Seven persons, captured in balloons from Paris, sent to German fortresses to be tried by court martial The French fleet off Heligoland. 8 Nov. 8 Nov. The Garibaldians defeated near Pasques (Côte d'Or) by Von Werder 27 Nov. 27 Nov. German corps, under Manteuffel, advancing on Amiens and Rouen 8 Nov. Firm circular from M. Favre to French diplomatic representatives about 8 Nov. The Germans enter Montbeliard (Doubs), 9 Nov. The Germans under gen. Von der Tann defeated between Coulmiers and Baccon, near Orleans, retire to Thoury 9 Nov. M. Thiers' report of the unsuccessful negotiations for an armistice dated 9 Nov. Reported naval victory of the Prussian steamer Meteor over the French steamer Bouvet off Havannah 9 Nov. Continued fighting; Orleans retaken by gen. D'Aurelle de Paladines; French losses, 2000; Germans about 700, and 2000 prisoners, IO NOV. Capitulation of Neu Breisach, 5000 prisoners and roo guns taken IO NOV. The French repulsed near Montbeliard on the Swiss frontier 10 Nov. Von der Tann's army reinforced by 30,000, now 70,000, the grand duke of Mecklenburg commander; the Loire army about 150,000, but only 12,000 regulars 12 Nov. Bankers at Berlin and Frankfort arrested for dealing in French war loan, about 12 Nov. Dôle, near Dijon, occupied by the Germans, 13 Nov. Calm, truthful proclamation of gen. Trochu, at Paris. 14 Nov. The armies in central France have been placed under prince Frederick Charles and the grand duke of Mecklenburg . 14 Nov. Eleven French towns, 3653 guns, 155 mitrailleuses, nearly 500,000 chassepots, about eagles and standards, and nearly 4,000,000l. in money, taken by the Germans up to 90 The French army of the north defeated by Manteuffel between Villers Bretonneux and Soleur, near Amiens 27 Nov. Amiens occupied by Von Goeben after a severe engagement 28 Nov. Severe engagement near Beaune la Rollande (Loiret) between part of the army of the Loire under D'Aurelle de Paladines and the Germans under Voigts Rhetz; prince Frederick Charles arrives and turns the day; the French retire; heavy loss on both sides, 28 Nov. M. de Kératry resigns his command, accusing M. Gambetta of misconduct, 28 Nov.; Bourbaki appointed to command an army corps, 29 Nov. Fruitless endeavours of the army in Paris and the army of the Loire to meet, 29 Nov.-4 Dec. Sorties from various parts of Paris repulsed with loss 29 Nov. Great sortie of 120,000 under generals Trochu and Ducrot, who cross the Marne; severest conflict between Champigny-sur-Marne, Briesur-Marne, and Villiers-sur-Marne ; the French retain the taken possessions, but their advance is checked; great loss on both sides (chiefly Saxons and Würtembergers engaged), 30 Nov. The contest resumed at Avron; the Germans retake Champigny and Brie; the French 2 Dec. Ducrot bivouacks in the woods of Vincennes, 3 Dec. he issues a final order of the day, referring to two days' glorious battles, 4 Dec. The army of the Loire: Chanzy defeated by the grand duke of Mecklenburg at Bazoche des Hautes, 2 Dec.; near Chevilly (the French report these engagements indecisive), retreat 3 Dec. Prince Frederick Charles dislodges an encampment in the forest of Orleans 3 Dec. General d'Aurelle de Paladines entrenched before Orleans; proposes to retreat; the government opposes him, but yields; he determines to await the attack; part of his army defeated by prince Frederick Charles, and the grand duke of Mecklenburg; he retreats with about 100,000 men; Orleans threatened with bombardment; surrenders at midnight 4 Dec. The Germans said to be in pursuit of d'Aurelle de Paladines (superseded) 5 Dec. 10,000 prisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gun-boats captured at Orleans Rouen occupied by Manteuffel General order of the king of Prussia, "We enter on a new phase of the war Every attempt to break through the investment or relieve Paris has failed 6 Dec. The grand duke of Mecklenburg attacks gen. Chanzy and the army of the Loire near Beaugency; indecisive, 7 Dec.; the Germans victorious, taking about 1500 prisoners and FRA FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, continued. six guns, and occupying Beaugency (severe loss to Germans) 8 Dec. 1870 Gen. Manteuffel's army in two parts, one occupies Evreux, and marching to Cherbourg, and the other marching to Havre 8 Dec. Continued severe engagements between the Germans and the army of the Loire; the defeated French retreat (7 battles in 9 days) 9, 10 Dec. Vigorous siege of Belfort; obstinately defended, 9 Dec. Pamphlet (attributed to the emperor Napoleon) 12 Dec. La Fere threatened by Faidherbe, commander Montmédy surrenders 18 Dec. The French government issue a circular against 20 Dec. 1870 20 Dec. 21 Dec. Tours partially shelled; said to request a German garrison 21 Dec. Chanzy and part of the army of the Loire said to have reached Le Mans and joined the Bretons about 21 Dec. Seven hours' battle at Pont à Noyelles between Manteuffel and the army of the north under Faidherbe: both claim the victory; Faidherbe retreats 23 Dec. Six English colliers, said to have had Prussian permits, after delivering coal at Rouen are sunk in the Seine at Duclair near Havre by the Prussians for strategic reasons. 24 Dec. Explanation given by Bismarck and compensation promised 26 Dec. Chanzy, in a letter to the German commandant at Vendôme, accuses the Germans of cruelly pillaging St. Calais, and denying his defeat, says, "We have fought you and held you in check since 4 Dec." 26 Dec. Trochu said to be making Mont Valérien a vast citadel 27 Dec. Mont Avron, an outlying fort near Paris, after a day's bombardment abandoned and occupied by the Germans 29 Dec. Alleged defeat of the Germans by detachment of Chanzy's army near Montoire 27 Dec. Several small engagments in Normandy-reported successful to the French 28-31 Dec. FRANCONIA, or FRANKENLAND (on the Maine), one of the circles of the German empire, formerly part of Thuringia, was conquered by Thierry, king of the Franks, 530, and colonised. Its count or duke, Conrad I., was elected king of Germany, 912; Conrad II. was elected emperor 924; and the imperial dignity was held by his family till 1250. Franconia was made a distinct circle from Thuringia in 1512. At its subdivision in 1806 various German princes obtained a part; but in 1814 the largest part was awarded to Bavaria. FRANCS-TIREURS, free-shooters, took an active part in the Franco-Prussian war from about 14 Aug. 1870; and more especially after the surrender of MacMahon's army at Sedan, 2 Sept. Their conduct has been much censured. FRAUDS, STATUTE OF. 29 Charles II., c. 3, 1677. "An act for prevention of frauds and perjuryes." FREE CHURCH SOCIETY, or National Association for Freedom of Public Worship, established in 1857, to abolish the pew-rent system and revive the weekly offertory to defray the expenses of public worship. FREEMASONRY. The new hall, Great Queen-street, London, was consecrated 14 April, 1869. Earl de Grey was installed grand-master of the English freemasons in room of the earl of Zetland, 14 May, 1870. The prince of Wales was installed at Edinburgh as patron of the freemasons of Scotland, 12 Oct. 1870. FREE TRADE (p. 320). An agitation for free trade has begun in the United States. A reform league was formed at Boston, 20 April, 1869; and the movement was active in New York, Nov. 1869. FRUCTIDOR CONSTITUTION; that promulgated in France on the 5th Fructidor, year 3, or 22 Aug. 1795. See Directory. G. GAIETY THEATRE, Strand, opened 21 December, 1868, Mr. John Hollingshead › manager. GENEVA CONVENTION, for the succour of the wounded in time of active warfare. Having been a witness of the horrors of the battle-field of Solferino, 24 June, 1859, M. Henri Dunant published his experiences, which induced the Société Genevoise d'Utilité Publique in Feb. 1863 to discuss the question whether relief societies might not be formed in time of peace to help the wounded in time of war by means of qualified volunteers. At an international conference held 26 Oct. 1863, fourteen governments, including Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Italy, and Russia, were represented by delegates, and propositions were drawn up. These were accepted as an international code by a congress which met at Geneva 8 Aug. 1864, and on 22 Aug. a convention was signed by twelve of the delegates, and it was eventually adopted by all civilized powers except the United States. International conferences were held at Paris in 1867 and at Berlin in 1869 for further developing in a practical manner the objects of the Geneva conference. The International Society (termed "the Red Cross Society "), established in consequence of these proceedings, was very energetic and effective in relieving the wounded and sick during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, its flag being recognised as neutral. See Aid to Sick and Wounded. Above 13,000 volunteers said to be employed in attending the sick and wounded, Sept.-Dec., 1870. GERMANY (p. 333). Inauguration of the Luther monument at May, 1870 6 Sept.,, Baden and Hesse Darmstadt join the North " GLADSTONE ADMINISTRATION.* Mr. Disraeli resigned 2 Dec., and Mr. Gladstone's ministry received the seals 9 Dec. 1868. First lord of the treasury, W. E. Gladstone. Lord president of the council, earl de Grey. President of board of trade, J. Bright, resigned (announced 20 Dec. 1870). Postmaster-general, marquis of Hartington. Lord privy seal, earl of Kimberley (succeeded by President of Poor law board, G. J. Goschen. Mr. W. E. Forster, the vice-president of the com- First lord of admiralty, Hugh C. E. Childers. GLASGOW (p. 337). Changes announced: Board of trade, Mr. C. S. Fortescue. Chief secretary for Ireland, the marquis of Hartington. Both to be in the cabinet. The new postmaster-general (Wm. Monsell) not to be in the cabinet, 1 Jan. 1871. 8 Oct. 1868 Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities to elect one Foundation of the new university buildings M.P., and Glasgow to elect three instead of laid by the prince of Wales two M.P.'s, by the Scotch reform act, passed Foundation of Albert bridge laid 3 June, 1870 13 July, 1868 The new university buildings opened, 7 Nov. GLOBE THEATRE, erected on the site of Lyon's inn, Strand; opened 28 Nov. 1868; Mr. Sefton Parry, first manager. * William Ewart Gladstone, born 29 Dec. 1809; master of the mint, Sept. 1841: president of the board of trade, May, 1843-Feb. 1845; secretary for colonies, Dec. 1845-July, 1846; chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1853-Feb. 1855, June, 1859-June, 1866; lord high commissioner extraordinary to the Ionian Isles, Nov. 1858; M.P. for Newark, 1832-46; for Oxford, 1847-65; South Lancashire, 1865-8; for Greenwich, Nov. 1868. GOLD (p. 340) discovered in the territory of the Transvaal republic, South Africa, Aug. 1868; in Sutherlandshire, N. Scotland, Oct. 1868; in Western Australia, reported Sept. 1870. Constantine, duke of Sparta, heir to the crown, 19 April,,, Law authorising the cutting the isthmus of Corinth passed . See Metz. ladies sent to treat; 25,000l. demanded as ransom, with free pardon . 11 April, 1870 The brigands retreating, and surrounded by troops, kill Mr. Vyner, Mr. Lloyd, Mr. Herbert, and the count de Boyl about 21 April Great excitement; the king shows great liberality; but many influential persons are charged with connivance at brigandage, May, "" June, Several brigands killed; seven captured, tried and condemned, 23 May; five executed, 20 June, 7 Nov. A new ministry under M. Deligeorges 19 July New ministry under M. Zaïmis 9 Jan. 1870 Greek college opened at Bayswater, London, W., Lord and lady Muncaster and a party of EngI Oct. lish travellers, seized by brigands at Oropos, Decrce for suppression of brigandage issued, Oct. near Marathon; Lord Muncaster and the Two gentlemen carried off II Oct. "" A new ministry under M. Comoundoros, 22 Dec. All the remaining inmates except 31 bed-ridden and the patients of the Dreadnought seamen's An act for the application of the revenues was GREENWICH HOSPITAL (p. 349). persons had left the place I Oct. 1869, hospital were removed here 13 April, 1870. passed in 1869. GUILDHALL, London (p. 351). The prince consort memorial window unveiled in the presence of prince Arthur, 3 Nov. 1870. GUN LICENCE ACT, passed 9 Aug. 1870; annual licence IOS. GUNPOWDER ACT, 23 & 24 Vict., "to amend the law concerning the making, keeping, and carriage of gunpowder," &c. was passed 28 Aug. 1860. It has not been quite effectual in preventing accidents. See Birmingham, 1870. H. HACKNEY COACHES (p. 354). By the Metropolitan Carriages Act, passed 12 Aug. 1869, various restrictions respecting the amount of fare, &c., were removed, commencing I Jan. 1870. Further regulations were to be issued by the home secretary. HABITUAL CRIMINALS ACT, for the more effectual prevention of crime, giving powers for the apprehension of habitual criminals on suspicion, passed 11 Aug. 1869. HANDEL COMMEMORATIONS (p. 356), 15, 17, 19 June, 1868, highly successful; about 25,000 persons present on 19 June. HEREFORD. Bishop Renn D. Hampden, who died 23 April, 1868, was succeeded by Dr. James Atlay, consecrated 24 June following. HISTORICAL MSS. A commission was appointed 31 Aug. 1869, to examine MSS. in the possession of institutions and private families, and publish any considered desirable. HOLBORN (p. 366). The Holborn valley viaduct, founded by Mr. F. H. Fry (Mr. William Haywood, chief engineer), was opened for foot-passengers 14 Oct., and inaugurated by the queen, 6 Nov. 1869. HOLY SEPULCHRE, KNIGHTS OF. This order was founded by Godfrey of Bouillon, 1099; revived by pope Alexander VI., 1496; and reorganised in 1847. HONVEDS, the militia of Hungary. They supported the rebellion against the emperor in 1849, but on the completion of the changes whereby the independence of Hungary was secured, in 1868, they offered a loyal address to the emperor-king. HORSE-SHOES. Goodenough's American horse-shoes put on cold (made by machinery) patented 1860, were used by the London omnibus company, Oct.-Dec. 1868. The international horse-shoe company for adopting the patent was established early in 1870. HUDSON'S BAY (p. 373). The company's territories (Rupert's Land), on the proposition of earl Granville, the colonial secretary (9 March, 1869), were transferred to the dominion of Canada for 300,000l., and a right to claim a certain portion of land within fifty years, and other privileges. The company consented to this, 9 April, 1869. A portion of the people resisted the annexation, and general Louis Riel proclaimed independence and seized the company's treasury, Jan. 1870. On 3 March he tried and shot Thomas Scott, a Canadian, who had escaped from his custody. Col. Wolseley conducted a Canadian expedition to the territories (now named Manitoba), and issued a proclamation to the loyal inhabitants, 23 July, saying "our mission is one of peace." Riel was unsupported and offered no resistance. The governor, Mr. Archibald, arrived 3 Sept. HYDROGENIUM, a hypothetical metal. In a paper read before the Royal Society, 7 Jan. 1869, Mr. Thomas Graham, Master of the Mint, suggested that a piece of the metal palladium, into which hydrogen had been pressed, became an alloy of the volatile metal hydrogenium." 66 HYTHE, Kent, a cinque-port. A school of musketry was established here in 1854, under the charge of major-gen. Charles Crawford Hay. He resigned in 1867. I. IMPORTS (p. 380) into Great Britain: computed real value in 1866, 2 295,290,2741. ; in 1867, 275,183,137l.; in 1868, 294,693,6081.; in 1869, 295,428,9671. INCOME TAX (p. 381) reduced to 5d. in the pound, April, 1869; to 4d. April, 1870. Gross annual receipts to 31 March, 1868, 6,177,000l.-1869, 8,618,000l.—in 1870, 10,044,000l. INFANTICIDE (p. 389). Margaret Waters was convicted of the murder of John Cowen, an illegitimate infant, by poison and neglect, 23 Sept. 1870. She had adopted about 40 children, receiving a few pounds as premium, in four years. |