Hon. W. Butterworth Bayley.. .13 March, 1828 | of whom were appointed by the queen, and 7 elected by ....4 July, [This nobleman became the first governor-general of the directors of the East India Company. The members India, under the act 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 85, Aug. 28, 1833.] may not sit in parliament. The council met first on 3 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (afterwards lord Met- Sept. 1858, when lord Stanley, secretary of state for Incalfe).. dia, presided. The members of the first council are here recorded: William, lord Heytesbury; did not proceed. Edward, lord Ellenborough. .20 March, 1835 Auckland), 4 March, 1836 28 Feb. 1842 ....15 June, 1844 23 July, Sir Henry (afterwards viscount) Hardinge.. 66 12 Jan. 1848 Charles John, viscount Canning, appointed........July, 1855 Richard, earl of Mayo (see Mayo) appointed. ....Oct. 1868 Thomas George Baring, lord Northbrook. Feb. 1872 A new company (the "English") was chartered in 1698, 1702 1708 1744 ..Aug. 1772 As remedial measures, two acts passed (one authorized .18 May, 1784 1813 1833 1858 Trade to China opened; charter renewed till 1854. 15 May, 1873 1862 Lord Palmerston brought in a bill for the purpose on 12 Feb., which was accepted by the house on 18 Feb. He resigned on the following day, and the bill dropped. A similar bill was introduced by Mr. Disraeli on 12 March; but, many of its details being objected to, it was withdrawn. On lord John Russell's proposition, the house proceeded to consider the matter by way of resolutions; on 17 June, lord Stanley brought in the above-mentioned bill, being the third on the subject introduced during the session. India, EMPRESS OF, queen Victoria so proclaimed in London, 1 May, 1876; in India, 1 Jan. 1877. Order of the Indian Empire instituted, 1 Jan. 1878. India Museum, THE, was proposed by sir Charles Wilkins and approved by the East India Company in 1798. The valuable collections were removed from Leadenhall street to Fife House, behind the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, and opened 24 July, 1861; removed to the East India Museum, which was opened to the public May, 1869; removed to South Kensington, opened June, 1875; closed 25 Oct. 1879, and the collections removed to Kew Gardens Museum; there reopened 17 May, 1880. Indian Civil Service College, established at Cooper's Hill, Surrey, 1870. efforts were made for the education of the American InIndian Education and Improvement. Many dians early in the history of the country, and one of the chief purposes of the foundation of William and Mary College in Virginia (1693) was to provide for the education of red men. In the Indian Territory (established 1833) a system of common schools exists, and the tribes settled there have made good progress in civilization. They have an organized government, farms, shops, etc., and even maintain a newspaper, printed partly in English and partly in an Indian dialect. Under the administration of president Hayes (4 March, 1877, to 4 March, 1881) much was done in the direction of education, in pursuance of a policy which contemplates the civilization of the wild tribes by the education of their children in the midst of civilized surroundings. The schools at Carlisle, Pa., and Hampton, Va, are largely employed in this work. So far as it is possible, the policy of the government now is to encourage agriculture and stock-raising among the Indians, and to induce them to abandon the tribal relation and accept lands in severalty; the purpose of this system is in the end to bring the Indians to the status of individual citizens, with the opportunities, the privileges, and the responsibilities of citizens. The following statement for 1880 indicates the extent of the progress made in this direction: In the Indian Territory there are 60,560 civilized and 17,750 uncivilized, but controlled, Indians. The civilized tribes cultivated, in 1880, 314,398 acres of land, producing 336,424 bushels of wheat, 2,346,042 bushels of Indian corn, 124,568 bushels of oats and barley, and 16,800 bales of cotton. They owned 297,040 cattle and 400,282 hogs. Indians not belonging to the five civilized tribes of the Indian Territory cultivated 170,847 acres producing 415,777 bushels of wheat, 666,430 bushels of corn, and 222,439 bushels of oats and barley, besides vegetables and hay. They owned 78,812 cattle and 864,137 sheep. Among the Indians not belonging to the five civilized tribes, there were 110 day schools, and 60 boarding schools, with 316 teachers and 7000 pupils. In all the schools special attention is given to industrial education. Indian Institute, Oxford; established 1878; discussion respecting a proposed building in Nov. 1880. Indiana, a western state of North America. It was included in Ohio till 1801; was constituted a territory in 1809, and admitted into the Union 11 Dec. 1816; capital, Indianapolis. Indians, the aboriginal inhabitants of North America. The total number of Indians within the United States, exclusive of Alaska, in 1880, was 255,938, of whom all but about 18,000 are under the control of the government agents. The following are the principal events connected with the Indians: War with the Nez Percés under chief Joseph and White Carried from South Carolina for slaves by the Spaniards. 1520 The question whether Indians were entitled to the legal 1521 Alabama Indians fight De Soto .1539-41 Attacked by capt. Church.. Burn Deerfield (Massachusetts).. War with the whites in North Carolina Braddock's defeat. Cherokees subdued.. Pontiac's conspiracy. status of persons and to relief under writs of habeas Ute outbreak in Colorado; major Thornburgh's command ambushed and attacked, and agent Meeker killed in his house at the agency... .29 Sept. Apache outbreak, New Mexico.. ..Sept.-Oct. 1703 Apaches under Victoria chased into Mexico; Victoria 1704 killed and most of his band killed or captured, spring, 1880 1500 of Sitting Bull's Indians return to the United States from British America and surrender India-rubber, see Caoutchouc. 1708 1711 9 July-1755 Active on both sides during the war of the Revolution..1775-83 Massacre of Wyoming. Treaty with the Choctaws.. Treaty with the Creeks .3-5 July, 1778 1813 1813-14 ..Nov. 66 Indiction, a cycle of tributes of corn demanded every fifteen years, not known before the time of Constantine. The first examples in the Theodosian code are of the reign of Constantius, who died 361.-In memory of the great victory obtained by Constantine over Mezentius, 8 Cal. Oct. 312, the council of Nice ordained that the accounts of years should be no longer kept by the Olympiads, but by the Indiction, which has its epocha 1 Jan. 313. It was first used by the Latin church in 342. Indigo, the dye obtained from the woad plant, Isatis 1804 tinctoria, was used by the Egyptians and other ancient 1811 nations; and the processes are described by Pliny. After the passage of the Cape of Good Hope, in 1497, it was 1816 gradually superseded by the Eastern indigo, got from the indigofera. The mention of indigo occurs in English statutes in 1581. Its cultivation was begun in Carolina in 1747. The quantity imported into Great Britain in 1840 was 5,831,269 lbs. ; in 1845, 10,127,488 lbs.; in 1850, 70,482 cwt.; in 1859, 63,237 cwt.; in 1861, 83,109 cwt.; in 1866, 74,256 cwt.; in 1869, 86,721 cwt.; in 1870, 79,255 cwt.; in 1871, 106,307 cwt.; in 1874, 85,707 cwt.; in 1876, 88,722 cwt.; in 1877, 60,640 cwt.; in 1879, 80,146 1832 66 1833 ...1835-42 Prof. H. E. Roscoe, at the Royal Institution, proved that Induction of electric currents, discovered by Faraday, and announced in his "Experimental Researches," published in 1831-2. Ruhmkorff's magneto-electric induction coil was constructed in 1850; see under Electricity. Inductive Philosophy, based on the results of observations and experiments, really common-sense, is especially expounded by Bacon in the second book of his "Novum Organon," published 1620. Indulgences, in the early church, were the moderation of ecclesiastical punishment. The papal system for the absolute pardon of sin, commenced by Leo III. about 800, were granted in the eleventh century by Gregory VII., and by Urban II. and by others in the twelfth century, as rewards to the crusaders. Clement V. was the first pope who made public sale of indulgences, 1313. In 1517 Leo X. published general indulgences throughout Europe, and the resistance to them led to the Reforma tion. Industrial and Provident Societies' Acts, 1852 and 1862, were amended by acts passed 1867, 1871, and 1876. Industrial Exhibitions, in Great Britain, are now frequent. One for South London was opened at Lambeth, 1 March, 1864; for North London, by earl Russell, at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, 17 Oct. 1864; for West London, at the Floral Hall, Covent Garden, 1 May, 1865; for the city of London, at Guildhall, 6 March, 1866; one was opened at York, 24 July, 1866; and several since. The Workmen's International Exhibition, Agricultural Hall, London, was opened 16 July; closed, 31 Oct. 1870. Industrial Schools Act, 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48 (1857), was enacted to make better provision for the care and education of vagrant, destitute, and disorderly children. Another act was passed 1861. These acts were consolidated by an act passed in Aug. 1866. Forty-seven of these schools had been certified under these acts up to 29 Sept. 1864. The act was extended to Ireland, 1868. England and Wales, 1872, 71 schools (4870 boys, 1516 girls). Industrial Societies, see Co-operative Societies. Infallibility of the Pope, in regard to faith and morals, was decreed by the Vatican Council, and promulgated 18 July, 1870. The doctrine was much opposed in Germany, and led to the constitution of the church named "Old Catholics" (which see). Mr. Gladstone's pamphlets, "The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance," published Nov. 1874, and "Vaticanism," in Feb. 1875. were hospitals for the sick at Constantinople in the eleventh century. The oldest mention of physicians and surgeons established in infirmaries occurs in 1437.Beckmann. See Hospitals. Influenza, an epidemic which prevailed in England in 1831, 1833, 1836, and 1847, appears to have been known in the sixteenth century. defendants without leave of the court, were punishable Informers, upon penal statutes, compounding with with fine and pillory, by 18 Eliz. c. 5 (1576). Their share of a penalty was regulated by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 71 (1839). Infusoria, see Animalcules. Ingour, a river rising in the Caucasus and falling into the Black Sea. Omar Pacha, marching to the relief of Kars, crossed this river on 6 Nov. 1855, with 10,000 men, and attacked the Russians, 12,000 strong, who, after a struggle, retreated with the loss of 400 men. The Turks had 68 killed and 242 wounded. Kars, however, was not saved. Ink. The ancient black inks were composed of soot and ivory-black, and Vitruvius and Pliny mention lampblack; but they had ink of various colors, as red, gold, silver, and purple. Red ink was made of vermilion and gum. INDIAN-INK was brought from China, and must have been in use by the people of the East from the earliest ages. INVISIBLE, or SYMPATHETIC, INKS were known at early periods. Ovid (A.D. 2) teaches young women to write with new milk. Receipts for preparing invisible ink were given by Peter Borel in 1653, and by Le Mort Infant Schools began in New Lanark, Scotland, in in 1669.-Beckmann. 1815; in London in 1818. Inkerman (Crimea). The Russian army (about Infanticide, especially female, was very prevalent 40,000) having received reinforcements, and being enin barbarous countries. Lord Macartney stated that 20,-couraged by the presence of the grand-dukes Michael 000 infants were killed annually; it is now gradually and Nicholas, attacked the British (8000) near the old decreasing in India. On 12 Nov. 1851, Mr. Raikes in- fort of Inkerman, before daybreak, 5 Nov. 1854. They duced the Chohan chiefs to agree to resolutions against were kept at bay for six hours till the arrival of 6000 it, and a great meeting in the Punjab was held for the French. The Russians were then repulsed, leaving 9000 same purpose, 14 Nov. 1853. Much suspicion was caused killed and wounded. The loss of the allies was 462 killin London in 1867 through the deaths of children farmed ed, 1952 wounded, and 191 missing. Sir George Cathout, or given up to persons advertising for children to cart, and gens. Strangways, Goldie, and Torrens, were adopt, with a premium. The agitation revived, June, among the slain. On 15 Nov. 1855, an explosion of 1870. Margaret Waters was convicted of the murder about 100,000 lbs. of gunpowder occurred near Inkerof John Cowen, an illegitimate infant, by poison and man, and caused great loss of life. neglect, 23 Sept. 1870. She had adopted about 40 children, receiving a few pounds as premium; in four years many had died. John and Catherine Barns of Tranmere, near Birkenhead, convicted of manslaughter, 29 Oct. 1879; a gross case; see Trials, 1879. The Infant Life Protection act passed 25 July, 1872. Female infanticide prohibited in China about June, 1873. Infantry, foot-soldiers; their organization much improved during the wars of Charles V. and Francis I., in the sixteenth century. The British army comprised 99 regiments of regular infantry in 1858, when the Canadians raised a regiment, which is termed the 100th. The number, now 109, includes the nine regiments formerly in the pay of the East India Company, and several colonial corps. Marshal Soult (or marshal Bugeaud) said, "The British infantry is the finest in the world; happily there is not much of it." In 1875, 125,305. Infants' Relief Act, passed 7 Aug. 1874, to amend the law relating to contracts made by persons under age. Infernal Machine, see France, 1800, 1835, and 1858; Baltic, note; Dynamite; Russia, 1880-1; Liverpool, 1881. Inland Revenue Board was constituted in Feb. 1849. It comprises the boards of Excise, Stamps, and Taxes (which see). The law respecting the inland rev enue amended 1871. Innocents' Day, 28 Dec. in the Western church; 29 Dec. in the Greek or Eastern church, see Childermas. Inns, at Rome, were regulated by laws; and Edward III. enacted that they should be subjected to inquiry, 1353; see Taverns and Victuallers. Inns of Court (London) were established at different periods, in some degree as colleges for teaching the law. Annual revenue in 1872 said to be about 25,000l. The Temple founded, and the church built by Knights Templar... The Inner and Middle Temple made inns of law about Furnival's Inn, 5 Eliz.. 1185 1560 1445 1478 1345 1563 1357 .1310 or 1312 1420 1485 1429 1666 1415 1519 New Inn, 1 Hen. VII. 1877)... Infirmaries. Ancient Rome had no houses for the cure of the sick; diseased persons were carried to the temple of Esculapius for cure. Institutions for the accommodation of travellers, the indigent, and sick were founded by the emperor Julian about 362; and infirma- Innspruck, capital of the Tyrol, captured by Mauries or hospitals were frequently built to cathedrals and rice of Saxony in 1552; by the Bavarians in 1703; by monasteries. The emperor Louis II. caused infirmaries the French and Bavarians, 1805. Much fighting took situated on mountains to be visited, 855. In Jerusalem place in 1809, and Innspruck changed masters several the knights and brothers attended on the sick. There times, being finally taken by the Austrians, 12 Aug. Inoculation, see Small-pox. Lady Mary Wortley | periods, and particularly in the reign of George III. The Montagu introduced inoculation from small-pox to Eng- benefit of the act known as the Great Insolvent Act was land from Turkey. In 1718 she had her son inoculated taken in England by 50,733 insolvents from the time of at Adrianople with success. She was allowed to have its passing (in 1814) to March, 1827—a period of thirteen it first tried in England on seven condemned criminals, years. Since then the acts relating to insolvency have 1721; and in 1722 two of the royal family were inocu- been several times amended. Persons not traders, or lated. The practice was preached against by many of being traders whose debts are less than 300l., might the bishops and clergy until 1760. Dr. Mead practised petition the court of bankruptcy, and propose composiinoculation very successfully up to 1754; and Dr. Dims- tions, and have pro tem. protection from all process dale of London inoculated Catherine II., empress of Rus- against their persons and property, by 6 Vict. c. 116 sia, in 1768. Of 5964 who were inoculated in 1797-9, (1842). In 1861, by a new bankruptcy act, the business only three died. An inoculation hospital was established of the insolvent debtors' court was transferred to the in 1746. Vaccine inoculation was introduced by Dr. Jen- court of bankruptcy; and a number of imprisoned debtner, 21 Jan. 1799; he had discovered its virtue in 1796, ors were released in Nov. 1861.-In May, 1837, a comand had been making experiments during the interme-mercial crisis occurred in the United States. Failures to diate three years. Inoculation was forbidden by law in the amount of more than $100,000,000 occurred. Banks 1840; see Vaccination and Sheep. Inquests, see Coroner. Inquisition, or HOLY OFFICE. Previous to Constantine (306) heresy and spiritual offences were punished by excommunication only; but shortly after his death capital punishments were added, and inquisitors were appointed by Theodosius, 382. Priscillian was put to death in 384. Justinian decreed the doctrine of the four holy synods as to the Holy Scriptures and their canons 1215 generally suspended specie payment. A general bankrupt law was passed by Congress, 9 Aug. 1841. Another crisis occurred in 1857. The banks throughout the United States suspended specie payment, but soon resumed. During the civil war of 1861-4 the banks suspended specie payment, which they resumed 1 Jan. 1879; see Bankrupts. Institute of FRANCE, see Academies (Paris). On 25 Oct. 1795, all the royal academies-viz., the French Academy, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, that of the mathematical and physical sciences, of the fine arts, and of the moral and political sciences, were combined in one body, under the title of "Institut National," afterwards Royal, Imperial, and now National. Institutes, see Code, Actuaries, Architects, Chemistry, Inventors, etc. Institution, see Royal, London, and Civil Engineers. Insurance ON SHIPS AND MERCHANDISE. Suetonius conjectures that Claudius was the first contriver of the insurance of ships, A.D. 43. 1290 1481 The first regular office set up in London was the Handin-Hand.. 1696 Carnesecchi executed at Rome, 1567, and Galileo com- In 1857, 1,451,110l. were paid as duty for fire insurances, 1859 Sept. 1861 20 persons perish at an auto-da-fé at Goa. Gabriel Malagrida, a Jesuit, burned at Lisbon A woman accused of making a contract with the devil burned at Seville 1865 1717 1761 .7 Nov. 1781 The tribunal abolished in Tuscany and Lombardy... 1787 Suppressed in Spain by Napoleon, 4 Dec. 1808, and by the Cortes.. .12 Feb. 1813 Restored by Ferdinand VII. .21 July, 1814 Finally abolished by the Cortes. 1820 [Llorente states that in 236 years the total number of persons put to death in Spain by the Inquisition was about 32,000; 291,000 were subjected to other punishments.] Insanity, see Lunatics. Insects. About 200,000 species known, Jan. 1877. An exhibition of these creatures, illustrating their structure, food, and habits, was opened in the gardens of the Tuileries at Paris, 7 Sept. 1874; at the Westminster Aquarium, 9 March, 1878; and in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 1881; see Entomology. Insolvency. The first insolvent act was passed in 1649, but it was of limited operation; a number of acts of more extensive operation were passed at various Rate of tax on insurance reduced from 3s. to 1s. 6d. per Sum insured in 125 offices, about 338,000,000l.; accumulated | An inundation of the sea in Lincolnshire laid under walife-funds, 94,000,000/.; premium income nearly 11,000,000%. — Board of Trade Report, 1874. Insurrections, see Conspiracies, Massacres, Rebellions, Riots, etc. Intendment of Crimes. In cases of treason, wounding, burglary, etc., intention proved was made as punishable as crime completed, by 7 Geo. II. 1734. The rigor was modified by sir Robert Peel's revision of the statutes, 4-10 Geo. IV. 1823-9. Interdict, or ECCLESIASTICAL CENSURE, seldom decreed in Europe till the time of Gregory VII. (1073), but often afterwards. When a prince was excommunicated, all his subjects retaining their allegiance were excommunicated also, and the clergy were forbidden to perform any part of divine service, or any clerical duties, save the baptism of infants, and taking the confessions of dying penitents. In 1170, pope Alexander put all England under an interdict; and when king John was excommunicated in 1208, the kingdom lay under a papal interdict for six years. England was put under an interdict, on Henry VIII. shaking off the pope's supremacy, 1535; and pope Sixtus V. published a crusade against queen Elizabeth of England in 1588, see Excommunication. Interest, see Usury. The word interest was first used in an act of parliament of the 21st James I. 1623, wherein it was made to signify a lawful increase by way of compensation for the use of money lent. The rate fixed by the act was 8/. for the use of 1007. for a year, in place of usury at 107. before taken. The commonwealth lowered the rate to 67. in 1651; confirmed in 1660; and by an act of the 13th of queen Anne, 1713, it was reduced to 5l. The restraint being found prejudicial to commerce, it was totally removed by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 90 (1854). Interim of Augsburg, a decree issued by the emperor Charles V. in 1548, with the view of attempting to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants, in which it entirely failed. It was revoked in 1552. The term interim has been applied to other decrees and treaties. Intermediate Education Act, for Ireland, passed 16 Aug. 1878. Intermezzi, light dramatic entertainments, introduced between the acts of a tragedy, comedy, or grand opera; of very ancient origin. They became more important in the sixteenth century. Those connected with Bardi's "Amico Fido," 1589, were very fine. Intermittent Filtration OF SEWAGE, a process much advocated by Professor E. Frankland and others in 1875, and stated to have been successful at MerthyrTydvil since 1872. International, see under Chess, Cholera, Copyright, Education, Electricity, Exhibitions, Geneva, Havre, Horticulture, Law, Literary, Statistics, Working-men, and Wounded. International Law, see Neutral Powers. The Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations first met at Brussels, 10 Oct. 1873; Geneva, 2-5 The Institute of International Law was organized at Ghent by 1879; Oxford, 6-10 Sept. 1880. Interoceanic Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific; see Panama. Interregnum, see Commonwealth. Intransigentes, or IRRECONCILABLES, a party of extreme republicans in Spain, who withdrew from the Cortes and became very troublesome, 1 July, 1873; joined by communists, they held Carthagena from August to 12 Jan. 1874. Inundations. The following are among the most remarkable: ....A.D. ter many thousand acres (Camden)... Another in Cheshire, by which 3000 persons and an inAn inundation at Glasgow, which drowned more than numerable quantity of cattle perished.. 400 families (Fordun).. The Tweed overflowed its banks, and laid waste the country for 30 miles round.. An inundation on the English coasts, demolished a number of seaport towns.... Earl Godwin's lands, exceeding 4000 acres, overflowed by the sea, and an immense sand bank formed on the coast of Kent, now known by the name of the Godwin sands (Camden)... Flanders inundated by the sea, and the town and harbor of Ostend totally immersed.. More than 300 houses overwhelmed at Winchelsea by an inundation of the sea.. At the Texel, which first raised the commerce of Amsterdam... 245 353 758 836 1014 1100 1108 1280 1400 The sea broke in at Dort, and drowned 72 villages, and A general inundation by the failure of the dikes in Hol- The waters rose above the tops of the houses, and above At Catalonia, where 50,000 persons perished. Part of Zealand overflowed, 1300 inhabitants were At Madrid, several of the Spanish nobility and other persons of distinction perished.. 1483 1530 1607 1617 1686 At Pesth, near Presburg, the overflow of the Danube, by Overflow of the Danube; a Turkish corps of 2000 men, In Silesia, 6000 inhabitants perished, and the ruin of the French army under Macdonald was accelerated by the floods; also in Poland 4000 lives were supposed to have been lost June, 1819 Inundation at Dantzic, occasioned by the Vistula breaking through some of its dikes; by which 10,000 head of cattle and 4000 houses were destroyed, and numerous lives lost ....9 April, 1829 The "Moray Floods," caused by rainfall, when the Spey |
