here, and was opened Oct. 1873. Nuneham Hall, Cam- | William Edward Forster, vice-president of the committee of bridge, in connection with it, was opened 18 Oct. 1875. council on education; admitted to the cabinet, July, 1870. The above formed the cabinet. Miss Charlotte Angas Scott, aged about 22, attained the position of wrangler" (for mathematics), Jan. 1880. Gisors, BATTLE OF (France), on 20 Sept. or 10 Oct. 1198, when Richard I. of England defeated the French. His parole for the day, "Dieu et mon droit" ("God and my right"), afterwards became the motto to the arms of England. Gitschin (Bohemia) was captured by the Prussians after a severe conflict with the Austrians, 29 June, 1866. Near Gitschin, the same evening, the crown-prince of Prussia was victor in another engagement. Giurgevo (Wallachia). Here the Russians were defeated by the Turks, aided by some English officers, 7 July, and repulsed in an attack, 23 July, 1854. Glaciarium, at King's road, Chelsea; containing a surface of artificially made ice for rinking, constructed by Dr. John Gamgee, and opened March, 1876. The freezing was accomplished by Raoul Pictet's process, and W. E. Ludlow's rotary engine and pump were employed. Gladiators were originally malefactors who fought for their lives, or captives who fought for freedom. They were first exhibited at the funeral ceremonies of the Romans, 263 B.C., and afterwards at festivals, about 215 B.C. Their revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C., was quelled by Crassus, 71. When Dacia was reduced by Trajan, 1000 gladiators fought at Rome in celebration of his triumph, for 123 days, A.D. 103. These combats were suppressed in the East by Constantine the Great, 325, and in the West by Theodoric in 500. Gladstone Administrations.* Mr. Disraeli resigned 2 Dec., and was succeeded by Mr. Gladstone, whose ministry received the seals 9 Dec. 1868. In consequence of a majority of three against the Irish University bill, early on 12 March, 1873, Mr. Gladstone tendered his resignation, but withdrew it a few days after, as Mr. Disraeli declined office with the existing house of commons. Changes were made Aug.-Sept. 1873; the ministry resigned 17 Feb. 1874. FIRST ADMINISTRATION (1868-74). First lord of the treasury, Wm. Ewart Gladstone (and chancel lor of exchequer, Aug. 1873). Lord chancellor, sir Wm. Page Wood, baron Hatherley; resigned; sir Roundell Palmer, baron Selborne, Oct. 1872.' Lord president of the council, Geo. Fred. Samuel Robinson, earl de Grey and Ripon (marquess of Ripon, 1871); succeeded by Mr. Austin Bruce, made lord Aberdare, Aug. 1873. Lord privy seal, John Wodehouse, earl of Kimberley; succeeded by viscount Halifax, July, 1870. Chancellor of the exchequer, Robert Lowe; succeeded by Mr. Gladstone, Aug. 1873. Secretaries-home, Henry Austin Bruce; succeeded by Mr. Lowe, Aug. 1873; foreign, Geo. Wm. Fred. Villiers, earl of Clarendon (died 27 June, 1870); succeeded by earl Granville; colonies, Granville Geo. Leveson-Gower, earl Granville; succeeded by earl of Kimberley, July, 1870; war, Edward Cardwell; India, George Douglas Campbell, duke of Argyll. Chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, Frederick, lord Dufferin, appointed governor-general of Canada; succeeded by H. C. Ê. Childers, Aug. 1872; by John Bright, Sept. 1870. First lord of admiralty, Hugh Culling Eardley Childers; succeeded by G. Joachim Göschen, 9 March, 1871. Chief secretary for Ireland, Chichester S. Fortescue; succeeded by the marquess of Hartington, 1 Jan. 1871. President of board of trade, John Bright; succeeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Dec. 1870. President of poor-law (now local government) board, George Joachim Göschen; succeedel by James Stansfeld, 9 March, 1871. William Ewart Gladstone, born 29 Dec. 1809; master of the mint, Sept. 1841; president of the board of trade, May, 1843-Feb. 1845; secretary for colonies, Dec. 1845-July, 1846; chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1853-Feb. 1855, June, 1859June, 1866; lord high commissioner extraordinary to the Ionian Isles, Nov. 1858; M. P. for Newark, 1832-46; for Oxford, 1847-65; for South Lancashire, 1865-8; for Greenwich, Nov. 1868; announced the dissolution of parliament, 23 Jan. 1874; resigned, 17 Feb. 1874; resigned leadership of liberal party, 13 Jan. 1875; elected M. P. for Mid-Lothian (1579-1368), 5 April, 1880. Lord lieutenant of Ireland, George, earl Spencer. Office of works, Austen Layard; succeeded by Acton S. AyrPostmaster - general, Spencer C. Cavendish, marquess of Harton, Nov. 1869; by William Patrick Adam, Aug. 1873. tington; succeeded by William Monsell (not in the cabinet), Jan. 1871; by Dr. Lyon Playfair, Nov. 1873. This ministry carried the disestablishment of the Irish church, in 1869; the Irish tenant act, in 1870; was censured in the house of lords for advising the royal warrant abolishing purchase in the army (162-82), 1 Aug. 1871; carried the ballot in 1872 (see letter in note, Disraeli Administration). SECOND ADMINISTRATION (28 April, 1880). First lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, William Ewart Gladstone. Lord chancellor, Roundell Palmer, baron Selborne. Lord privy seal, George Douglas Campbell, duke of Argyll; reLord president of the council, George, earl Spencer. signed; succeeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, lord CarlingSecretaries-home, sir William Harcourt; foreign affairs, ford, April, 1881. George Leveson-Gower, earl Granville; the colonies, John Wodehouse, earl of Kimberley; India, Spencer C. CavenFirst lord of the admiralty, Thomas George Baring, earl of dish, marquess of Hartington; war, Hugh C. E. Childers. Northbrook. Chief secretary for Ireland, W. E. Forster. Cowper. Shaw Lefevre. The above form the cabinet. Lord lieutenant of Ireland, Francis Thomas de Grey, earl Glasgow (Lanarkshire), the largest city in Scotland. Its prosperity greatly increased after the union in 1707, in consequence of its obtaining some of the American trade. Population in 1707 about 12,000; in 1861, 394,857; in 1871, 477,144. The cathedral or high church, dedicated to St. Kenti- ..about 1181 Charter was obtained from James II.. Great Shawfield riot.. Power-loom introduced... Theatre burned; Glasgow Herald published.. Walter Stirling's public library founded, by will. Theatre again burned.. The Royal Exchange opened. Great fire, loss 150,000l.. 1190 1451 .about 66 1611 1652 1690 1715 1718 1725 The Glasgow lotteries, the last drawn in Britain, were British Association meet here.. 1834 .24 Sept. 1840 .8 Oct. 1844 False alarm of fire at the theatre, when 70 persons are crushed to death...... 17 Feb. 1849 ..12 Sept. 1855 British Association meet (2d time)... .Nov. 1857 .Oct. 1858 Glasgow visited by the empress of the French...27 Nov. 1860 | The glass-manufacture established in England at CrutchTheatre burned again... Visited by lord Palmerston; installed lord rector, Industrial exhibition opened.. 31 Jan. 1863 29 March, .12 Dec. 1865 1859-66 1866 66 Fine stained glass windows, by German artists, put up in the cathedral by private munificence... Site of the old university sold to railway company; new buildings to be erected near Western park.. Great reform demonstration; visit of John Bright. 16 Oct. The duke of Edinburgh inaugurates the statue of the prince-consort, in George's square.... 18 Oct. Glasgow and Aberdeen universities to elect one M.P., and Glasgow to elect three instead of two M. P.'s, by the Scotch reform act, passed. .13 July, 1868 Foundation of the new university buildings laid by the prince of Wales... Foundation of Albert bridge laid The new university buildings opened. Fraser and Maclaren's warehouse, Buchanan ...8 Oct. .3 June, 1870 ...7 Nov. ...about Explosion at Tradeston flour mills; about 14 killed; loss 70,000l.... ..9 Aug. 1871 street, .27 March, 1872 ..9 July, 19 Nov. 1873 Mr. Stephen Mitchell bequeaths 70,000l. to found a free library, etc... ..spring, 1874 ......22 April, 1876 Mr. Disraeli installed lord rector.. Great fire in Buchanan street.. British Association meeting (3d)... Rt. hon. R. A. Cross receives freedom of the city...2 Oct. Statue of Burns in George's square uncovered by lord New stock exchange opened. แ ..25 Jan. 1877 ...3 April, ...3 Sept. 66 Freedom of city presented to gen. U. S. Grant, ex-president U. S.. New Queen's dock opened. Freedom of city presented to the marquess of Hartington.. 13 Sept. .18 Sept. .5 Nov. 66 Statue of Thomas Campbell, in George's square, uncovered.. ..28 Dec. 66 Apothecaries' Hall burned; loss about 30,000....9 June, 1878 Stoppage of City of Glasgow Bank, with many branches; total ruin to many (see Banks).. ..2 Oct. National fund formed to relieve sufferers, 9 Nov.; amount received about 118,000l... 12 Nov. 66 Glasgow Relief Bank founded; 321,4237. received, 13 Dec. City of Glasgow Bank: Stronach and some directors sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment, others to 8 months' (see Trials). ..1 Feb. 1879 2 Feb. "" Theatre Royal burned. 66 66 Glasgow, BISHOPRIC OF. Kennet, in his "Antiquities," says it was founded by St. Kentigern, alias Mungo, in 560; Dr. Heylin, speaking of the see of St. Asaph, in Wales, says that that see was founded by St. Kentigern, a Scot, then bishop of Glasgow in 583. This prelacy became archiepiscopal in 1491, ceased at the revolution, and is now a post-revolution bishopric. The cathedral, commenced in 1121, has a noble crypt; see Bishops. Glasites (in Scotland) and SANDEMANIANS (in England). In 1727, John Glas, a minister of the Church of Scotland, published "The Testimony of the King of Martyrs concerning his Kingdom (John xviii. 36)," in which he opposed national churches, and described the original constitution of the Christian church, its doctrines, ordinances, officers, and discipline, as given in the New Testament. Having been deposed in 1728, he and others established several churches formed upon the primitive models. The publication of a series of letters on Hervey's "Theron and Aspasio," by Robert Sandeman, in 1755, led to the establishment of churches in London and other places in England, and also in North America. The meeting-house at Barnsbury, London, N., was erected in 1862. Glass. The Egyptians are said to have been taught the art of making glass by Hermes. The discovery of glass took place in Syria.-Pliny. Glass-houses were erected in Tyre. It was in use among the Romans in the time of Tiberius; and we know, from the ruins of Pompeii, that windows were formed of glass before 79. Glass is said to have been brought to England by Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wearmouth, in.. 676 The duties on glass, first imposed 1695; repealed, 1698; The manufacture was improved by the French, who 1673 1773 ..about 1832 Tempered or toughened glass: M. De la Bastie's process (plunging heated glass into a hot bath of oleaginous or alkaline compounds) announced April, 1875; largely manufactured in France, and sold cheap in London... 1876 Glastonbury (Somerset), said to have been the residence of Joseph of Arimathea, and the site of the first Christian church in Britain, about 60. A church was built here by Ina about 708. The town and abbey were burned, 1184, and an earthquake did great damage in 1275. Richard Whiting, the last abbot, who had 100 monks and 400 domestics, was hanged on Tor hill in his pontificals for refusing to take the oath of supremacy to Henry VIII., 14 Nov. 1539. The monastery was suppressed 1540. least three parts. Their composition began early in the Glee, a piece of unaccompanied vocal music, in at eighteenth century. Eminent composers, Samuel Webbe (1740-1816), Stevens, Callcott, Horsley, Danby, Paxton, lord Mornington, Spofforth, etc. The Glee Club, founded by Dr. J. W. Callcott, Dr. Arnold, and others, 1787.⚫ Glencoe Massacre of the Macdonalds, a Jacobite clan, for not surrendering before 1 Jan. 1692, the time stated in king William's proclamation. Sir John Dalrymple, master (afterwards earl) of Stair, their enemy, obtained a decree "to extirpate that set of thieves," which the king is said to have signed without perusing. Every man under 70 was to be slain. This mandate was treacherously executed by 120 soldiers of a Campbell regiment, hospitably received by the Highlanders, 13 Feb. 1692. About 60 men were slain, and many women and children, turned out naked in a freezing night, perished. This excited great indignation, and an inquiry was set on foot, May, 1695, but no capital punishment followed. Glendalough, or "Seven Churches," an ancient Irish bishopric, said to have been founded by St. Keven in 498; united with Dublin, 1214. Globe. The globular form of the earth, the five zones, some of the principal circles of the sphere, the opacity of the moon, and the true causes of lunar eclipses were taught, and an eclipse predicted, by Thales of Miletus, about 640 B.C. Pythagoras demonstrated, from the varying altitudes of the stars by change of place, that the earth must be round; that there might be antipodes on the opposite part of the globe; that Venus was the morning and evening star; that the universe consisted of twelve spheres-the sphere of the earth, the sphere of the water, the sphere of the air, the sphere of fire, the spheres of the moon, the sun; Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the spheres of the stars; about 506 B.C.-Aristarchus of Samos maintained that the earth turned on its own axis and revolved about the sun, which doctrine was held by his contemporaries as so absurd that the philosopher nearly lost his life, 280 B.C.; see Circumnavigators. To determine the figure of the earth, a degree of latitude has been measured in different parts of the world: by Bouguer and La Condamine, in Peru, and by Maupertuis and others, in Lapland, 1735. Estimated density, 5.6 that of water; weight, 6,000,000,000,- | of their sees by each receiving a glove, 1002. In Eng000,000,000,000 tons.-Proctor, 1875. France and Spain measured by Mechain, Delambre, Biot, and Arago between 1792 and 1821. Measurements made in India by col. (afterwards sir George) Everest, published in 1830. Measurements made on a meridian by long-continued astronomical observations, the points being connected by telegraph, between Calais, Me., and Nantucket, Mass., by the United States Coast Survey, in 1866-7. Experiments made by pendulums to demonstrate the rotation of the earth by Foucault in 1851, and to determine its density by Maskelyne, Bailly, and others; and in 1826, 1828, and 1854 by Mr. (afterwards sir) G. B. Airy, the astronomerroyal. ARTIFICIAL GLOBES. It is said that a celestial globe was brought to Greece from Egypt, 368 B.C., and that Archimedes constructed a planetarium about 212 B.C. The globe of Gottorp, a concave sphere, eleven feet in diameter, containing a table and seats for twelve persons, and the inside representing the visible surface of the heavens, the stars and constellations, all distinguished according to their respective magnitudes, and being turned by means of curious mechanism, their true position, rising and setting, are shown. The outside is a terrestrial globe. The machine, called the globe of Gottorp, from the original one of that name, which, at the expense of Frederick II., duke of Holstein, was erected at Gottorp. under the direction of Adam Olearius, and was planned after a design found among the papers of the celebrated Tycho Brahe. Frederick IV. of Denmark presented it to Peter the Great in 1713. It was nearly destroyed by fire in 1757; but it was afterwards reconstructed.-Coxe. The globe at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, erected by Dr. Long (master, 1733), 18 feet in diameter. In 1851 Mr. Abrahams erected in Leicester square, for Mr. Wyld, a globe 60 feet 4 inches in diameter, lit from the centre by day, and by gas at night. It was closed in July, 1861; the models were sold, and the building eventually taken down. land, in the reign of Edward II., the deprivation of gloves was a ceremony of degradation. The Glovers' Company of London was incorporated in 1556. Embroidered gloves are presented to judges at maiden assizes. The importation of foreign gloves was not permitted till 1825. Glucinum (from yλukuç, sweet). In 1798 Vauquelin discovered the earth glucina (so termed from the sweet taste of its salts). It is found in the beryl and other crystals. From glucina Wöhler and Bussy obtained the rare metal glucinum in 1828.-Gmelin. Glucose, see Sugar. Gluten, an ingredient of grain, particularly wheat, termed the vegeto-animal principle (containing nitrogen). Its discovery is attributed to Beccaria in the eighteenth century. Glycerine, discovered by Scheele about 1779, and termed by him the "sweet principle of fats," and further studied by Chevreul, termed the "father of the fatty acids." It is obtained pure by saponifying olive-oil or animal fat with oxide of lead, or litharge. Glycerine is now much employed in medicine and the arts. Glyoxyline (invented by Mr. F. A. Abel, the chemist of the war department, in 1867), an explosive mixture of gun-cotton, pulp, and saltpetre saturated with nitroglycerine. It was abandoned for compressed gun-cotton. Gnostics (from the Greek yvwσiç, knowledge), a sect who, soon after the preaching of Christianity, endeavored to combine its principles with the Greek phi Globe Theatre, BANKSIDE (London), see Shake-losophy. Among their teachers were Saturnius, 111; speare's Theatre.-The Globe "Theatre," erected on the Basilides, 134; and Valentine, 140. Priscillian, a Spansite of Lyon's inn, Strand, was opened 28 Nov. 1868, Mr. | iard, was burned at Treves as a heretic, in 384, for enSefton Parry manager.-The Globe evening newspaper; deavoring to revive Gnosticism. formerly whig, now conservative; established 1803. "Gloire," French steam frigate; see Navy, French. Glory, the nimbus drawn by painters round the heads of saints, angels, and holy men, and the circle of rays on images, adopted from the Cæsars and their flatterers, were used in the first century. The doxology, "Gloria Patri," is very ancient, and originally without the clause "as it was in the beginning," etc. In the Greek it began with Aóka, glory. Gloucester (Roman Glevum) submitted to the Romans about 45, and to the Saxons 577. The statutes of Gloucester, passed at a parliament held by Edward I., 1278, relate to actions at law. This city was incorporated by Henry III., and was fortified by a strong wall, which was demolished after the Restoration, in 1660, by order of Charles II., as a punishment for the successful resistance of the city to Charles I., under col. Massey, Aug., Sept. 1643. The Gloucester and Berkeley canal was completed in April, 1827. Gross bribery took place here at the election for the parliament in 1859.-The BISHOPRIC was one of the six erected by Henry VIII. in 1541, and was formerly part of Worcester. It was united to Bristol in 1836. The church, which belonged to the abbey, and its revenues, were appropriated to the maintenance of the see. The abbey, which was founded by king Wulphere about 700, was burned in 1102, and again in 1122. In it are the tombs of Robert, duke of Normandy, and Edward II. In the king's books this bishopric is valued at 315. 178. 2d. per annum. Present income, 50007. RECENT BISHOPS OF GLOUCESTER AND BRISTOL. 1802. George Isaac Huntingford, translated to Hereford, June, 1815. 1815. Hon. Henry Ryder, translated to Lichfield, 1824. 1856. Charles Baring, translated to Durham, Sept. 1861. Gloves. Woodstock and Worcester leather gloves are of ancient celebrity. In the middle ages, the giving a glove was a ceremony of investiture in bestowing lands and dignities; and two bishops were put in possession Goa (S.W. Hindostan) was taken by the Portuguese under Albuquerque in 1510, and made their Indian capital. It was visited by the prince of Wales, 27 Nov. 1875. Goat Show at Alexandra Palace, 16-22 Sept. 1880, supported by the British Goat Society, recently established. Gobelin Tapestry, so called from a house at Paris, formerly possessed by wool-dyers, whereof the chief (Jehan Gobelin), in the reign of Francis I., is said to have found the secret of dyeing scarlet. This house was purchased by Louis XIV. about 1662 for a manufactory of works for adorning palaces (under the direction of Colbert), especially tapestry, designs for which were drawn by Le Brun, about 1666. Present establishment (1878) costs about 80007. a year. "God bless you!" see Sneezing. "God Save the King." This melody is said to have been composed by John Bull, Mus. D., in 1606, for others ascribe it to Henry Carey, author of "Sally in a diņuer given to James I. at Merchant Taylors' Hall; Our Alley," who died 4 Oct. 1743. It was much sung 1745-6. It has been claimed by the French. The controversy on the subject is summed up in Chappell's “Popular Music of the Olden Times" (1859). The melody has been adopted for the German national anthem (Heil dir im Siegerkranz"), and also for the Danish. Mr. C.W.Wynn, president of the India board. Mr. Charles Grant (afterwards lord Glenelg), board of trade. Godfathers AND Godmothers, or sponsors. The Jews are said to have had them at circumcision, but there no mention of them in Scripture. Tradition says that sponsors were first appointed by Hyginus, a Roman bishop, about 154, during a time of persecution. In Roman Catholic countries bells have godfathers and godmothers at their baptism. Godolphin Administrations (see Administrations), 1684 and 1690. Lord Godolphin became primeminister to queen Anne, 8 May, 1702. The cabinet was notified in 1704. The earl resigned 8 Aug. 1710, and died 1712. Sidney, lord (afterwards earl) Godolphin, treasury Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, lord president. Hon. Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer. Sir Charles Hedges and the earl of Nottingham (the latter succeeded by Bobert Harley, created earl of Oxford in 1704), secretaries of state. Godwin Sands, sand-banks off the east coast of Kent, occupy land which belonged to Godwin, earl of Kent, the father of king Harold II. This ground was afterwards given to the monastery of St. Augustin at Canterbury; but the abbot neglecting to keep in repair the wall that defended it from the sea, the tract was submerged about 1100, leaving these sands, upon which many ships have been wrecked.-Salmon. Godwin's Oath. "Take care you are not swearing Godwin's oath." This caution, to a person taking a voluntary and intemperate oath, or making violent protestations, had its rise in the following circumstance related by the monks: Godwin, earl of Kent, was tried for the murder of prince Alfred, brother of Edward the Confessor, and pardoned, but died at the king's table while protesting with oaths his innocence of the murder; supposed by the historians of those times to have been choked with a piece of bread, as a judgment from heaven, having prayed it might stick in his throat if he were guilty of the murder; 1053. Gog and Magog, see Guildhall. Gold (mentioned Gen. ii. 11), the purest and most ductile of all the metals, for which reason it has been considered by almost all nations as the most valuable. It is too soft to be used pure, and to harden it it is alloyed with copper or silver: our coin consists of twentytwo carats of pure gold and two of copper. By 17 & 18 Vict. c. 96 (1854), gold wares are allowed to be manufactured at a lower standard than formerly-weddingrings excepted-by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 60 (1855). The present stated price is 37. 178. 103d. per oz.; see Coin of England and Guineas. In 1816 it was enacted by 56 Geo. III. c. 68, that "gold coins only should be legal tender in all payments of more than 40s." Estimated amount of gold in the world: value, 1848, 560,000, 0007.; 1875, 1,000,000,0007. The Amalgamation of Gold is described by Pliny (about 77) and Vitruvius (about 27 B.C.). The alchemist Basil Valen tine (in the fifteenth century) was acquainted with the solution of the chloride of gold and fulminating gold. Andreas Cassius, in 1685, described the preparation of gold purple, which was then adapted by Kunkel to make red glass, and to other purposes. -Gmelin. Gold has been subjected to the researches of eminent chemists, such as Berzelius and Faraday.. GOLD-MINES. Gold was found most abundantly in Africa, Japan, and South America. In the last it was discovered by the Spaniards in 1492, from which time to 1731 they im ported into Europe 6000 millions of pieces of eight, in register gold and silver, exclusively of what were unregistered. Peter the Great reopened ancient gold-mines in Russia, 1699. The Ural or Oural mountains of Russia long produced gold in large quantity. A piece of gold weighing ninety marks, equal to sixty pounds troy (the mark being eight ounces), was found near La Paz, a town of Peru, 1730. Gold discovered in Malacca in 1731; in New Andalusia in 1785; in Ceylon, 1800; 2887 ounces of gold, value 99917, obtained from mines in Britain and Ireland in 1864; it has been found in Cornwall, and in the county of Wicklow, in Ireland. Gold discovered in California, Sept. 1847; and in Austra lia, 1851. On 28 April, 1858, a nugget, said to weigh 146 pounds, was shown to the queen. It is estimated that between 1851 and 1859 gold to the value of 88,889,4351. was exported from Victoria alone (sce California and Australia severally). Gold discovered in what is now termed New Columbia in 1856; much emigration there in 1858. Gold discovered in New Zealand, and in Nova Scotia in 1861. Gold discovered in South Africa (Transvaal republic, etc.), and discovered in Sutherlandshire; much excitement, Oct. 1868; in West Australia, reported Sept. 1870; in the Bendigo fields, Victoria, Nov. 1871; in Land of Midian, by capt. R. Burton, announced May, 1877. Gold obtained in United Kingdom: value in 1861,10,8167.; in 1862, 20,390.; in 1863, 1747.; in 1864, 99917.; in 1865, 58947.; in 1868, 3522l.; in 1876, 1138. The gold obtained in the United States during 1880 amounted to $36,000,000. The imports of gold coin and bullion into the United States during the fiscal year ending 30 June, 1881, were $90,031,259. An ounce of GOLD-WIRE was first made in Italy about 1350. gold is sufficient to gild a silver wire above 1300 miles in length; and such is its tenacity that a wire the one eighteenth part of an inch will bear the weight of 500 pounds without breaking.-Fourcroy. GOLD-LEAF. A single grain of gold may be extended into a leaf of 56 square inches, and gold-leaf can be reduced to the 300,000th part of an inch, and gilding to the ten-millionth part.-Kelly's Cambist. GOLD ROBBERY. Three boxes, hooped and sealed, containing gold in bars and coin to the value of between 18,000l. and 20,0001., were sent from London, 15 May, 1855. On their arrival in Paris, it was found that ingots to the value of 12,000l. had been abstracted and shot substituted, although the boxes bore no marks of violence. Many persons were apprehended on suspicion, but the police obtained no trace till Nov. 1856. Three men, named Pierce, Burgess, and Tester, were tried and convicted, 13-15 Jan. 1857, on the evidence of Edward Agar, an accomplice. They had been preparing for the robbery for eighteen months previous to its perpetration. Gold Coast, West Africa; settlements made by the Dutch; transferred to Great Britain by treaty, signed 2 Feb. 1872; joined with Lagos to form the "Gold Coast Colony," governor, capt. George Cumine Strahan, appointed 1874; Sandford Freeling, 1876; Herbert Taylor Ussher, 1879; sir Samuel Rowe, 25 Jan. 1881. Golden Bulls, Rose, see Bulls, Rose, note. Golden Fleece (see Argonauts). Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1429, at his marriage, instituted the military order of Toison d'or, or "golden fleece;" it was said on account of the profit he made by wool. The number of knights was thirty-one. The king of Spain, as duke of Burgundy, afterwards became grandmaster of the order. The knights wore a scarlet cloak lined with ermine, with a collar opened, and the duke's cipher, in the form of a B, to signify Burgundy, together with flints striking fire, with the motto "Ante ferit, quam flamma micat." At the end of the collar hung a golden fleece, with this device, "Pretium non vile laborum." The order afterwards became common to all the princes of the house of Austria, as descendants of Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, last duke of Burgundy, who married Maximilian of Austria in 1477, and now be longs to both Austria and Spain, in conformity with a treaty made 30 April, 1725. Golden Horde, a name given to the Mongolian Tartars, who established an empire in Kaptchak (or Kibzak), now S.E. Russia, about 1224, their ruler being Batou, grandson of Gengis Khan. They invaded Russia, and made Alexander Newski grand-duke, 1252. At the battle of Bielawisch, in 1481, they were crushed by Ivan III. and the Nogai Tartars. Golden Legend, "Legenda Aurea." The lives of our Lord and the saints, written by Giacomo Varaggio, or Jacobus de Voragine, a Dominican monk, about 1260; first printed 1470; a translation printed by Caxton, 1483, Golden Number, the cycle of nineteen years, of the number that shows the years of the moon's cycle; its invention is ascribed to Meton of Athens, about 432 B.C.-Pliny. To find the golden number or year of the lunar cycle, add one to the date, and divide by 19; the quotient is the number of cycles since Christ, and the remainder the golden number. The golden number for 1876, 15; 1877, 16; 1878, 17; 1879, 18; 1880, 19; 1881, 1; 1882, 2; 1883, 3; 1884, 4; 1885, 5. Golden Wedding, see Wedding. Gold-fish (the golden carp, Cyprinus auratus), brought to England from China in 1691, but not common till about 1723. Goldsmiths' Company (London) began about 1327, and incorporated 16 Rich. II., 1392. The old hall was taken down in 1829, and the present magnificent edifice by Philip Hardwick was opened 15 July, 1835; see Assay and Standard. The first bankers were goldsmiths. Goldsmiths' Hall marks on gold and silver plate are five: 1. The sovereign's head (after 1784); 2. Lion passant (the standard mark), probably introduced between 1538 and 1558; 3. The standard mark, fixed 8 & 9 Will. III. 1696-7; 4. Leopard's head, the Hall mark; 5. The maker's mark (an old custom). [The date-letter is one of an alphabet of 20 letters; A to U or V, J being omitted. The letter is changed on 30 May annually, and the shape of the letter every 20 years; thus 1716, A, etc.; 1736, a, etc.; 1756, A, etc., 1776, a, etc.; 1796-1816, A, etc.; 1816-36, a, etc.; 1836-56, A, etc.; 1856-76, a, etc.; 1876-96, A, etc. The earliest known alphabetical series began 1438-9.] A parliamentary commission on Hall marking reported in favor Gomarists, see Arminians. Gonfalonier, or STANDARD-BEARER OF JUSTICE, originally a subordinate officer in Florence; instituted 1292; became paramount in the fifteenth century, and was suppressed 27 April, 1532, when the constitution was changed and Alexander de' Medici made duke. Good Friday (probably God's Friday), the Friday before Easter day, on which a solemn fast has long been held, in remembrance of the crucifixion of Christ on Friday, 3 April, 33, or 15 April, 29. Its appellation of good appears to be peculiar to the church of England; our Saxon forefathers denominated it Long Friday, on account of the length of the offices and fastings enjoined on this day. Good Friday, 1883, 23 March; 1884, 11 April; 1885, 3 April. Good Templars (first lodges formed in America) pledge themselves not to make, buy, sell, furnish, or cause to be furnished, intoxicating liquors to others as a beverage. The first English lodge was formed at Birmingham in May, 1868. There were said to be 3743 lodges and 210,255 members in the United Kingdom in 1874. Goodman's Fields Theatre, London, opened Here David Garrick made his debut as Richard III., 19 Oct. 1741. The new theatre, erected about 1746, was burned down June, 1802. The Garrick Theatre here was opened in 1830; burned 4 Nov. 1846; and since rebuilt. 1729. Goodwin, see Godwin. Goodwood Races, see Races. GOS thongs that served as harness to the wagon of Gordius, a husbandman, afterwards king of Phrygia. Whosoever loosed this knot, the ends of which were not discoverable, the oracle declared should be ruler of Persia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot with his sword until he found the ends of it, and thus, in a military sense at least, interpreted the oracle, 330 B.C. Association to lord North. Gordon's "No Popery" Riots, occasioned by the zeal of lord George Gordon, 2-9 June, 1780. On 4 Jan. 1780, he tendered the petition of the Protestant On Friday, 2 June, he headed the mob of 40,000 persons who assembled in St. George's Fields, under the name of the Protestant Association, to carry up a petition to parliament for the repeal of the act which granted certain indulgences to the Roman Catholics. The mob proceeded to pillage, burn, and pull down the chapels and houses of the Roman Catholics first, but afterwards of other persons, for nearly six days. The Bank was attempted, the jails opened (the King's Bench, Newgate, Fleet, and Bridewell prisons). the 7th, thirty-six fires were seen blazing at one time. length, by the aid of armed associations of the citizens, the horse and foot guards, and the militia of several counties, then embodied and marched to London, the riot was quelled on the 8th. On 210 rioters were killed and 248 wounded, of whom 75 died The loss of property was estimated at 180,000l. Goree, a station near Cape Verd, west coast of Africa, Gorey (S.E. Ireland). Near here the king's troops under col. Walpole were defeated, and their leader slain, by the Irish rebels, 4 June, 1798. Gorget, the ancient breastplate, was very large, varying in size and weight. The present diminutive breastplate came into use about 1660; see Armor. Gorham Case, see Trials, 1849-50. In 1847 seven inches high. It is a match for the lion, and attacks A young gorilla landed at Liverpool, 21 June, 1876; went to Gospellers, a name given to the followers of Wickliffe, who attacked the errors of Popery, about 1377. jurisdiction of bishops, etc., and is called the father Wickliffe opposed the authority of the pope, the tempoof the Reformation. Goorkhas, a warlike tribe of Nepaul, became prom-ral inent in the seventeenth century. Their invasions were defeated about 1791 by the Chinese, whose vassals they became. In a war with the British in 1814 they were at first successful, but were eventually subdued, and a treaty of peace was signed in Feb. 1816. Since 1841 the native regiments have been largely recruited by Goorkhas, who have rendered valuable service in nearly all our Indian wars, and in Afghanistan, 1878-9. Goose, see Michaelmas. Matthew's Gospels (Saxon god-spell, good story). and Mark's are conjectured to have been written between A.D. 38 and 65; Luke's, 55 or 65; John's, about 97. Irenæus in the 2d century refers to each of the gospels by Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign name. Dr. Robert Bray was one of the authors of the Countries, incorporated in 1701. A body termed " Bray's Associates" still exists; its object being to assist in Gordian Knot is said to have been made of the forming and supporting clerical parochial libraries. |