Page images
PDF
EPUB
[ocr errors]

14 Aug.

Conference at Nuremberg relative to a general code
of commerce
15 Jan. 1857
Great excitement in Germany at the French suc-
cesses in Lombardy: warlike preparations in
Bavaria, &c.
May and June, 1859
Meetings of new liberal party in Eisenach, Saxe
Weimar, 17 July; seven resolutions put forth
recommending that the imperfect federal consti-
tution be changed; that the German diet be re-
placed by a strong central government; that a
national assembly be summoned; and that Prus-
sia be invited to take the initiative
This proposal not accepted by Prussia, and warmly
opposed by Hanover
Sept.
The Austrian minister, Rechberg, severely censur-
ing the duke of Saxe Gotha, for a liberal speech,
4 Sept.; and accusing the Prussian government
of favouring the liberals, meets with cutting
retorts.
Sept.
Death of Ernst Moritz Arndt, patriot and poet,
29 Jan, 1860
The federal diet maintains the Hesse-Cassel consti-
tution of 1852 against Prussia
24 March,
Meeting of the French emperor and the German
sovereigns at Baden, 16, 17 June; and of the czar
and the emperor of Austria and the regent of
Prussia at Toplitz
26 July, &c.

Meeting at Coburg in favour of German unity
against French aggression
5 Sept.
Dispute with Denmark respecting the rights of
Holstein and Schleswig .

.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

Νον. First meeting of a German national shooting match at Gotha 8-11 July, 1861 Meeting of German national association at Heidel berg; decides to form a fleet 23 Aug. Subscriptions received for fleet Sept. and Oct. The national association meet at Berlin; they recommend the formation of a united federal government with a central executive, under the leadership of Prussia 13 March, 1862 Meetings of plenipotentiaries from German states on federal reform 8 July-10 Aug. Deputies from German states meet at Weimar, and declare that Germany wants formation into one federal state 28, 29 Sept. Congress of deputies from German states declare in favour of unity 21 Aug. 1863 The emperor of Austria invites the German sovereigns to a congress at Frankfort, 31 July: king of Prussia declines, 4 Aug.; nearly all the sovereigns meet, 16, 17 Aug.; they approve the Austrian plan of federal reform, 1 Sept.; which is rejected by Prussia 22 Sept.,, The diet determines to have recourse to federal execution in Holstein if Denmark does not fulfil her obligations. 1 Oct 50th anniversary of the battle of Leipsic celebrated

[ocr errors]

18 Oct. 15 Nov.

[ocr errors][ocr errors]

Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark German troops enter Holstein for "federal execution" (see Denmark for events). 23 Dec. Death of Maximilian II. of Bavaria. 10 March, 1864 Prussia retains the duchies; discussion between Austria and Prussia; the diet adopt the resolution of Bavaria and Saxony requesting Austria and Prussia to give up Holstein to the duke of Augustenburg; rejected 6 April, 1865 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Ger manic confederation.

.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

8 June, The Gastein convention (which see). 14 Aug. Condemned by the diet at Frankfort I Oct. The diet calls on Austria and Prussia to disarm, 19 May, 1866 Meeting of deputies from smaller German states condemn the impending war. 20 May, Austria declares that Prussia has broken the treaty by invading Holstein, 11 June; the diet adopts this, by 9 votes; the Prussian representative declares the Germanic confederation at an end, and invites the members to form a new one, excluding Austria 14 June, The Prussians enter Saxony, and the war begins, 15 June, The diet determines for war, 16 June; proclaims prince Charles of Bavaria general of the confederation troops 27 June, [For the war and its consequences, see Prussia, and German Confederation, North.]

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

23 Delegates from the Zollverein meet, April; close 23 May, Inauguration of the Luther monument at Worms by the king of Prussia

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors]

25 June, German rifle association meeting at Vienna, 26 July; addressed by Von Beust at the close, giving as toast, " Peace and Reconciliation 6 Aug. After negotiations between Bavaria, Würtemberg, and Baden, July, a South German military commission appointed Oct. Wilhelmshaven, at Hippens, bay of Jahde, Oldenburg, the first German military port, inaugurated by the king of Prussia 17 June, 1869 Centenary of the birth of Alexander von Humboldt celebrated 14 Sept. Count Arnim, German representative at Rome, protests against the doctrine of papal infallibility May, 1870 German parliament opened by the king, 14 Feb. ; closed 26 May, Count Bismarck announces the declaration of war by France, and terms it groundless and presumptuous 19 July, Bavaria, Würtemberg, Hesse Darmstadt, and Baden, support Prussia in the war declared by France 15 July, See Franco-Prussian War. Munich, Stuttgart, and other cities, declare for union with North Germany about 6 Sept. Socialists declare against annexation of Alsace, &c. Sept.-Nov. Baden and Hesse Darmstadt join the North German Confederation by treaty, about 15 Nov.; also Würtemberg, 25 Nov.; and Bavaria, 23 Nov. ; retaining certain powers in military and diplomatic affairs Nov.

[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors]

The North German parliament opened at Berlin by Dr. Simson on behalf of the king 24 Νον. The parliament vote 100,000,000 thalers to continue the war 28 Nov. The king of Bavaria, in a letter to the king of Saxony, proposes the king of Prussia to be nominated emperor of Germany about 4 Dec. 39 The parliament in an address request the king to become emperor (votes for, 188; against, 6), 10 Dec. The address solemnly presented to the king in an assembly of princes by Dr. Simson. 18 Dec. Re-establishment of the German empire, 1 Jan.; William I. of Prussia proclaimed emperor at Versailles 18 Jan. 1871 Several German bankers condemned to imprisonment for subscribing to the French loan 3 Jan. Preliminaries of peace with France signed at Versailles 26 Feb. "?

[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors]
[ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

June, 1871

opposing the dogma of papal infallibility, 18 April; made D. C. L. of Oxford Triumphal entry of the German armies into Berlin; statue of Frederick William IV. inaugurated, 16 June, Dr. Döllinger elected rector of the university of Munich 29 July, The emperors of Austria and Germany meet at Salzburg, Bismarck and Beust present 6-8 Sept. The Bavarian minister of public worship declares against the dogma of papal infallibility in a letter to the archbishop of Munich 27 Sept. The German parliament opened by the emperor; who expresses his conviction "that the new German empire will be a reliable shield of peace," 16 Oct. Reform in the coinage: introduction of a gold coin approved by the federal council about 6 Nov. Law forbidding the clergy to meddle with politics in the pulpit about 26 Nov. Triennial war-budget voted 1 Dec. Sharp despatch from count Bismarck to the German ambassador at Paris respecting the acquittal of murderers of Germans at Melun and Paris, 7 Dec. Ultramontane agitation against the government; excitement amongst the Polish Romanists; count Bismarck carries his school inspection bill against the Roman catholic clergy.

[ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small]

Mar. 1872 May,

The empress-queen visits England Bismarck reports to the parliament the pope's refusal to receive cardinal Hohenlohe as ambassador . 14 May, Bill for the expulsion of the Jesuits passed in the German parliament (131-93); end of session, 19 June, Inauguration of a memorial to Von Stein, the patriotic statesman (see Tugendband) at Nassau, by the emperor 9 July, Imperial congress: the czar arrives at Berlin, 5 Sept.; the emperor of Austria, 6 Sept.; both leave; prince Bismarck declares the meeting to be merely an act of friendship; "prince Gortschakoff thankful that nothing was written," about 6 Sept. Great emigration of young men to America to avoid the conscription; forbidden by government,

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors]

Sept. The German parliament opened 12 Mar. 1873 Treaty with France settling the total evacuation of the departments held by German troops on payment of the indemnity in Sept. signed 15 Mar. The emperor William warmly received at St. Petersburg 27 April-11 May,

.

[blocks in formation]

HOUSE OF FRANCONIA.

1024. Conrad II., surnamed the Salique. 1039. Henry III., the Black, son. 1056. Henry IV., son; a minor; Agnes, regent; deposed by his son and successor, Rudolph (1077) and Herman (1082) nominated by the pope; and Conrad (1087).

1106. Henry V.; married Maud or Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England.

1125. Lothaire II., surnamed the Saxon.

HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN, OR OF SUABIA.

1138. Conrad III., duke of Franconia.

1152. Frederick I. Barbarossa; drowned by his horse throwing him into the river Saleph, 10 June, 1190.

1190. Henry VI., son, surnamed Asper, or the Sharp; detained Richard I. of England a prisoner; died 1197.

[Interregnum and contest for the throne between Philip of Suabia and Otho of Brunswick.]

1198. Philip, brother to Henry; assassinated at Bamberg by Otto of Wittelsbach.

1208. Otho IV., surnamed the Superb; excommunicated and deposed; died 1218.

1215. Frederick II., king of Sicily, son of Henry VI.; deposed by his subjects, who elected Henry, landgrave of Thuringia, 1246; Frederick died in 1250, naming his son Conrad his successor; but the pope gave the imperial title to 1247. William, earl of Holland (nominal). 1250. Conrad IV., son of Frederick. [His son Conradin was proclaimed king of Sicily, which was, however, surrendered to his uncle Manfred, 1254; on whose death it was given by the pope to Charles of Anjou in 1263. Conradin, on the invitation of the Ghibeline party, entered Italy with a large army, was defeated at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 1268, and beheaded at Naples 29 Oct., thus ending the Hohenstaufen family.]

[blocks in formation]

1292. Adolphus, count of Nassau, to the exclusion of Albert, son of Rodolph: deposed; slain at the battle of Gelheim, 2 July, 1298, by

1298. Albert I., duke of Austria, Rodolph's son; killed by his nephew at Rheinfels, 1 May, 1308. 1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg.

1313. [Interregnum.]

1314. Louis IV. of Bavaria, and Frederick III. of Austria, son of Albert, rival emperors; Frederick died in 1330.

1330. Louis reigns alone.

1347. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. (At Nuremberg, in 1356, the Golden Bull became the fundamental law of the German empire.)

1378. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, son, twice imprisoned; forced to resign; but continued to reign in Bohemia.

1400. Frederick III. duke of Brunswick; assassinated immediately after his election, and seldom placed in the list of emperors.

وو

Rupert, count palatine of the Rhine; crowned at
Cologne; died 1410.

1410. Jossus, marquess of Moravia; chosen by a party of the electors; died next year.

[ocr errors]

Sigismund, king of Hungary; elected by another party, on the death of Jossus recognised by all; king of Bohemia in 1419.

HOUSE OF AUSTRIA.

1438. Albert II. the Great, duke of Austria, and king of Hungary and Bohemia; died 27 Oct. 1439.

1439. [Interregnum.] 1440. Frederick IV. (or III.) surnamed the Pacific; elected emperor 2 Feb., but not crowned until June, 1442.

1493. Maximilian I., son; died in 1519. In 1477 he married Mary of Burgundy.

Francis I. of France and Charles I. of Spain became competitors for the empire.

[blocks in formation]

1792. Francis II., son, became emperor of Austria only, as Francis I., 1804.

See Austria.

HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN.

1871. William I. king of Prussia, 1 Jan.

GERMAN LANGUAGE has two great branches: hoch and platt Deutsch, high and low German. The former became the literary language, principally through its use by Luther in his translation of the Bible and in other works, 1522-34. The latter is that spoken by the lower classes. There are many dialects: the satirical epic in low German, "Reineke Fuchs," appeared in 1498; see Reynard.

G. F. Gellert

G. E. Lessing

G. A. Bürger

PRINCIPAL GERMAN AUTHORS.

Born

1546

translation, by the Rev. C. Swan (from an edition printed at Hagenau, 1508), appeared 1824.

GETTYSBURG (Philadelphia). Here severe fighting took place 1-3 July, 1863, between the invading confederate army under generals Lee, Longstreet, and Ewell, and the federals under general George Meade. The confederates were long successful, but eventually were compelled to retire from Pennsylvania and Maryland. The killed and wounded on each side were estimated at about 15,000.

GHENT (Belgium), an ancient city, built about the 7th century, during the middle-ages became very rich. John, third son of Edward III. of England, is said to have been born here in 1340 (hence named John of Gaunt) during the revolt under Jacob Van Artevelde, a brewer, whose son Philip revived the insurrection against the earl Louis, 1379-83.

[ocr errors]

Ghent rebelled against Philip of Burgundy, 1451; against the emperor Charles V., 1539; severely punished, 1540. Pacification of Ghent" (when the north and south provinces of the Netherlands united against Spain) proclaimed 8 Nov. 1576, broken up 1579.

Ghent taken by Louis XIV. of France, 9 March, 1678; and
by the duke of Marlborough, 1706.

Ghent seized by the French, 1793; annexed to the
Netherlands, 1814; made part of Belgium, 1830.
Peace of Ghent, between Great Britain and America,
signed 24 Dec. 1814.

GHIBELINES, see Guelphs.

GHIZNEE, or GHUZNEE (East Persia), the seat of the Gaznevides, who founded the city, 969. They were expelled by the Seljuk Tartars in 1038. Died The British under sir John Keane attacked the strong citadel of Ghiznee at 2 A.M. 23 July, 1839. At 3 o'clock the gates were blown in by the artillery, and under cover of a heavy fire, the infantry forced their way into the place and at 5 fixed the British colours on its towers. It capitulated to the Afghans, 1 March, 1842, who were defeated 6 Sept. and general Nott re-entered Ghiznee 7 Sept. same 1803 year.

1578

1794

1803

Ulfilas (Gothic bible) about A.D. 360
Martin Luther (German bible, &c. 1522-34). 1483

Hans Sachs

1494

Godf. Leibnitz

1646

. 1715

1716 1769

1729

1781

1748

J. G. von Herder

1744

Fred. T. Klopstock

1724

Im. Kant.

[blocks in formation]

J. C. Fred. von Schiller

[blocks in formation]

Ch. M. Wieland

1733

1813

C. T. Körner

1791

Jean Paul Richter

1763

J. H. Voss

F. Schlegel

B. G. Niebuhr

J. W. von Goethe

1749

Wm. von Humboldt

1767

[blocks in formation]

1751

1772 1776

1767

1773

1813

1825
1826

1829
1831

1832
1835

1845

GHOSTS, produced by optical science. Mr. Direks described his method at the British Association meeting in 1858. Dr. John Taylor produced ghosts scientifically in March; and Mr. Pepper exhibited the ghost illusion at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, July, 1863. See Cock-lane Ghost.

GIANTS are mentioned in Gen. vi. 4. The bones of reputed giants, 17, 18, 20, and 30 feet high, 1853 have been proved to be remains of animals.-The 1856 battle of Marignano (1515) has been termed the 1859 "battle of the Giants.'

1797
1769
1791 1860
1776 1861
1769 1860
1805 1871
1817

GERMINAL INSURRECTION, in the faubourgs of Paris, suppressed on 12th Germinal, year III. (1 April, 1795).

GERONA (N. E. Spain), an ancient city, frequently besieged and taken. In June, 1808, it successfully resisted the French; but after suffering much by famine, surrendered 12 Dec. 1809.

GESTA ROMANORUM; a collection of popular tales derived from Oriental and classical sources, written in Latin by an unknown author, about the middle of the 14th century, and one of the first books printed in the 15th. These tales have been largely used by our early poets and dramatists, including Shakspeare. The English

Og, king of Bashan, of the remnant of the giants: his
bedstead was 9 cubits long (about 16 feet). 1451 B.C.
(Deut. iii. 11.)

Goliath of Gath's "height was 6 cubits and a span."
Killed by David about 1063 B.C. (1 Sam. xvii. 4.)
Four giants, sons of Goliath, killed (2 Sam. xxi. 15-22)
about 1018.

The emperor Maximin (A.D. 235) was 8 feet in height,
and of great bulk. Some say between 7 and 8 feet;
others above 8.

[ocr errors]

The tallest man that hath been seen in our age was
one named Gabara, who in the days of Claudius, the
late emperor, was brought out of Arabia. He was
9 feet 9 inches high." Fliny.

John Middleton (born 1578), commonly called the child
of Hale (Lancashire), whose hand, from the carpus to
the end of his middle finger, was 17 inches long; his
palm 8 inches broad; his whole height 9 feet 3 inches.
Plot, Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire, p. 295.
Patrick Cotter, Irish giant, born in 1761, was 8 feet
7 inches in height; his hand, from the commencement
of the palm to the extremity of the middle finger,

measured 12 inches, and his shoe was 17 inches long; died Sept. 1806.

Charles Byrne, called O'Brien, 8 feet 4 inches high; died 1783; his skeleton is in the Museum, Royal College of Surgeons.

Big Sam, porter of the prince of Wales, at Carlton-palace, near 8 feet high, performed as a giant in "Cymon," at the Opera-house, 1809.

M. Brice, a native of the Vosges, 7 feet 6 inches high. He exhibited himself in London, Sept. 1862, and Nov. 1863.

Robert Hales, the Norfolk giant, died at Great Yarmouth, 22 Nov. 1863 (aged 43). He was 7 feet 6 inches high, and weighed 452 lbs.

Chang-Woo-Gow, a Chinese, aged 19, 7 feet 8 inches high, exhibited himself in London in Sept., &c., 1865. Capt. Martin Van Buren Bates, of Kentucky, and Miss Ann Hanen Swann, of Nova Scotia, both about 7 feet high; exhibited themselves in London, in May; and married at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 17 June, 1871.

GIAOUR, Turkish for infidel, a term applied

to all who do not believe in Mahomedanism.Byron's poem, "The Giaour," was published in

1813.

GIBRALTAR. The ancient Calpe (which, with Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africa, obtained the name of the Pillars of Hercules), a town on a rock in South Spain, on which is placed a British fortress, considered impregnable. The height of the rock, according to Cuvier, is 1437 English feet. It was taken by the Saracens under Tarik, whence its present name (derived from Gibelel-Tarik), in 711.

Taken from the Moors, 1309; surrendered to them,

1552

24 July, 1704

1333; finally taken from them by Henry IV., of Castile, 1462; strengthened by Charles V. Attacked by the British under sir George Rooke, the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, sir John Leake, and admiral Byng, 21 July; taken Besieged by the Spanish and French; they lose 10,000 men; the victorious English but 400, II Oct. Sir John Leake captured several ships, and raised the siege

Ceded to England by treaty of Utrecht The Spaniards repulsed in an attack loss

[ocr errors]

10 March, 1705 11 April, 1713 with great

. 1720

They again attack it with a force of 20,000 men, and lose 5000; English loss, 300. 22 Feb. 1727 Siege by the Spaniards and French, whose armaments (the greatest brought against a fortress) wholly overthrown

16 July, 1779

In one night their floating batteries were destroyed with red-hot balls, and their whole line of works annihilated by a sortie commanded by general Eliott; the enemy's loss in munitions of war, on this night, was estimated at upwards of 2,000,000l. sterling; the army amounted to 40,000 men, 27 Nov. 1781 Grand defeat by a garrison of only 7000 British, 13 Sept. 1782 The duke of Crillon commanded 12,000 of the best troops of France. 1000 pieces of artillery were brought to bear against the fortress, besides which there were 47 sail of the line, all threedeckers; 10 great floating batteries, esteemed invincible, carrying 212 guns; innumerable frigates, xebeques, bomb-ketches, cutters, and gun and mortar-boats; while small craft for disembarking the forces covered the bay. For weeks together 6000 shells were daily thrown into the town. Blockade ceased

5 Feb. 1783 Nov. 1800

Royal battery destroyed by fire Engagement between the French and English fleets in the bay; H.M.S. Hannibal, 74 guns, lost, 6 July, 1801 The Royal Carlos and St. Hermenigildo Spanish ships, each of 112 guns, blew up, with their crews, at night-time, in the straits here, and all on board perished 12 July,

A malignant disease caused great mortality Sept. 1804 1805 Aug. 1814

A dreadful plague raged A malignant fever raged

[blocks in formation]

GILBERTINES, an order of canons and nuns established at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, by Gilbert of that place, 1131-1148. At the dissolution there were 25 houses of the order in England and Wales.

GILDING on wood formed part of the decorations of the Jewish tabernacle, 1490 B.C. (Exod. XXV. II); was practised at Rome, about 145 B.C. The capitol was the first building on which this enrichment was bestowed. Pliny. Of gold leaf for gilding the Romans made but 750 leaves, four fingers square, out of a whole ounce. Pliny. Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniae was first introduced by Margaritone in 1273. See Electrotype.

GIN, ardent spirit, flavoured with the essential oil of the juniper berry. The "gin act,” 1735, laying an excise of 58. per gallon upon it, passed 14 July, 1736. In London alone 7044 houses sold gin by retail; and a man could intoxicate himself for one penny. Salmon. About 1700 gin-shops were suppressed in London in 1750. Clarke.

GINS, machines for separating cotton wool from the seed; see under Cotton.

GINGER, the root of the Amomum Zinziber, a native of the East Indies and China, now cultivated in the West Indies. In 1842 the duty was reduced from 538. to 108. per cwt. of foreign ginger, and from 118. to 58. per cwt. of that from British colonies.

GIPSIES, see Gypsies.

GIRAFFE or CAMELOPARD, a native of the interior of Africa, was well known to the ancients. In 1827 one was brought to England for the first time as a present to George IV. It died in 1829. On 25 May, 1835, four giraffes, obtained by M. Thibaut, were introduced into the Zoological gardens, Regent's park, where a young one was born in 1839.

GIRONDISTS, an important party during the French revolution, principally composed of deputies from the Gironde. They were ardent republicans, but after the cruelties of Aug. and Sept. 1792, laboured in vain to restrain the cruelties of Robespierre and the Mountain party, and their leaders, Brissot, Vergniaud, and many others, were guillotined 31 Oct. 1793. Lamartine's "Histoire des Girondins," published in 1847, tended to hasten the revolution of 1848.

GISORS, BATTLE OF (France), on 20 Sept. or 10 Oct. 1198, when Richard I. of England defeated the French. His parole for the day, "Dieu et mon droit"—"God and my right"-afterwards became the motto to the arms of England.

GITSCHIN (Bohemia), was captured by the Prussians after a severe conflict with the Austrians, 29 June, 1866. Near Gitschin, the same evening, the crown prince of Prussia was victor in another engagement.

GIURGEVO (Wallachia). Here the Russians officers, 7 July, and repulsed in an attack, 23 July, were defeated by the Turks aided by some English

1854.

GLADIATORS were originally malefactors, who fought for their lives, or captives who fought for freedom. They were first exhibited at the funeral ceremonies of the Romans, 263 B.C., and afterwards at festivals, about 215 B.C. Their revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C., was quelled by Crassus, 71. When Dacia was reduced by Trajan, 1000 gladiators fought at Rome in celebration of his triumph, for 123 days, A.D. 103. These combats were suppressed in the East by Constantine the Great, 325, and in the West by Theodoric in 500. Lenglet.

GLADSTONE ADMINISTRATION.* Mr. Disraeli resigned 2 Dec. and was succeeded by Mr. Gladstone, whose ministry received the seals 9 Dec. 1868. In consequence of a majority of three against the Irish University bill, early on 12 March, 1873, Mr. Gladstone tendered his resignation, but withdrew it a few days after, as Mr. Disraeli declined office with the existing house of commons.

First lord of the treasury, Wm. Ewart Gladstone.
Lord chancellor, sir Wm. Page Wood; baron Hatherley:
resigned; sir Roundell Palmer, baron Selbourne,
Oct. 1872.

Lord president of the council, Geo. Fred. Samuel Robinson,
earl de Grey and Ripon (marquis of Ripon, 1871).
Lord privy seal, John Wodehouse, earl of Kimberley;
succeeded by viscount Halifax, July, 1870.
Chancellor of the exchequer, Robert Lowe.
Secretaries-home, Henry Austin Bruce; foreign, Geo.
Wm. Fred. Villiers, earl of Clarendon (died 27 June,
1870); succeeded by earl Granville; colonies, Granville
Geo. Leveson-Gower, earl Granville; succeeded by earl
of Kimberley, July, 1870; war, Edward Cardwell;
India, George Douglas Campbell, duke of Argyll.
Chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, Frederick lord Dufferin,
appointed governor-general of Canada; succeeded by
H. E. Childers, Aug. (?) 1872.

First lord of admiralty, Hugh Culling Eardley Childers; succeeded by G. Joachim Göschen, 9 March, 1871. Chief secretary for Ireland, Chichester S. Fortescue; succeeded by the marquis of Hartington, 1 Jan. 1871. President of board of trade, John Bright; succeeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Dec. 1870.

President of poor law (now local government) board, George Joachim Göschen; succeeded by James Stansfeld, 9 March, 1871.

Wm. Edward Forster, vice-president of the committee of council on education; admitted to the cabinet, July, 1870.

The above form the cabinet. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, George earl Spencer. Office of works, Austen Layard; succeeded by Acton S. Ayrton, Nov. 1869. Postmaster-general, Spencer C. Cavendish, marquis of Hartington; succeeded by Wm. Monsell (not in the cabinet), Jan. 1871.

This ministry carried-the disestablishment of the Irish church in 1869; the Irish tenant act in 1870; was censured in the house of lords for advising the royal warrant abolishing purchase in the army (162-82), 1 Aug. 1871; carried the ballot in 1872.

GLASGOW (Lanarkshire), the largest city in Scotland. Its prosperity greatly increased after the union in 1707, in consequence of its obtaining some of the American trade. Population in 1707 about 12,000; in 1861, 394,857; in 1871, 477,144.

The cathedral or high church, dedicated to St.
Kentigern or Mungo, began about
Erected into a burgh

1181 1190

*William Ewart Gladstone, born 29 Dec. 1809; master of the mint, Sept. 1841; president of the board of trade, May, 1843-Feb. 1845; secretary for colonies, Dec. 1845 -July, 1846; chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1853-Feb. 1855, June, 1859-June, 1866; lord high commissioner extraordinary to the Ionian Isles, Nov. 1858; M. P. for Newark, 1832-46; for Oxford, 1847-65; for South Lancashire, 1865-8; for Greenwich, Nov. 1868.

[blocks in formation]

British Association meet (2nd time) Failure of Western Bank of Scotland, and City of of Glasgow banks, and other firms In which great frauds were discovered New water-works at Loch Katrine opened by the queen

Nov. 1857 Oct. 1858

14 Oct. 1859

[Supplies 25,000,000 gallons daily, can supply 50,000,000; engineer, J. F. Bateman; cost about 918,000l. independent of price paid for old works.]

Self-supporting cooking establishments for working classes begun by Mr. Thos. Corbett, 21 Sept. 1860 Glasgow visited by the empress of the French,

27 Nov. Theatre burnt again 31 Jan. 1863 Visited by lord Palmerston; installed lord rector, 29 March, 12 Dec. 1865

Industrial exhibition opened Fine stained glass windows, by German artists, put up in the cathedral by private munificence 1859-66 Site of the old university sold to railway company; new buildings to be erected near Western-park. 1866 Great reform demonstration; visit of John Bright, 16 Oct.

[ocr errors]

The duke of Edinburgh inaugurates the statue of
the prince consort, in George's-square 18 Oct.
Glasgow and Aberdeen universities to elect one
M.P., and Glasgow to elect three instead of two
M.P.'s, by the Scotch reform act, passed 13 July, 1868
Foundation of the new university buildings laid by
the prince of Wales

Foundation of Albert bridge laid
The new university buildings opened
Scott centenary celebrated

8 Oct. "" 3 June, 1870 7 Nov.

9 Aug. 1871 27 March, 1872

Fraser and Maclaren's warehouse, Buchanan-street, burnt; about 100,000l. lost

.

Explosion at Tradeston flour mills; about 14 killed; loss, 70,000l. 9 July, 1872 GLASGOW, BISHOPRIC OF. Kennet, in his Antiquities, says it was founded by St. Kentigern, alias Mungo, in 560; Dr. Heylin, speaking of the see of St. Asaph, in Wales, says that that see was founded by St. Kentigern, a Scot, then bishop of Glasgow in 583. This prelacy became archiepiscopal in 1491, ceased at the Revolution, and is now a post-revolution bishopric. The cathedral, commenced in 1121, has a noble crypt; see Bishops.

GLASITES (in Scotland) and SANDEMANIANS (in England). In 1727, John Glas, a minister of

« PreviousContinue »