance minister, arrives
at Berlin
...8 Oct.
M. Lambrecht, minister of the interior, dies suddenly, 8
Oct.; succeeded by M. Casimir Perier..
.10 Oct.
Tranquil election of above 2000 general councillors..Oct.
Convention for evacuation of 6 departments, and finance
convention of Alsace and Lorraine signed, 12 and 13
Oct.; exchanged...
...21 Oct.
Count Benedetti publishes an apology, attacking the
Prussian government; count Bismarck replies (in Offi-
cial Journal), disproving his assertions.... ..22 Oct.
Dispute with Tunis settled..
.about 25 Oct.
Prince Napoleon resigns his seat in the council-general
of Corsica; and denounces intimidation.. ..28 Oct.
Insurrection in Algeria ended..
Nov. 46
Eight of the murderers of generals Lecomte and Thomas
condemned..
18 Nov.
Rossel, Ferré, and Bourgeois, communist leaders, shot at
Satory in presence of 3000 soldiers....
..28 Nov.
Gaston Crémieux executed at Marseilles
30 Nov.

Territory held by Germans put into state of siege.4 Dec.
Meeting of the national assembly..

Sixteen political parties said to exist.

on.

66

Five communists sentenced to death for murder of the Dominicans on 25 May. ....17 Feb. 1872 Blanqui condemned to transportation to a fortified pris...about 17 Feb. M. Rouher elected a member of the assembly about 15 Feb. Universal subscription to pay the indemnity to the Ger..Feb. mans begins Manifesto in favor of a constitutional monarchy signed by about 280 of the Right... ..about 21 Feb. Assassins of generals Lecomte and Clément Thomas executed.. .22 Feb. Janvier de la Motte, a prefect, prosecuted for forgery, etc., by government, acquitted; M. Pouyer - Quertier, who gives evidence in his favor, resigns, about 5 Mar. Joseph Lemettre executed.. .5 March, The treaty of commerce with Great Britain (1860) denounced (to cease in 12 months). 15 March, War budget of 27,000,000l. (formerly 10,000,000Z.) proposed.

March,

Publishers of Figaro convicted of libel against gen. Trochu; moderate punishment. .2 April, Abolition of passports for British subjects announced, 10 April, Law against the International Society placarded, 22 April, In a letter, the ex-emperor takes upon himself the whole responsibility of the surrender at Sedan.......12 May, Rouher, in the assembly, repels the duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier's severe attack on the empire. .21 May, Three more condemned communists shot.. .25 May, The duc d'Aumale speaks in the chamber in favor of the army organization bill...

Marshal Vaillant dies..

Thiers threatens to resign at opposition in the chamber,

about 9 June,

66

M. Thiers addresses the assembly; declares he prefers the English to the American system, but that a monarchy in France is at present impossible; that he is faithful to the republic; and that he wishes to render it conservative; and that he has for two years served his country with boundless devotion; Dufaure's amendment carried by 370 to 334 (union of royalists with Bonapartists against the radicals)... .29 Nov. Vote of censure on the home minister (Lanfranc) carried, 305 to 299; he resigns.... .30 Nov. Agitation respecting the appointment of the commission of 30, proposed by Dufaure; it consists of 19 for the Right, 11 for the government, 6 Dec.; changes in the ministry announced ..8 Dec. Manifesto of the Left, proposing a dissolution of the assembly by legal means.

Debt (before the war, about 460,500,000!.), 748,700,000l.

66

64

46

.28 May, ......4 June,

Interview of delegates of the majority (the Right) in the assembly with Thiers (respecting his policy); much censured.. 20 June, Budget for 1873; deficiency, 4,800,000l.; 8,000,000l. to be raised; Thiers advocates duty on raw materials, and opposes income-tax.. .26 June et seq. The majority in the assembly propose MacMahon as president in room of Thiers. ..July, New convention between Germany and France respecting speedy payment of the indemnity and evacuation of territory, signed. 29 June, Anniversary of the destruction of the Bastile celebrated by public dinners; important moderate speech by Gambetta at Ferté-sous-Jouarre. 14 July, Announcement of a public loan of 120,000,000l. at 64 per .26 July,

66

46

The commission of 30 close their meetings. Letter of the comte de Chambord published; destroys all hopes of the fusion of the Bourbons... Feb. Debate begins on the report of the commission, which reserves the legislative rights of the present assembly, and the adherence to the provisional state in accord. ance with the "pacte de Bordeaux," 27 Feb.; powerful speech of Thiers in favor of this truce of parties," adopted (475-199)... ...4 March, Convention for the total evacuation of the departments in Sept. on payment of indemnity, signed at Berlin, 15 March,

Declaration in the assembly "that M. Thiers has deserved well of his country".. ...17 March,

:;

The loan subscribed for, nearly 12 times the amount, chiefly in France.. Thiers's financial measures carried (taxes on raw materials, etc.); the session of the assembly closed,.3 Aug. Meeting of Guizot and Thiers at Val Richer. 11 Sept. Arrest of Edmond About at Saverne, by the Germans, on account of a newspaper article (written Oct. 1871), 14 Sept.; released. .....21 Sept.

Three more communist murderers shot at Satory, 15 Sept. Attempted celebration of the anniversary of the estab lishment of the first French republic; banquet at Cham bery stopped..

M. Thiers and the ministry in Paris.
Progress of Gambetta in the south; violent speech at
Grenoble against Thiers......
.27 Sept.

Pilgrimage of about 20,000 persons to the grotto of the
Virgin Mary at Lourdes on account of alleged miracles
(the Virgin was said to have appeared to two girls, 14
Feb. 1858)
..6 Oct.
Report that the Russian minister remonstrated on Gam-
betta's speech at Grenoble..
..Oct.
The supreme council of war constituted; includes Mac-
Mahon, Canrobert, duc d'Aumale, and other eminent
generals; first meeting, Thiers present..
.9 Oct.
Prince Napoleon and princess Clothilde come to Paris;
expelled by order of the government (he protests),

12 Oct. Letter from the comte de Chambord to M. de la Rochette, protesting against a republic, and asserting that France can be saved by a monarchy alone; that she is Catholic and monarchical, and cannot therefore perish; dated 15 Oct. Elections for vacancies in the assembly; radical republicans mostly elected.. ..20 Oct. The Germans evacuate Haute Marne and other departments... .Oct., Nov. Banquet of the monarchical party at Bordeaux...31 Oct. New commercial treaty with Great Britain signed at London... 5 Nov. Reassembling of the national assembly, 11 Nov.; Thiers, in his message, declares that the republic is the legal government; and that to exist it must be conservative; and proposes changes. 12 Nov. Service of prayer on behalf of the assembly.....17 Nov. Fruitless attack of gen. Changarnier on Thiers's policy and Gambetta's speech at Grenoble; motion to pass to order of the day; majority for government, 150 (300 did not vote).... .18 Nov. .19 Nov.

The result becomes the law of.

M. Barodet, radical, ex-mayor of Lyons, elected member of the assembly for Paris by a large majority over the minister De Remusat. .27 April, Changes in the ministry: Casimir Périer, interior; W. H. Waddington, of Cambridge, public instruction (in room of De Goulard and Jules Simon).... .18 May, Meeting of the national assembly, 19 May; the government introduce their constitutional bills, 21 May; the duc de Broglie leads an attack on the government, 23 May; speech of Thiers; the government defeated (362348) at a sitting. .....2 P. M. 24 May, Resignation of Thiers and his ministry accepted (368-339), 24 May; marshal MacMahon, duc de Magenta (born 1803), elected president of the republic by 390 votes (the Left did not vote); he accepts the office, declaring his independence of party, 24 May; in his message to the assembly he says, "The post in which you have placed me is that of a sentinel, who has to watch over the integrity of your sovereign power", 26 May, The duc de Broglie chief of the new ministry...26 May, Gen Ladmirault succeeds MacMahon in the command of the army of Versailles.. .3 June, Private circular of the minister to prefects requesting them to sound newspapers of his department; censured in the assembly..

66

The assembly (by a large majority) order the prosecution of Ranc, formerly a communist, now deputy for Lyons,

19 June, .5 July, Grand review of the renovated army at Paris, and assembly prorogued.. 10 July, Renewal of the Anglo-French treaty of 23 Jan. 1860 (till 30 June, 1877); signed 24 July; ratified... ..29 July, Evacuation of all the French territories by the Germans, except Verdun, by.. .2 Aug.

Fusion of the legitimists and Orleanists after an interview of the comte de Paris with the comte de Chambord; the latter recognized as chief.. Odilon-Barrot died..

..5 Aug.

.6 Aug.

Letter from comte de Chambord to the vicomte de RodezBenavent; not explicit; shows tendency to concession; says, "I want the co-operation of all, and all have need of me," dated..... .....19 Sept. Prince Jerome Napoleon joins the republican party, 26 Sept. Letter from Thiers to mayor of Nancy, censuring the fusionists, who "without the consent of France pretend to decide upon her destinies", .29 Sept. France divided into 18 new military regions; 18 generals appointed ..30 Sept. Trial of marshal Bazaine, late commander of the army of the Rhine in 1870, for alleged treachery and misconduct at Metz; duc d'Aumale president of the court; begins...

6 Oct.

12 Oct. ..13 Oct.

..18 Oct.

Ranc condemned to death in contumaciam.. M. Lemoinne (in the Journal des Débats) says, "The partisans of an absolute monarchy make a tabula rasa of history; for them nothing has occurred. If that be so, nothing will return .15 Oct. Manifesto of the monarchists proposing restoration of the monarchy, guaranteeing all necessary liberties, etc.. M. Léon Say and the Left Centre decline negotiation with the monarchists; who threaten abstention in the next elections, if successfully opposed...... .....23 Oct. Letter from the comte de Chambord to M. Chesnelong; he says, "I retract nothing, and curtail nothing of my previous declarations. I do not wish to begin a reign of reparation by an act of weakness; if enfeebled today, I should be powerless to-morrow; I am a necessary pilot; the only one capable of guiding the ship to port, because I have for it a mission of authority," dated... ..27 Oct. M. Léon Say and the Left Centre say the moment has ar rived for the organization of a conservative republic, 30 Oct.

Meeting of national assembly; message from marshal MacMahon, requesting increased and prolonged power (ten years); this referred to a committee of 15; voted urgent (by 360 to 350).... .....5 Nov. M. Buffet re-elected president.. ...6 Nov. Conspiracy at Autun to seize marchioness MacMahon; offenders convicted... .7 Nov.

66

66

Eight of the committee vote for prolongation of MacMahon's presidency for five years after date of meeting of the next legislature, under existing conditions till the passing of constitutional laws; the others vote for ten years' prolongation without conditions...13 Nov. M. Laboulaye's report of the committee laid before the assembly; MacMahon's message suggesting 7 years' prolongation of his powers.... 17 Nov. Warm debate in the assembly; majority of 68 for ministers, 18 Nov.; 7 years' power voted to marshal Mac.20 Nov. Mahon (383-317), 19 Nov.; decree.. Incognito visit of the comte de Chambord to Paris, about 20 Nov. Ministry resigns, 20 Nov.; reconstituted; duc de Broglie, minister of interior; duc Decazes, foreign minister; announced... ...26 Nov. Committee of 30 for constitutional changes, completed, 4 Dec. 66 Holds its first meeting, Batbie president.........5 Dec. Embassy to London declined by Guizot; accepted by the duc de la Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia... Dec. Bazaine's trial ends; he is found guilty of capitulating with his army (of 170,000 men) in the open field; of negotiating dishonorably with the enemy, and surrendering a fortified place; sentence, death and degradation, 10 Dec.; commuted to 20 years' imprisonment, 12 Dec.

Peaceful republican demonstration in Paris at the funeral of Victor Hugo's second son, François.... ..28 Dec. Meeting of the assembly; majority against the nomination of mayors bill, through the legitimists (268-226), 8 Jan.; the ministry resign, 9 Jan.; vote of confidence in the ministry (379-329), 12 Jan.; the ministers resume office. 13 Jan. 1874 Vote for ministers on the nomination of mayors bill (341-336)... ..17 Jan. The Ultramontane newspaper L'Univers (edited by M. I.. Veuillot), suspended for 2 months for attacks on Italy and Germany.. ..about 19 Jan. Nomination of mayors bill passed, 21 Jan.; many mayFeb. ors replaced... A person calls himself comte Albert de Bourbon, and

claims to be son of Louis XVII.; his claim rejected, 27 Feb. 1874 Ledru-Rollin and Lepetit elected members of the national assembly.. ......1 March, New electoral law presented by the committee; about 3 millions disfranchised. ..11 March, Demonstration at Chiselhurst on prince Louis Napoleon's coming of age (at 18); 6000 Frenchmen present; he says that he waits the result of the 8th plébiscite, 16 March, Gabriel Hugelmann, political spy and swindler, convicted and sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment....25 March, Ferrand, contractor (made about 80,000l. during war), fined and imprisoned... ..about 25 March,

Proposal of Dahirel, legitimist, of a law enacting that on
1 June the assembly should vote for either a monarchy
or republic, negatived (330-256).
Assembly adjourns to 12 May.

Death of Beulé, ex-minister.. Newspapers warned not to attack the septennate. 12 April, Clément Duvernois, ex-imperial minister, arrested for suspected fraud. ...14 April, The assembly meets 12 May; the ministry defeated on electoral law (381-317), resigns... 16 May, M. Goulard failing to form a ministry, the president reappoints the former without Broglie; nominal head, gen. De Cissey. 22 May, Prince Hohenlohe, the new German ambassador, received by the president; mutual professions of peace, 23 May, Rochefort and other communists arrive at San Francisco, announced 21 May, Bourgoing, a Bonapartist, elected for Nièvre (asserted that he was devoted to the marshal). 24 May, Thiers addresses some Gironde friends; refers to the failure of his opponents; and recommends dissolution of the assembly.. 24 May, Electoral bill; assembly pass to second reading (393-318),

Ledru-Rollin's speech a failure.

Hot disputes between republicans and Bonapartists; Left Centre demand the establishment of the republic, or dissolution of the assembly. ....8, 9 June, Bonnard, communist, condemned for murder, 25 Feb.; shot.. .6 June, Electoral bill; age of electors fixed at 21, not 25 (defeat of ministry). .10 June,

Gambetta, having called the Bonapartists "misérables," is struck at a railway station by comte de Sainte-Croix, 11 June, who is condemned to fine and imprisonment, 13 June, Casimir Périer (leader of Left Centre) moves for recogni tion of the republic; MacMahon president till 20 Nov. 1880, and revision of the constitution; voted "urgent" (345-341).. .14, 15 June, Duc de Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia's motion for restoration of the legitimate monarchy negatived; he resigns British embassy.. .....15 June, Rochefort in London. .19 June, The "fusion" between legitimists and Orleanists ended; conflict now between republicans and Bonapartists, June, Grand review of 60,000 men at Longchamps, near Paris, 28 June, In his order of the day, marshal MacMahon declares that with the army he will maintain the authority of the land for the seven years... 29 June, Casimir Périer's motion negatived by commission of 30..... 29 June, Manifesto from comte de Chambord, saying, "France has need of monarchy. My birth has made me your king. The Christian and French monarchy is in its very essence limited (tempérée). It admits of the existence of two chambers; one nominated by the sov ereign, the other by the nation. . . I do not wish for those barren parliamentary struggles, whence the soyereign too frequently issues powerless and enfeebled. ... I reject the formula of foreign importation, which all our national traditions repudiate, with its king who reigns and does not govern."-Signed Henri V.,

L'Union, legitimist paper, suspended for publishing the above.... .4 July, M. Goulard, ex-minister, dies.. ..4 July, Debate on the manifesto; legitimists defeated; ministers defeated on a motion in favor of the septennate, resign (368-331); their resignation not accepted by the marshal.. ..8 July, He states in a message to the assembly his determination to maintain the law of 20 Nov., and exhorts them to pass the constitutional laws.. .9 July, Figaro suspended for 15 days for attacking the assembly, 11 July, Reports of committee, by Ventavon (the bill proposes maintenance of the authority of the president of the republic; ministerial responsibility; two legislative assemblies; dissolution of the chamber of deputies by the president; etc.), suspended....... .16 July,