Casimir Périer's motion for a republic rejected (375-333),

23 July, 1874 Malleville's motion for dissolution of the assembly rejected (374-332)..

The assembly adjourns (to 30 Nov.)..
.5 Aug.
Marshal Bazaine escapes from the isle of Ste. Marguerite
(see Dec. 1873), 10 P.M. [His wife asserted that he de-
scended by an old gutter by means of a knotted rope;
was received into a boat by her and her nephew, Alva-
rez de Rul, and conveyed to the steamer Baron Rica-
sola, which landed him at Genoa].........
.9 Aug.
Forcade de Roquette, a minister under the empire, dies
(aged 53).
.16 Aug.
MacMahon's progress in the N. W. provinces; well re-
ceived..
..17 Aug.
.....31 Aug.

Vendôme column restored.

Bazaine's defence, sent by him to the New York Herald, dated 6 Sept., published in London..... 14 Sept. Trials for complicity in Bazaine's escape; col. Villette and others sentenced to imprisonment. .....17 Sept. Thiers, at Vizille near Grenoble, in reply to an address, says, "Since you cannot establish the monarchy, establish the republic, and do it frankly and sincerely," 27 Sept. Poirier executed at Chartres for 5 murders.....29 Sept. Severe note from Spanish government complaining of French neglect in regard to the Carlists on the Spanish frontier. ....early Oct. Clément Duvernois, ex-imperial minister, convicted of fraud; 2 years' imprisonment.. .25 Nov.

POLITICAL PARTIES.

Extreme Right: legitimists, adherents of Henry V.
Moderate Right: monarchists. Right Centre: septen-
nates, imperialists or Bonapartists. Left Centre: mod-
erate republicans (chief, Thiers). Left: more pro-
nounced. Extreme Left: radicals (chief, Gambetta),
Nov.
St. Genest's pamphlet, "L'Assemblée et la France," in-
citing to a coup d'état....
.....end of Nov.
Comte de Chambord requests his friends not to vote so
as to prevent or delay the restoration of the monarchy,
Νον.
Four ornamented volumes of addresses from towns, etc.,
in France, conveying thanks for relief during the war
1870-1 (inscribed on the outside "Britanniæ grata
Gallia"), with about 12,000,000 signatures, presented
to the queen by M. d'Agiout and the comte de Ser-
rurier [placed in the British Museum for inspection],
3 Dec.
The assembly meets; firm moderate message from Mac-
Mahon...
...3 Dec.
Sudden death of M. Ledru-Rollin..
....31 Dec.
President in his message having recommended the pass-
ing a bill for constituting a senate, motion against it
passed (420-250), 6 Jan.; ministers' resignation not ac-
cepted.

Cost of the war (395,400,000l.) announced..
Emile Péreire, financier, died..

.7 Jan. 1875 ......Jan. .6 Jan.

17 Jan. .Jan.

A Bonapartist elected deputy for Hautes-Pyrénées,

Nine days' debate on the new army bill..

Stormy debate on Ventavon's bill for organizing MacMahon's powers; first reading passed (557 – 146 ), 22 Jan. Laboulaye's amendment rejected (359–335)....... ......29 Jan. Wallon's amendment (the president of the republic to be elected by absolute majority of the two chambers for 7 years, and to be eligible for re-election; the republic virtually established), passed.......... ...1 A. M. 31 Jan. Great satisfaction throughout the country.......... Feb. Duprat's amendment carried (senate to be chosen by universal suffrage), 11 Feb.; third reading of the constitutional bill rejected (357-345); proposed dissolution of the assembly negatived (407-266), 12 Feb.; message from the marshal disapproving of last votes...13 Feb. Senate bill (senate to consist of 300; 225 to be elected by the departments, 75 by national assembly).....22 Feb. Laws passed constituting French republic by union of moderate monarchists and republicans; legitimists and Bonapartists defeated; senate bill passed (448244), 24 Feb.; final vote for republic; constitutional laws passed (436–262), 5 P.M. 25 Feb.; published 1 March, New ministry under Buffet constituted: Buffet, interior; Dufaure, justice; Léon Say, finance; Wallon, instruction; De Meaux, agriculture and commerce; Cissey, war; Decazes, foreign; Montaignac, marine; Caillaux, public works.. 10 March,

Duc d'Audiffret Pasquier elected president of the assembly almost unanimously.. ..15 March,

Death of M. Jarnac-Chabot, ambassador at London,

Assembly adjourns to 11 May.

Edgar Quinet, author of "Les Jésuites," a publican, died...

66

stanch re.27 March,

Meeting of the assembly, 11 May; the ministry propose to refer a bill to the committee of 30; defeated; part of the committee resign, 18 May; new committee elected (republican majority). .26 May, 1875 Louis Blanc's speech against the conservative republic, 21 June; self-denying resolution of the Left party (tó avoid delaying the dissolution by speaking, etc.). June, Destructive inundations at Toulouse; about 1000 lives lost, with much property.. .23 June, Election of baron de Bourgoing, a Bonapartist, annulled by the assembly, 13 July; warm defence of his party by Rouher (on the charge of there being a central committee of Bonapartists in Paris, with branches in the provinces, actively endeavoring to overthrow the republic in 1874) 14 July, Fierce debate in assembly; Buffet defends the imperialistic prefects, and gains vote of confidence; the Left not voting.. 15 July, H. Rochefort, after challenging Paul de Cassagnac, declines accepting the conditions of the combat at Gene......Aug. The assembly adjourns. ...4 Aug. Naquet, an "irreconcilable" republican, attacks Gambetta for his moderation.. end of Aug.

va....

Plon having lost by publishing "Julius Cæsar," by Napoleon III., sues the emperor's executors; fails; and is adjudged to pay costs.. ....Aug. L'Echo de Blois fined for libel on the duc d'Aumale, 28 Aug. "Les Responsibilités," pamphlet, recommending the comte de Chambord to resign his rights to the crown, Belgian and German pilgrimage to Lourdes (see 1872), Admiral de la Roncière Noury superseded for writing a letter animadverting on the republic (2 Sept.)..8 Sept. Alleged adhesion of the Orleanist party to the republic, about 10 Sept.

Important speeches: M. Thiers at Arcachon defending his policy; advocating a conservative republic, and censuring delay; M. Rouher at Ajaccio, advocating imperialism and universal suffrage, and asserting that the nation will not accept the republic as a definite government..... 17 Oct.

Important letter of Gambetta to his friends at Lyons (in favor of the conservative republic), said to be "too advanced for the moderate and too moderate for the advanced". ...25 Oct. Meeting of the assembly; duc d'Audiffret re-elected president.... .4 Nov.

The assembly virtually votes its dissolution before 31 March, 1876; 6 months' residence in a commune to give right to vote, 9 Nov, majority for ministers; the scrutin d'arrondissement adopted instead of scrutin de liste (357-326); able speech of Gambetta for the latter, 11 Nov. New Catholic university opened. ..17 Nov. Beginning of ballot for senators for life; duc d'AudiffretPasquier elected; the result discloses a breach between the legitimists and Orleanists; government defeated, 9 Dec. Committees on the bills relating to the press and the state of siege protest against them strongly,

Solemn funerals of gens. Clément Thomas and Lecomte,
killed by the communists (18 March, 1871); violent re-
crimination in the assembly..
.27 Dec.
Re-election to the assembly declined by the duc d'Au-
male, 27 Dec.; by the prince de Joinville......29 Dec.
New press-law (abolishing interdiction) passed; state of
siege raised except in Paris, Versailles, Lyons, and
Marseilles; proposal to raise it at Paris negatived
(369-279)..
.29 Dec.
The assembly prorogued till 8 March, 1876.......31 Dec.
Powerful letter from Gambetta..
...31 Dec.
Communist trials report; 9596 convicted; 110 sentenced
to death..
..Dec.
Ministerial crisis; difference between Buffet and Say re-
specting an electoral list; resignation of Say; with-
drawn at MacMahon's request, 10 Jan. et seq.; the
marshal issues a proclamation, countersigned by Buf
fet; he says, "I think that the constitution ought not
to be revised before having been loyally worked. I
shall fulfil to the end the mission intrusted to me."
13 Jan. 1876
New Catholic university inaugurated at Paris by the
archbishop... . . . .
.10 Jan.
Commencement of election of senators in departments,
17 Jan.

General prosperity; revenue for 1875 estimated at
100,000,000l., said to be the highest ever received by
any government.
...Jan.
Election of senators; mostly moderate republicans;
Thiers for Belfort nearly unanimous; Buffet and Louis
Blanc rejected; Victor Hugo elected...........30 Jan.

...9 Feb. 1876

Resignation of Léon Renault, prefect of police, opposed
to Buffet...
Election of deputies; great majority of republicans, 20
Feb.-5 March; resignation of Buffet, about 22 Feb.;
Dufaure chief minister, with a modified cabinet. 24 Feb.
Estimated result of elections: moderate republicans, 270;
radicals, 60; Bonapartists, 92; Orleanists, 58; legiti
mists, 36..
7 March,
Dufaure's ministry complete (including Decazes, Say,
Waddington, De Cissey, etc.)..
..about 9 March,
Senate and assembly meet, 8 March; duc d'Audiffret-
Pasquier elected president of senate; M. F. P. Jules
Grévy, president of assembly.
13 March,
Amnesty bill for communists introduced in the senate
by Victor Hugo; in the assembly by Raspail, 21 March,
Proposed international exhibition, Paris, for 1 May, 1878,
5 April,
Archbishop Guibert of Paris declines to give evidence
concerning the election of comte de Mun as deputy,
April,
Gambetta president of budget committee for 1877,
about 19 April,
Queen Victoria in Paris; received by the president,
21 April,
Death of Ricard, popular liberal minister of the interior,
aged 48, 12 May; succeeded by M. de Mercère, under-
secretary....
..about 15 May,
Debate on the amnesty to communists, 14 May; rejected
(394-52), 17 May; Victor Hugo's speech in favor of
amnesty; proposal rejected almost unanimously,

Funeral procession of Michelet at Paris.
M. Buffet, ex-minister, elected life-senator.
87 communists pardoned..

Casimir Périer dies...

Nearly 2,000,000l. voted for public instruction...31 July, Chambers prorogued..

Sept.-Oct. Temperate manifesto of the Left, 4 Oct.; of Grévy and Gambetta.. .7 Oct. Justificatory manifesto of the marshal, appealing to 11 Oct.

Gambetta convicted for placarding his address; fine, 150l. and 3 months' imprisonment.. ...12 Oct.

66

66

Nov.

..4 Nov. .7 Nov.

M. de Fourtou interferes very energetically in elections; foreign papers stopped, etc... ...Oct. General election; quiet and dignified; results: defeat of Bonapartist and clerical parties (of 506 official candidates about 199 elected; republicans, 320)......14 Oct. Final result: 325 republicans; 112 Bonapartists; 96 monarchists.. 28 Oct.

Ministry hold office till successors appointed; M. PouyerQuertier fails to form a ministry

Election of departmental councils who elect senators; majority for republicans..

Census for 1876 announced; 36,905,788 (increase of 802,867 over 1872). ..8 Nov. The marshal determines not to resign; his ministry agree to remain temporarily; announced.....8 Nov. F. P. Jules Grévy re-elected president of the chamber of deputies now constituted.. ..10 Nov. Albert Grévy's resolution for the appointment of a commission of 33 to inquire into the conduct of the gov ernment respecting elections, 13 Nov.; carried after a warm debate (312-205).. . 15 Nov. Debate in senate on M. Kerdrel's motion respecting ministers; vote in their favor indirectly reflecting on Grévy's resolution, etc. (151-129). Resignation of ministers announced.

22 May, .18 May, ..16 June, .28 June, ..6 July,

68 communists pardoned..

12 Aug. .17 Aug.

Gambetta's resolution in chamber in favor of parliamentary government carried (355-154), 17 May; protest of 363 liberal deputies signed. 18 May, The marshal prorogues the chambers for a month; a firm manifesto issued by the Left... 18 May, Many changes made in the prefects.. Thiers accepted as leader by the republicans; Broglie's circular for repressing the press issued..about 29 May, Bonnet Duverdier, chief of municipality of Paris, arrested for speaking against the marshal, 1 June; sentenced to fine and imprisonment.. .8 June, Meeting of chambers; stormy debate in second chamber, 16 June; vote against government carried (363-158), 19 June, not direct 21 June, (150-130), 25 June,

The deputies vote the necessary supplies, but taxes...

The senate votes dissolution of the chambers 22 June; decreed..

The marshal, in an order of the day, after a review at Longchamps, says, "I appeal to the army to defend the dearest interests of the country .2 July, Quarrels among Bonapartists (Rouher against Cassagnac), July, Aug.

Repressive measures towards the press, etc...July, Aug. Prosecution of Gambetta (and Murat, editor of the Republique Française, in which it appeared) for a speech at Lille (29 July) in which he said the marshal must, if the elections be against him, "submit or resign ("se soumettre ou se démettre").......about 25 Aug. Thiers dies, aged 80, 3 Sept.; public funeral, no disorder, 8 Sept.

Important meeting of commercial men in Paris; petition to the marshal agreed on...

14 Dec.

.2 Dec. The chamber refuses to discuss the budget........4 Dec. The ministry resign; negotiations with Dufaure to form a parliamentary ministry fail; Batbie (see 26 Nov. 1872) also fails. 7-13 Dec. The marshal submits unconditionally, 13 Dec. A thorough republican ministry formed under M. Dufaure, president of the council and minister of justice; De Marcère, interior; Waddington (Protestant), foreign affairs; Bardoux, public instruction; gen. Borel, war; vice-admiral Pothuau, marine; Léon Say, finance; Teisserenc de Bort, commerce; De Freycinet, public works: announced; the marshal in his message accepts the will of the country. Restrictions of the press removed; many prefects resign and others are removed. .15 Dec. et seq. Death of gen. Aurelle de Paladines. .17 Dec. Budget voted; chambers adjourn.. ...18 Dec. Limoges affair; gen. Rochebouet said to have issued or ders to gen. de Bressoles for a military movement, 12 Dec.; major Labordère denounces the orders as illegal, 13 Dec.; the orders nullified by the change of ministry, 14 Dec.; De Bressoles suspended for alleged mistake; Labordère cashiered; much excitement in Paris on account of suspected preparations for a coup d'état.... ...Jan. 1878 Legislative assembly meets.. ..8 Jan.

Gen. Ducrot dismissed from command for suspected connection with projected coup d'état.. 10, 11 Jan. Committee of 18 liberal deputies (formed in May) virtually dissolve....

Temporary strikes of workmen. Republican success in electing departmental councils, Aug. Solemn commemoration of death of Thiers at Notre Dame, etc.. 3 Sept. Execution of Barré, stockbroker, and Lebiez, medical student, for murder of a milkwoman for her funded property .7 Sept. Review of 55,000 soldiers at Vincentes.........15 Sept. Powerful speech of Gambetta at Romans (department Drôme), proposing abolition of the exemption of theo

July, Aug.

logical students from military service, 18 Sept.; and at Grenoble....

66

.10 Oct. 1878 Dupanloup, bishop of Orleans, dies suddenly.....11 Oct. .28 Oct. The assembly meets.. 12,000 national lottery tickets of 1 franc sold (see Lotteries). ..up to Nov. Energetic manifesto of united legitimists, Orleanists, and Bonapartists against republicans respecting election of senators.. 13 Nov. Elections of Paul de Cassagnac (7 Nov.) and M. Fortou invalidated by the chamber, 18 Nov.; of Decazes,

7 Dec.
Letter from comte de Chambord to M. de Mun, main-
taining his rights; published..
25 Nov.
All foreign commercial treaties denounced in view of a
new tariff..
.31 Dec.
Elections for senate: 64 republican, 16 opposition..5 Jan.
Compulsory resignation of gen. Borel, war minister, 13
Jan.; succeeded by gen. Gresley...
.. 13 Jan.
Meeting of chambers; M. Martel elected president of the
senate.
.15 Jan.
Confidence in the ministry voted in chamber of deputies
(223-121)...
.20 Jan.
2245 communists pardoned by decree..... issued 17 Jan.
Ministerial programme: pardons to communists; check
of clerical influence upon education; dismissal of offi-
cials opposed to the republic, etc...
...16 Jan.
Drawing of the national lottery begun... ..26 Jan.
Budget revenue, about 110,242,8127.; expenditure,
110,177,3047..
.Jan.

Marshal MacMahon refuses to supersede military officers;
resigns, 28 Jan.; F. P. Jules Grévy elected president
by the senate and deputies united as "The National
Assembly" (536 for Grévy; 99 for gen. Chanzy),
30 Jan.
Gambetta elected president of the chamber......31 Jan.
Resignation of Dufaure; new ministry formed by M.
Waddington, 1 Feb.; changes (see Nov. 1877); M. le
Royer, keeper of seals and justice; Jules Ferry, public
instruction; M. Lepère, agriculture; admiral Jaurégui-
berry, marine..
..4 Feb.

Debate in senate: 7th clause of Ferry's education bill (abolishing Jesuit schools, etc.); Jules Simon speaks against it; rejected (148-129)... .....9 March,

66

Decree dissolving order of Jesuits and other orders in France... ....29 March,

66

1879

Letter from prince Jerome Napoleon in favor of the decree; offends Bonapartists.. about 5 April,

66

Pacific circular of M. de Freycinet respecting international relations... 16 April, Ministerial defeat on public meetings bill; M. Lepère resigns, 15 May; M. Constans succeeds... .18 May, Gen. Martel, president of senate, resigns; succeeded by M. Léon Say .20 May,

Expulsion of religious orders (much officially opposed) carried into effect with Jesuits.. Amnesty bill passed for all, except

incendiaries and

assassins, by senate (143-138)..

..3 July,

Communist amnesty bill passed by chamber of deputies,
21 Feb.
Resignation of M. de Marcère, minister of the interior
(police scandals), 3 March; succeeded by M. Lepère,
4 March, 66
.March,

Admiral Pothuau ambassador to England
Impeachment of De Broglie and Rochebouet (late minis
ters) recommended by a commission.. .....8 March,
Impeachment negatived by the chamber (317-159); vote
of censure passed (240–154).

Proposed return of the assemblies to Paris;

be appointed (315-128).

M. Ferry's education bills to check clerical abolishing Jesuit colleges, etc...

Pardon of 252 communists signed

MM. Grévy, Gambetta, and Leon Say, witness the launch of a man-of-war at Cherbourg, etc..........8-11 Aug. M. de Freycinet, in a speech at Montauban, expresses disagreement with his colleagues respecting decree against religious orders; resigns..... .19 Sept. New ministry: Jules Ferry (premier and public instruction), admiral Clouet (marine), Sadi-Carnot (public works), Barthélemy St.-Hilaire (foreign); other offices unchanged.. .20 Sept. Two important letters from Guibert, archbishop of Paris, to the president, recommending suspension of execution of the decree of 29 March against religious orders, delivered... .6, 15 Sept. Félix Pyat, editor of the Commune, sentenced to imprisonment and fine for justifying regicide.....19 Oct. Carmelites and other religious orders expelled,

16 Oct.-Nov. Meeting of the assembly: majority against the ministry, who resign (200–166).. .9 Nov. The ministry withdraw their resignation on vote of confidence (240-149).. .12 Nov. M. Baudry d'Asson, deputy, excluded, 9 Nov; refuses to retire from the chamber; forcibly expelled...11 Nov. Violent attacks of Rochefort (in the Intransigeant) on Gambetta; crushing replies...

Dec. Municipal council elections strongly in favor of the gov

16 June, Congress of senate and deputies vote for their return to Paris (526-249). ..20 June, M. Ferry's law of superior public instruction passed by the deputies... .9 July, President Grévy's first grand military review at Longchamps.

..9 Jan. 1881

Fête of the republic...

Prince Jerome Napoleon coldly accepted as Bonapartists.

13 July, .. 14 July, chief of the 20 July,

Comte de Chambord's letter: "With the co-operation of all honest men, and with the grace of God, I may save France, and will ".. Chambers prorogued Treaties of commerce with England prolonged; signed, 10 Oct.

Humbert, an amnestied communist, elected to the mu-
nicipal council, Paris, 11 Oct.; imprisoned for seditious
speeches, etc., 22 Oct.; election annulled ......4 Nov.
About 60 mayors in La Vendée dismissed for celebrat-
ing comte de Chambord's birthday..
.Nov.
The senate and assembly meet again at Paris....27 Nov.
Michael Chevalier, political economist, dies.....28 Nov.
M. Waddington demands a vote of confidence.....2 Dec. 66
[Republican sections: left centre, pure left, advanced
left, extreme left.]

Ministerial majority (221-97); many abstainers...4 Dec.
Resignation of Lepère and Le Royer, ministers,

11, 12 Dec. Resignation of the Waddington ministry.. 21 Dec. New ministry (more republican left) formed by M. de Freycinet; includes Jules Ferry (public instruction) and Lepère (interior); not Waddington or Léon Say, 28, 29 Dec.

Gen. Farre, new war minister, dismisses heads of departments in War office

Expedition to N. Africa to chastise the vasion of Tunis...

Projected loan of 40,000,000l. (public debt, about 1.200,0007.) immediately taken up for thirty times the amount. . March, Discussion respecting the scrutin de liste (which see), advocated by Gambetta; opposed by president Grévy, who yields. ..21, 22 March, Kroumirs; in..March, April, Treaty with the bey signed (see Tunis). .12 May, Excitement at Marseilles and in Italy (which see), 13 May et seq. M. Bardoux's bill for the scrutin de liste adopted by the chamber of deputies (243-235)... ...18 May, The Tunis treaty ratified by the chamber (453-1)..23 May, Warm reception of Gambetta at Cahors and other places, 25 May, Proposed revision of the constitution negatived in the chambers... .31 May,

The scrutin de liste rejected by the senate (148-114),

9 June,

SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.

MEROVINGIAN RACE.

Pharamond (his existence doubtful).

428. Clodion the Hairy, his supposed son; king of the Salic

Franks.

447. Merovæus, or Mérovée; son-in-law of Clodion.

458. Childeric, son of Mérovée.

481. Clovis the Great, his son, real founder of the monarchy. His four sons divided the empire:

Childebert; Paris.

Clodomir; Orleans.

Sigebert II.; Austrasia.

656. Clotaire III., son of Clovis II.

1328. Philip VI. de Valois, the Fortunate; grandson of Philip III.; died 23 Aug.

1350. John ÍI., the Good; son; died suddenly in the Savoy in London, 8 April.

1364. Charles V., the Wise; son; died 16 Sept.

1380. Charles VI., the Beloved; son; died 21 Oct. 1422. Charles VII., the Victorious; son; died 22 July. 1461. Louis XI.; son; able but cruel; died 30 Aug.

and his son Dagobert, in the forest of Livri.

66 Thierry III.; Burgundy and Neustria.

674. Dagobert II., son of Sigebert, in Austrasia; assassinated

679.

715. Chilperic II., deposed by Charles Martel, mayor of the palace.

717. Clotaire IV., of obscure origin, raised by Charles Martel to the throne; dies soon after; Chilperic is recalled from Aquitaine. 720. Chilperic II. restored; shortly afterwards dies at No. yon; succeeded by "Thierry IV., son of Dagobert III., surnamed de Chelles ; died in 737. Charles Martel now reigns under the new title of "duke of the French."-Hénault. 737. Interregnum, till the death of Charles Martel, in 741. 742. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II., surnamed the Stupid. Carloman and Pepin, the sons of Charles Martel, share the government.

THE CARLOVINGIANS.

752. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel; he is succeeded by his two sons: 768. Charles the Great (Charlemagne) and Carloman; Charles crowned EMPEROR OF THE WEST, by Leo III, 800. Carloman reigned but three years.

814. Louis I., le Débonnaire, EMPEROR; dethroned, but restored to his dominions.

840. Charles, surnamed the Bald, KING; EMPEROR in 875; poisoned by Zedechias, a Jewish physician.

877. Louis II., the Stammerer, son of Charles the Bald, KING. 879. Louis III. and Carloman II.; the former died in 882, and Carloman reigned alone.

884. Charles III., le Gros; a usurper, in prejudice to Charles the Simple.

887. Eudes, or Hugh, count of Paris.

898. Charles III. (or IV.), the Simple; deposed, and died in prison in 929; he married Edgiva, daughter of Edward the Elder, of England, by whom he had a son, king Louis IV.

922. Robert, brother of Eudes; crowned at Rheims; Charles killed him in battle.-Hénault.

923. Rudolph, or Raoul, duke of Burgundy; elected king, but never acknowledged by the southern provinces.— Hénault.

936. Louis IV., d'Outremer, or Transmarine (from having been conveyed by his mother into England), son of Charles III. (or IV.), died by a fall from his horse. 954. Lothaire, his son; reigned jointly with his father from 952, and succeeds him at 15 years of age, under the protection of Hugh the Great; poisoned. 986. Louis V., the Indolent, son of Lothaire; also poisoned, it is supposed by his queen, Blanche; last of the race of Charlemagne.

THE CAPETS.

987. Hugh Capet, the Great, count of Paris, etc., eldest son of Hugh the Abbot, 3 July; he seizes the crown, in prejudice to Charles of Lorraine, uncle of Louis Transmarine. From him this race of kings is called Capevingians and Capetians. He died 24 Oct.

996. Robert II., surnamed the Sage; son; died lamented, 20 July.

1031. Henry I., son; died 29 Aug.

1060. Philip I., the Fair, l'Amoureur; son; succeeded at 8 years of age; ruled at 14; died 3 Aug.

1108. Louis VI., surnamed the Lusty, or le Gros; son; died 1 Aug.

1137. Louis VII.; son; surnamed the Young, to distinguish him from his father, with whom he reigned for some years; died 18 Sept.

1180. Philip II. (Augustus); son; succeeds at 15; crowned at Rheims in his father's lifetime; died 14 July.

1223. Louis VIII. Cœur de Lion; son; died 8 Nov. 1226. Louis IX.; son; called St. Louis; ascended the throne at 15, under the guardianship of his mother, who was also regent; died in his camp before Tunis, 25 Aug.

1498. Louis XII., duke of Orleans; the Father of his People; great-grandson of Charles V.; died 1 Jan.

1515.

1547.

1559.

1560.

1574.

Francis I. of Angoulême; called the Father of Letters; great-great-grandson of Charles V.; died 31 March. Henry II.; son; died of a wound received at a tournament at the nuptials of his sister with the duke of Savoy, accidentally inflicted by the comte de Montmorency, 10 July.

Francis II.; son; married Mary Stuart, queen of Scots; died 5 Dec.

Charles IX.; brother; Catherine de' Medici, his mother, regent; died 30 May.

Henry III.; brother; elected king of Poland; last of the house of Valois; stabbed by Jacques Clement, a Dominican friar, 1 Aug.; died 2 Aug. 1589.

Louis XIII., the Just; son; died 14 May.

1643. Louis XIV., the Great, Dieudonné; son; died 1 Sept. 1715. Louis XV., the Well-beloved; great-grandson; died 20 May.

1774.

A. M.

Louis XVI., his grandson; ascended the throne in his 20th year; married the archduchess Marie Antoinette, of Austria, May, 1770; dethroned, 14 July, 1789; guillotined, 21 Jan. 1793, and his queen, 16 Oct. following. [Louis was executed Monday, 21 Jan. 1793, at eight o'clock On the scaffold he said, " Frenchmen, I die innocent of the offences imputed to me. I pardon all my enemies, and I implore of Heaven that my beloved France-" At this instant Santerre ordered the drums to beat, and the executioners to perform their office. When the guillotine descended, the priest exclaimed, "Son of St. Louis! ascend to heaven." The bleeding head was then held up, and a few of the populace shouted, "Vive la République!" The body was interred in a grave that was immediately afterwards filled up with quicklime, and a strong guard was placed around until it should be consumed.] 1793. Louis XVII., son of Louis XVI. He never reigned; and

1792.

1795.

1799.

1804.

died in prison, supposed by poison, 8 June, 1795, aged 10 years 2 months. It is believed by some that he escaped to England, and lived there some time as Augustus Meves.* In 1874 a person calling himself Auguste de Bourbon claimed to be his son. In France also Albert de Bourbon, son of one Naundorff, claimed to be son of Louis XVII. At a trial in Paris, when Jules Favre was his counsel, the verdict was strongly against his claim, 27 Feb. 1874.

THE FIRST REPUBLIC.

The NATIONAL CONVENTION (750 members), first sitting, 21 Sept.

The DIRECTORY (Lareveillère-Lépaux, Letourneur, Rewbell, Barras, and Carnot) nominated 1 Nov. ; abolished, and Bonaparte, Ducos, and Siéyès appointed an executive commission, Nov. 1799.

The CoNSULATE. Napoleon Bonaparte, Cambacérès, and
Lebrun appointed consuls, 24 Dec. Napoleon ap-
pointed consul for 10 years, 6 May, 1802; for life, 2
Aug. 1802.

FIRST EMPIRE. (See article Bonaparte Family.)
[Established by the senate 18 May, 1804.]
Napoleon (Bonaparte) I.; born 15 Aug. 1769.
ried,

He mar

1st, Josephine, widow of Alexis, vicomte de Beauharnais, 8 March, 1796 (who was divorced 16 Dec. 1809, and died 29 May, 1814).

2d, Maria Louisa of Austria, 2 April, 1810 (she died 17 Dec. 1847). Son, Napoleon Joseph, duke of Reichstadt, born 20 March, 1811; died 22 July, 1832. He renounced the thrones of France and Italy, and accepted the isle of Elba for his retreat, 5 April, 1814. Again appeared in France, 1 March, 1815. Was defeated at Waterloo, 18 June, 1815.

* He died insane, Jan. 1880.