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GRESHAM COLLEGE (London), esta

1852, an electric telegraph signal ball in the Strand was completed, and put in connection with Green-blished by sir Thomas Gresham in 1575, founder of wich observatory.

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GREGORIAN CALENDAR, see Calendar, and New Style.-GREGORIAN CHANT received its name from pope Gregory I., who improved the Ambrosian chant, about 590.

GRENADA, see Granada, and New Granada. GRENADE, an explosive missile, so named from granada, Spanish, invented in 1594. It is a small hollow globe, or ball, of iron, about two inches in diameter, which is filled with fine powder, and set on fire by a fusee at a touchhole.

GRENADIERS. The Grenadier corps was a company armed with a pouch of hand-grenades, established in France in 1667; and in England in 1685. Brown.

GRENELLE, see Artesian Wells.

GRENOBLE (the Roman Gratianopolis), S.E. France. Here Napoleon was received on his return from Elba, 8 March, 1815, and here he issued three decrees.

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SECOND GRENVILLE ADMINISTRATION, formed after the death of Mr. Pitt, on 23 Jan. 1806. From the ability of many of its members, their friends said it contained "all the talents, wisdom, and ability of the country," a term applied to it derisively by its opponents. The death of Mr. Fox, 13 Sept. 1806, led to changes, and eventually the cabinet resigned, 25 March, 1807 :Lord Grenville, first lord of the treasury.

Lord Henry Petty (afterwards marquis of Lansdowne), chancellor of the exchequer.

Earl Fitzwilliam, lord president.

Viscount Sidmouth (late Mr. Addington), privy seal.

Charles James Fox, foreign secretary.

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the Royal Exchange. He left a portion of his property in trust to the city and the Mercers' company to endow this college for lectures in divinity, astronomy, music, geometry, civil law, physic, and rhetoric; he died 21 Nov. 1579. The lectures, commenced in Gresham's house, near Broad-street, June, 1597 (where the founders of the Royal Society first met in 1645). The buildings were pulled down in 1768, and the Excise office erected on its site. The lectures were then read in a room over the of the exchange, the Gresham committee erected Royal Exchange for many years: on the rebuilding the present building in Basinghall-street, which was designed by G. Smith, and opened for lectures, 2 Nov. 1843. It cost above 7000l. In 1871 the college acquired a valuable collection of books and pictures, bequeathed by Mrs. Hollier.

GRETNA GREEN (Dumfries, S. Scotland, near the border). Here runaway marriages were contracted for many years, as Scotch law ruled that an acknowledgment before witnesses made a legal marriage. John Paisley, a tobacconist, and termed a blacksmith, who officiated from 1760, died in 1814. His first residence was at Megg's Hill, on the common or green betwixt Gretna and Springfield, to the last of which villages he removed in 1782. A man named Elliot was lately the principal officiating person. The General Assembly, in 1826, in vain attempted to suppress this system; but an act of parliament, passed in 1856, made these marriages illegal after that year, unless one of the persons married had lived in Scotland 21 days.

GREY ADMINISTRATION succeeded the Wellington administration, which resigned 16 Nov. 1830. It carried the Parliamentary and Corporation Reform Acts (which see), and terminated 9 July, 1834.

Earl Grey,* first lord of the treasury.
Lord Brougham, lord chancellor.

Viscount Althorpe, chancellor of the exchequer.
Marquis of Landsdowne, president of the council.
Earl of Durham, privy seal.

Viscounts Melbourne, Palmerston, and Goderich, home, foreign, and colonial secretaries.

Sir James Graham, admiralty.

Lord Auckland and Mr. Charles Grant (afterwards, 1830, lord Glenelg), boards of trade and control.

Lord Holland, chancellor of duchy of Lancaster.
Lord John Russell, paymaster of the forces.
Duke of Richmond, earl of Carlisle, Mr. Wynne, &c.
E. G. Stanley (afterwards earl of Derby), chief secretary
for Ireland, became colonial secretary, March, 1833-
GREY FRIARS, see Christ's Hospital.
GREYTOWN, see Mosquito Coast.

GRISONS, a Swiss canton; see Caddee. It was overrun by the French in 1798 and 1799. The ancient league was abolished, and the Grisons became a member of the Helvetic confederation, 19 Feb. 1803.

GRIST-TAX (imposta sul macinato). Principle of the tax adopted by the Italian parliament, I April, 1868.

GROAT, from the Dutch groat, value of fourpence, was the largest silver coin in England until after 1351. Fourpenny pieces were coined in 1836 to the value of 70,8841.; in 1837, 16,0387.

* Born 13 March, 1764; M. P., as Charles Grey, in 1786; first lord of the admiralty and afterwards foreign secretary in 1806; resigned in 1806 on account of his favouring Roman Catholic emancipation; died 17 July, 1845

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GROCHOW, near Praga, a suburb of Warsaw. Here took place a desperate conflict between the Poles and Russians, 19, 20 Feb. 1831, the Poles remaining masters of the field of battle. The Russians shortly after retreated, having been foiled in their attempt to take Warsaw. They are said to have lost 7000 men, and the Poles 2000; see also Poland, 1861.

GROG, sea term for rum and water, derived its name from admiral Edw. Vernon, who wore grogram breeches, and was hence called "Old Grog." About 1745, he ordered his sailors to dilute their rum with

water.*

GUADALOUPE, a West India Island, discovered by Columbus in 1493. The French took possession of it in 1635, and colonised it in 1664. Taken by the English in 1759, and restored in 1763. Again taken by the English in 1779, 1794, and 1810. The allies, in order to allure the Swedes into the late coalition against France, gave them this island. It was, however, by the consent of Sweden, restored to France at the peace in 1814.

GUAD-EL-RAS (N. W. Africa). Here the Spaniards signally defeated the Moors, 23 March, 1860, after a severe conflict: general Prim manifested great bravery, for which he was ennobled. The preliminaries of peace were signed on the 25th. GUANO or HUANO (the Peruvian term for manure), the excrement of sea-birds that swarm on the coasts of Peru and Bolivia, and of Africa and Australia. It is mentioned by Herrera in 1601, and

Garcilasso stated that the birds were protected by

the incas. Humboldt was one of the first by whom it was brought to Europe, in order to ascertain its value in agriculture. The importation of guano into the United Kingdom appears to have commenced in 1839. 283,000 tons were imported in 1845 (of which 207,679 tons came from the western coast of Africa); 243,016 tons in 1851 (of which 6522 tons came from Western Australia); 131,358 tons in 1864; 237,393 tons in 1865; 135,697 tons in 1866; 280,311 in 1870.

GUARANTEES. The "Guarantee by Companies act," relating to the security by means of sureties required for persons employed in the public service, was passed 20 Aug. 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 108).

GUARDIAN, high-church weekly journal, first published 21 Jan. 1846.

GUARDS. The custom of having guards is said to have been introduced by Saul, 1093 B.C. Body guards were appointed to attend the kings of England, 1 Henry VII. 1485.

Horse Guards were raised 4 Edw. VI. 1550.

The three regiments, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Foot Guards were raised in 1660, and the command of them given to col. Russell, general Monk, and lord Linlithgow. The 2nd regiment, or Coldstream, was the first raised; see Coldstream. These guards were the beginning of our standing army.

*He did great service in the West Indies, by taking Portobello, Chagre, &c. ; but by his disagreement with the commander of the land forces, the expedition against Carthagena, in 1741, is said to have failed. He was dismissed the service for writing two pamphlets attacking the admiralty; he died 30 Oct. 1757.

The Horse Grenadier guards first troop, raised in 1693, was commanded by general Cholmondeley; the second troop was raised in 1702, and was commanded by lord Forbes; this corps was reduced in 1783, the officers retiring on full pay.

GUARDS' INSTITUTE, Francis-street, Vauxhall-bridge road ;

reading and lecture rooms, &c., for all officers and soldiers in the metropolis; inaugurated by the duke of Cambridge, 11 July, 1867.

See Horse Guards, Yeomen, National, and Imperial Guards.

GUASTALLA, N. Italy, a city, near which the imperial army, commanded by the king of Sardinia, was defeated by the French, 19 Sept. 1734. The ancient duchy, long held by the dukes of Mantua, was seized by the emperor of Germany, 1746, and ceded to Parma, 1748. After having been comprised in the Italian republic, 1796, and subjected to other changes, it was annexed to Parma, 1815, and to Modena, 1847.

GUATEMALA. A republic in Central America, revolted from Spain, 1821, and declared indeConstitution settled, pendent, 21 March, 1847. 2 Oct. 1859. President (1862), general Raphael Carrera, elected 1851; appointed for life, 1854; died 14 April, 1865; succeeded by Vincent Cerna, Provisional pre3. May, 1865; re-elected, 1869. sident, Manuel Garcia Granedos, Dec. 1872. A war between Guatemala and San Salvador broke out in Jan. 1863; and on 16 June the troops of the latter were totally defeated. An insurrection became formidable, July, 1871. Alliance with Honduras against San Salvador, March, 1872. Population, about 1,180,000.

GUEBRES, see Parsees.

GUELPHIC ORDER of knighthood was instituted for Hanover by the prince regent, afterwards George IV., 12 Aug. 1815.

GUELPHS AND GHIBELINES, names given to the papal and imperial factions who destroyed the peace of Italy from the 12th to the end of the 15th century (the invasion of Charles VIII. ascribed to the contest for the imperial crown of France in 1495). The origin of the names is between Conrad of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, lord of Wiblingen (hence Ghibelin), and Henry nephew of Welf, or Guelf, duke of Bavaria, in 1138. The former was successful; but the popes and several Italian cities took the side of his rival. Hie Guelf and Hie Gibelin are said to have been used as war-cries in 1140, at a battle before Weinsberg, in Würtemberg, when Guelf of Bavaria was defeated by the emperor Conrad IV. who came to help the rival duke Leopold.* The Ghibelines were almost totally expelled from Italy in 1267, when Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, was beheaded by Charles of Anjou. Guelph is the name of the present royal family of England; see Brunswick,

and Hanover.

GUERRILLA, Spanish, "a little war"; a term applied to the armed peasants who worried the French armies during the Peninsular war, 1808-14.

GUERNSEY, see Jersey.

GUEUX (beggars), a name given by the comte de Barlaimont to the 300 Protestant deputies from the Low Countries, headed by Henri of Brederode and Louis of Nassau, who petitioned Margaret,

*It is stated, traditionally, that the emperor condemned all the men to death, but permitted the women to bring out whatever they most valued; on which they carried out their husbands on their shoulders.

governess of the Low Countries, to abolish the inquisition, 5 April, 1566. The deputies at once assumed the name as honourable, and immediately organised armed resistance to the government; see Holland.

GUIANA (N.E. coast of South America), discovered by Columbus in 1498, visited by the Spaniards in the 16th century; and explored by sir Walter Raleigh in 1596 and 1617. The French settlements here were formed in 1626-43; and the Dutch, 1627-67. Demerara and Essequibo were ceded to Great Britain in 1814; see Demerara. Governor of British Guiana, John Scott, 1868.

GUIDES, a corps in the French army, especially charged with the protection of the person of the general, was formed by Bessières, under the direction of Bonaparte, who had been nearly carried off by the enemy, 30 May, 1796. Several squadrons of " guides" were formed in 1848, to guard the ministers. They formed a portion of the imperial guard till Sept. 1870.

GUIENNE, a French province, was part of the dominions of Henry II. in right of his wife Eleanor, 1152. Philip of France seized it in 1293, which led to war. It was alternately held by England and France till 1453, when John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, in vain attempted to retake it

from the latter.

GUILDHALL (London) was built in 1411. When it was rebuilt (in 1669), after the great fire of 1666, no part of the ancient building remained, except the interior of the porch and the walls of the hall. The front was erected in 1789; and a new roof built, 1864-5. Beneath the west window are the colossal figures of Gog and Magog, said to represent a Saxon and an ancient Briton. The hall can contain 7000 persons, and is used for city feasts. Here were entertained the allied sovereigns in 1814, and Napoleon III., 19 April, 1855; and here the city industrial exhibition was held, 6 March, 1866, and the International Botanical banquet, 22 May, 1866. A memorial window, the gift of the cotton workers of Lancashire, to commemorate the munificence of the metropolis towards them in the famine of 1862-4, was uncovered, 15 July, 1868. The prince consort memorial window was unveiled in the presence of prince Arthur, 3 Nov. 1870. A library existed in the Guildhall in 1426, from which books were taken by the protector Somerset in the reign of Edward VI. The library was again set up; and re-opened, Jan. 1828. The new handsome building by Horace Jones was opened by the lord chancellor Selborne, 5 Nov. 1872.

GUILDS (of Saxon origin, about the 8th century), associations of inhabitants of towns for mutual benefit, resembling our religious and friendly societies, chartered by the sovereign since the time of Henry II.

The London guilds became livery companies in the 14th

century.

The guild of Corpus Christi, York, had 14,800 members when a return respecting these guilds was ordered to be made, 1388.

The Early English Text Society published the "Ordinances of more than 100 guilds, 1870.

The Guild of Literature and Art" (including sir E. B. Lytton, C. Dickens, and others) founded an institution (on ground given by sir E. B. Lytton, at Stevenage) consisting of thirteen dwellings, retreats for artists, scholars, and men of letters, which were completed and inaugurated, 29 July, 1865.

The revival of religious guilds began in 1851, with that of St. Alban, which held its 21st anniversary 20 June, 1872.

GUILLOTINE, an instrument for causing immediate and painless death, named after its supposed inventor, a physician named Joseph Ignatius Guillotin. In 1866 M. Dubois, of Amiens, stated that the idea only was due to Guillotin, who at a meeting of the legislative assembly in 1789 expressed an opinion that capital punishment should be the same for all classes. Accordingly, at the request of the assembly, M. Louis, secretary of the March, 1792, a mode of capital punishment, "sure, "Académie de Chirurgie," submitted to it on 20 quick, and uniform," which he had invented. The first person executed by it was a highway robber named Pelletier, on 25 April; and Dangremont was its first political victim, 21 Aug. following. Guillotin died in 1814. The guillotine at Paris was burnt by the communist insurgents, 7 April, 1871. A similar instrument (called the Mannaia) is said to have been used in Italy, at Halifax in England (see Halifax), and in Scotland, there called the Maiden and the Widow.

GUINEA (W. coast of Africa) was discovered by the Portuguese about 1446. From their trade with the Moors originated the slave trade, sir John Hawkins being the first Englishman who engaged in this traffic. Assisted by English gentlemen with money for the purpose, he sailed from England in Oct. 1562, with three ships, proceeded to the coast of Guinea, purchased or forcibly seized 300 negroes, sold them laden with hides, sugar, ginger, and other merprofitably at Hispaniola, and returned home richly chandise, in Sept. 1563. This voyage led to similar enterprises. Hakluyt. See Slave Trade. An African company to trade with Guinea was chartered 1588. The Dutch settlements here were transferred to Great Britain, 6 April, 1872. See Elmina.

GUINEAS, English gold coin, so named from having been first coined of gold brought by the African company from the coast of Guinea in 1663, valued then at 208.; but worth 308. in 1695. Reduced at various times; in 1717 to 218. In 1810 guineas were sold for 22s. 6d. ; in 1816, for 278. In 1811 an act was passed forbidding their exportation, and their sale at a price above the current value, 218. The first guineas bore the impression of an elephant, having been coined of this African gold. Since the been coined. issue of sovereigns, 1 July, 1817, guineas have not

and 16 Aug. 1513. See Spurs. GUINEGATE, BATTLES OF, 11 July, 1302,

GUISE, a French ducal family :Claude of Lorraine, first duke, a brave warrior, favoured by Francis L.; died

April, 1550

Francis, the great general, born, 1519; assassinated, Henry, head of the Catholic league; born 1550: 24 Feb. 1563

revenged his father's death; assassinated by order of Henry III.

23 Dec. 1588

Charles, first opposed, and then submitted to,
Henry IV.; died
Henry died without issue

1640 1664

GUN, see Artillery, Fire-arms. -GUNCLUB, for pigeon-shooting, founded by sir Gilbert East, in 1862, had 200 members, noblemen and gentlemen, in July, 1867. The new gun-licences produced in the financial year 1871-2, 62,4371.

invented by professor Schönbein, of Basel, and GUN-COTTON, a highly explosive substance, made known in 1846. It is purified cotton, steeped in a mixture of equal parts of nitric acid and sulphuric acid, and afterwards dried, retaining the

appearance of cotton wool. See Collodion. Its nature was known to Bracconot and Pelouze.

The diet of Frankfort voted, 3 Oct. 1846, a recompense of 100,000 florins to professor Schönbein and Dr. Boettger, as the inventors of the cotton powder, provided the authorities of Mayence, after seeing it tried, pronounced it superior to gunpowder as an explosive. Improvements were made in the manufacture of guncotton by an Austrian officer, Baron von Lenk, about 1852, and it was tried by a part of the Austrian army in 1855, but did not obtain favour. In 1862 details of the manufacture were communicated by the Austrian government to our own government, and Mr. Abel, our war-office chemist, was directed to experiment on the constitution and desirability of gun-cotton. The British Association also appointed a scientific committee to consider its merits. A complete decision was not arrived at.

The first trial of English-made gun-cotton was made in the spring of 1864, at the manufactory at Stowmarket, Suffolk, by Messrs. Prentice.

There was manufactured, by a company, the "patent safety gun-cotton," according to Mr. Abel's patent (including the pulping, compressing, and wet processes), based on researches commenced in 1866. The cotton was said to be explosive by detonation, and not by ignition. A great explosion took place at Stowmarket; 24 persons were killed (including A. E. H. and W. R. Prentice, managers); about 6 were dreadfully wounded, and nearly the whole town was destroyed as if by a bombardment, 11 Aug. 1871.

The verdict at the inquest attributed the explosion to the culpable "addition of sulphuric acid to the guncotton subsequent to its passing the tests required by government," 6 Sept. 1871.

A government commission, appointed in Sept. to consider the manufacture and use of gun-cotton, reported in favour of both, with special regard to compressed gun-cotton, 13 Dec. 1871.

Another report recommended this gun-cotton to be stored wet, with drying apparatus near; and to be kept in slighter boxes, 25 July, 1872. Mr. E. O. Brown, of the war department, Woolwich, discovers that wet gun-cotton can be exploded by concussion by a detonating fuse, about Nov. 1872. It is used as an explosive agent in mining, &c. GUN-CLOTH, made on a similar principle, was patented by Mr. W. A. Dixon, about 1866. COTTON-GUNPOWDER, patented by Mr. R. Punshon, 1871. GUN LICENCE ACT, passed 9 Aug. 1870; annual licence, 108.

GUNPOWDER. The invention of gunpowder is generally ascribed to Bertholdus or Michael Schwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar, south of Brunswick, in Germany, about 1320. But many writers maintain that it was known much earlier in various parts of the world. Some say that the Chinese and Hindoos possessed it centuries before. Its composition, moreover, is expressly mentioned by Roger Bacon, in his treatise De Nullitate Magic. He died in 1292 or 1294. Various substitutes for gunpowder have been recently invented, such as the white gunpowder of Mr. Horsley and Dr. Ehrhardt, and gun-paper by Mr. Hochstödten. A new gunpowder by M. Newmayer, of Toya, near Leipsic, was discussed in Nov. 1866. "Pellet gunpowder" was ordered to be used in gun-charges in the army, March, 1868. An act to amend the law concerning the making, keeping, and carriage of gunpowder, &o. was passed 28 Aug. 1860, and other acts since. See Birmingham, 1870. In May, 1872, a company was formed to manufacture Mr. R. Punshon's patent cotton-gunpowder, asserted to be very safe and controllable. See Chronoscope and Explosives.

W. Hunter, after a careful examination of the question, in 1847, thus states the result:-"July and August, 1346, may be safely assumed to be the time when the explosive force of gunpowder was first brought to bear on the military operations of the English nation."

Above 11 tons of gunpowder on board the Lottie Sleigh, in the Mersey, exploded; much damage done in Liverpool and Birkenhead, but no lives lost, 16 Jan. 1864. About 104,000 lbs. of gunpowder exploded at the Belvedere powder magazines of Messrs. Hall & Co., at Plumstead, near Woolwich; 13 persons perished, and the shock was felt at 50 miles' distance, 1 Oct. 1864Searching inquiries were made into the circumstances, and new regulations for the keeping and transmission of powder issued in November; see Dartford. Mr. Gale, a blind gentleman of Plymouth, on 22 June, 1865, patented his method of rendering gunpowder uninflammable by combining with it finely powdered glass, which can be readily separated by a sieve when the powder is required for use. Successful public experiments were made.

The

Mr. Gale exhibited his process before the queen at Windsor, 10 Nov. 1865, and it was severely tested at a martello tower, near Hastings, 20 June, 1866. attainment of perfect security was still doubtful. Gale's Protected Gunpowder Company was formed, Oct. 1865, and wound up, March, 1867.

Great explosion at Messrs. Hall's powder-mills, near Faversham; 11 men killed, much damage done; shock felt at Canterbury, 10 miles off, 28 Dec. 1867. Another explosion about 21 Dec. 1868.

Dixon & Beck's works blown up; 9 lives lost, 25 July, 1868.

Explosion at Hounslow mills, 3 lives lost, 6 Sept. 1872. Milner's powder-magazines placed in fire at Woolwich arsenal and found secure, 8-9 Oct. 1872.

GUNPOWDER PLOT, for springing a mine under the houses of parliament, and destroying the three estates of the realm-king, lords, and commons -there assembled, was discovered on 4 Nov. 1605. It was projected by Robert Catesby early in 1604, and several Roman Catholics of rank were in the plot. Guy Faux was detected in the vaults under the house of lords, hired for the purpose, preparing the train for being fired on the next day. Catesby and Percy (of the family of Northumberland) were killed at Holbeach house, whither they had fled, 8 Nov.; and Guy Faux, sir Everard Digby, Rookwood, Winter, and others, were executed, 30, 31 Jan. 1606. Henry Garnet, a Jesuit, suffered as an accomplice, 3 May following. An anonymous letter sent to lord Monteagle led to the discovery. It contained the following words, "Though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them." The vault called Guy Faux cellar, in which the conspirators lodged the barrels of gunpowder, remained till 1825, when it was converted into offices.

GUNTER'S CHAIN, used in measuring land, invented by Edmund Gunter, in 1606.

GURNEY'S ACT, 31 & 32 Vict., c. 116 (1868), amends the law relating to larceny and

embezzlement.

GUTTA PERCHA is procured from the sap of the Isonandra Gutta, a large forest tree, growing in the Malayan peninsula and on the islands near it. It was made known in England by Drs. D. Almeida and Montgomery, at the Society of Arts, in 1843. As a non-conductor of electricity it is invaluable in constructing submarine telegraphs, an application suggested by Faraday, 1847.

GUY'S HOSPITAL (London). Thomas Guy, a wealthy bookseller, after bestowing large sums on St. Thomas's, determined to found a new hospital. At the age of seventy-six, in 1721, he commenced the present building, and lived to see it nearly completed. It cost him 18,7937., and, in addition, he endowed it with 219,499. In 1829, 196,1157. were bequeathed to this hospital by Mr. Hunt, to provide accommodation for 100 additional patients.

GUZERAT, a state in India, founded by Mahmoud the Gaznevide, about 1020, was conquered by Akbar in 1572; and became subject to the Mahrattas 1732 or 1752. At the battle of Guzerat, near the Chenab, in the Punjab, 21 Feb. 1849, lord Gough totally defeated the Sikhs and captured the town of Guzerat.

GWALIOR, an ancient state in Central India; since 1803, under British protection. Scindiah, the maharajah, remained faithful during the revolt of 1857.

GYMNASIUM, a place where the Greeks performed public exercises, and where philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. In wrestling and boxing the athletes were often naked (gymnos), whence the name. A London gymnastic society, formed in 1826, did not flourish. In 1862, M. Ravenstein set up another gymnastic association. The German Gymnastic Institution, in St. Pancras-road, London, was opened on 29 Jan. 1865, and a large and perfect gymnasium at Liverpool was inaugurated by lord Stanley, 6 Nov. 1865. A London athletic club existed in Nov. 1866.

GYMNOSOPHISTÆ, a set of naked philosophers in India. Alexander (about 324 B.C.) was astonished at the sight of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and endured tortures without a groan. Pliny.

GYPSIES, GIPSIES, or EGYPTIANS (French, Bohémiens; Italian, Zingari; Spanish,

HAARLEM, an ancient town in Holland, once the residence of the counts, was taken by the duke of Alva, in July, 1573, after a siege of seven months. He violated the capitulation by butchering half the inhabitants. The lake was drained, 1849-51.

Gitanos; German, Zigeuner); vagrants, supposed to be descendants of low-caste Hindoos expelled by Timour, about 1399. They appeared in Germany and Italy early in the 15th century, and at Paris in 1427. In England an act was made against their itinerancy, in 1530; and in the reign of Charles I. thirteen persons were executed at one assizes for having associated with gypsies for about a month. The gypsy settlement at Norwood was broken up, and they were treated as vagrants, May, 1797. There were in Spain alone, previously to 1800, more than 120,000 gypsies, and many communities of them yet exist in England. Notwithstanding their intercourse with other nations, their manners, customs, visage, and appearance are almost wholly unchanged, and their pretended knowledge of futurity gives them power over the superstitious. Esther Faa was crowned queen of the gypsies at Blyth, on 18 Nov. 1860. The Bible has been translated into gypsy dialects. Gypsy parliaments are occasionally held.

GYROSCOPE (from gyrere, to revolve), the name of a rotatory apparatus invented by Fessel of Cologne (1852), and improved by professor Wheatstone and M. Foucault of Paris. It is similar in principle to the rotatory apparatus of Bohnenberger of Tübingen (born 1765, died 1831).-The gyroscope by exhibiting the combined effects of the centrifugal and centripetal forces, and of the cessation of either, illustrates the great law of | gravitation.

H.

HABEAS CORPUS. The subjects' Writ of Right, passed "for the better securing the liberty of the subject," 31 Charles II. c. 2, 27 May, 1679. If any person be imprisoned by the order of any court, or of the queen herself, he may have a writ of habeas corpus, to bring him before the court of queen's bench or common pleas, which shall deterinine whether his committal be just. This act (founded on the old common law) is next in importance to Magna Charta. The Habeas Corpus act can be suspended by parliament for a specified time when the emergency is extreme. In such a case the nation parts with a portion of its liberty to secure its own permanent welfare, and suspected persons may then be arrested without cause or purpose being assigned. Blackstone.

Act suspended for a short time in
Suspended for Scots' rebellion

1689, 1696, 1708 1715-6

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May, 1861

In consequence of the affair of Jolm Anderson (see
Slavery in England, note), an act was passed in
1862, enacting that no writ of Habeas Corps should
issue out of England into any colony, &c.,
having a court with authority to grant such
writ.

HABITUAL CRIMINALS ACT, for the more effectual prevention of crime, giving powers for the apprehension of habitual criminals on suspicion, passed 11 Aug. 1869.

HABSBURG, see Hapsburg.

HACKNEY, a parish N.E. of London; by the division of the Tower Hamlets, was made a metropolitan borough by the Reform act, 15 Aug. 1867. 1777-9

. 1722 1744-5

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Suspended for twelve months

Suspended for Scots' rebellion in

Suspended for American war

Again by Mr. Pitt, owing to French revolution Suspended in Ireland, on account of the great rebellion

1798 14 April, 1801 1803

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Suspended in England, 28 Aug. 1799; and

Again, on account of Irish insurrection
Again, owing to alleged secret meetings (see Green
Bag)

Bill to restore the Habeas Corpus brought

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