Garibaldi at Florence announces an expedition against Rome..... ....22 Oct. The French minister Moustier's circular against the invasion ..25 Oct. .25 Oct. Garibaldians defeated at Viterbo, Enter Roman territories, defeat papal troops, and take Monte Rotondo.. .26, 27 Oct. Menabrea's ministry formed; proclamation of Victor Emmanuel against the Garibaldian invasion...27 Oct. Riots at Naples, Turin, Pavia, and other places suppressed... 26-28 Oct. et seq. French army arrives at Cività Vecchia, 28 Oct.; two bri.30 Oct. gades enter Rome... Royal Italian troops enter papal territory; Menabrea's justificatory circular; suppression of insurrectional committees in Italy. De Moustier's reply.. .30 Oct. .1 Nov. The senate vote the transfer of the capital from Florence to Rome (94 to 39).... 26 Jan. 1871 .4 Nov. .8 Nov. ..25 Nov. The king and ministers remove to Rome, 1, 2 July, which is inaugurated as the capital... The parliament opened there by the king. .3 July, .27 Nov. ..18 Dec. 66 Joseph Mazzini dies at Pisa.. 10 March, 1872 ...Aug. Great inundations in the valley of the Po, etc.; loss of life and of much property; much saved by the exertions of the military. ..Oct. Opposition to the income-tax in the assembly; majority for government (144 to 116) .Dec. Great sorrow at the death of Napoleon III. 9 Jan.; proposals for a monument in Milan.. ..Jan. 1873 Garibaldi defeated at Mentana, 3 Nov.; retreats into Italy with his son; captured and sent to Varignano, gulf of Spezzia..... Fiery manifesto of Mazzini. Garibaldi sent to Caprera. French proposal of a European conference on Roman question discussed.. .9 Nov.-Dec. French troops left Rome for Cività Vecchia ......3 Dec. Meeting of parliament; judicious firmness; an amnesty for Garibaldians proclaimed. Long army debate; vote against the ministry 199); Menabrea resigns. His ministry reconstituted M. Cambray Digny's financial statement: great grist-tax proposed... ..Feb. Exculpatory letter of La Marmora issued. Government financial measures announced. New order of knighthood, the "Crown of Italy," constituted.. 20 Feb. Grist-tax adopted after 21 days' debate....... .1 April, Enthusiastic reception of the crown-prince of Prussia, 20, 21 April, Marriage of prince Humbert to his cousin Margherita at Turin.... .22 April, Frightful atrocities committed by brigands in south Italy, April, May, Grist-tax adopted by the senate.. .June, Arrangement made for debt of the late papal provinces, 30 July, Law for expulsion of Jesuits passed (see Jesuits). 25 June, Lanza and Sella resign, 26 June; a ministry formed by Minghetti. ..10 July, The king's visit to Vienna, 17 Sept.; to Berlin. 22-26 Sept. Monuments to Cavour at Turin inaugurated by the king, 8 Nov. Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war announced, 18 July; additional armaments ordered.. Mazzini arrested at Palermo and sent to Gaeta..14 Aug. Fruitless mission of prince Napoleon to obtain help for France .21-25 Aug. Circular note from the government recounting the failure of all attempts to conciliate the pope since 1860, and proposing favorable terms.. .29 Aug. French vessel Orénoque placed at Cività Vecchia on behalf of the pope.. Aug. Respectful letter from the king to the pope, announcing the occupation of Rome necessary to order....8 Sept. The Italian troops enter the papal territories (see Rome); occupy Viterbo and other places. 66 66 ..Sept.-Oct. Teodali, a papal chamberlain, seized by brigands, ransomed for 20001... ..about 8, 9 Oct. The Orenoque (French) sails from Cività Vecchia. 13 Oct. Jesuits ordered to quit their establishments.....15 Oct. 66 Result of elections in support of government......Nov. The Camorra, Maffei, and Brigantaggio (terrorist secret societies) prevalent in south Italy .1874-5 Garibaldi declines a sum of money (35001.) voted to him, 31 Dec. 1874 He enters Rome amid great excitement, takes his scat in the chamber of deputies, and takes the oath to the king.. ..24 Jan. 1875 Accepts the sum voted and devotes it to improvement of the Tiber, etc.. .12 Feb. (6 The emperor of Austria and king of Italy meet at Venice.. .5-7 April, Treaty of commerce with Great Britain, to expire 26 June, 1876, announced., ..June, Synod of Italian Catholic church (which see) held at Naples... ..Aug. Elections of parish priests declared valid in opposition to the bishops.. 66 Italian Catholic congress, blessed by the Florence; scanty attendance.. Gen. Bixio marches towards Rome........ 18, 19 Sept. After a short resistance, the Italians under gen. Cadorna enter Rome (for details, see Rome).. 20 Sept. Plébiscite in papal territories: for union with the kingdom of Italy (out of 167,548 voters), 133,681; against, 1507.... .2 Oct. The king receives the result of the plébiscite......8 Oct. Rome incorporated with Italy by royal decree, gen. La Marmora governor.... .9 Oct. Arrival of La Marmora at Rome as viceroy; reported agitation in Nice for reunion with Italy or autonomy, Oct. Visit of the emperor of Germany to Milan; ceived by the king and people.. Minghetti ministry defeated on the budget, resign.... Agostino Depretis forms a cabinet. 23-25 Sept. warmly re18-23 Oct. 18 March; .19 March, 1876 March, The Duilio, great iron-clad, launched at Castellamare in presence of the king ....8 May, Discovery of a "black-book" in the Home office, recording misdeeds of many officials, etc.; gives much of fence.. ...June, Italian Geographical Society's expedition in Africa; illtreated at Zeila; the khedive informed July, Marchese Mantegazza tried for forging the signatures of the king and prince Humbert on bills and letters to obtain money; confessed, but refused to disclose name of associate or instigator, 18 Aug.; sentence, 8 years' penal servitude.. ...31 Aug. Elections; great majority for Depretis ministry, about 6 Nov. of Spain, .8 Nov. ..20 Nov. 66 Maria Vittoria, duchess of Aosta, ex-queen aged 28, dies, greatly lamented.. Parliament opened by the king.. ......18 Oct. ..Jan. 1877 KINGS OF ITALY. 476. Odoacer, king of the Heruli, invades Italy, and becomes king; conquered and slain by 493. Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, an able prince. He put to death the philosophers Bothius and Symmachus, falsely accused, about 525. 526. Athalaric, his grandson, dies of the plague. 66 66 534. Theodatus elected; assassinated. 536. Vitiges elected. Bill for repressing clerical abuses adopted by the depu tes; the pope expresses great displeasure in his circular to foreign powers, 21 March; the bill rejected by the senate. .7 May, 1877 Antonelli Case.-Countess Loreta Lambertini claims property of her alleged father, cardinal Antonelli; resisted by his brothers, 30 June; trial; her case not proved.. .6 Dec. Ministerial changes ..about 12 Nov. Monument at Mentana (which see) inaugurated. .25 Nov. Resignation of the ministry, 15 Dec.; Depret s re forms his ministry (Nicotera replaced by Crispi). . 16-26 Dec. Father Curci (see Jesuits) publishes Dissidio Moderno fra la Chiesa e l' Italia," against the pope's temporal power.... .Dec. Death of La Marmora, aged 74, 5 Jan.; death of king Victor Emmanuel II. 9 Jan.; his funeral; procession 2 miles long; buried in the Pantheon. Rome..17 Jan. 1878 Death of pope Pius IX., 7 Feb.; election of Leo XIII, 20 Feb. appear in Feb. Antonelli Case.-The countess permitted to Cairoli forms a liberal ministry, Corti foreign minister; 66 66 615. Adaloald; poisoned. 66 625. Arioald. .10 March, new men... .23 March, 66 636. Rotharis; married the widow of Arioald; published a code of laws. 652. Rodoald (son); assassinated. 661. Bertharit and Godebert (sons); dethroned by 662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento. 671. Bertharit re-established. 686. Cunibert (son). Death of Giorgio Pallavicino, senator, patriot, friend of Cavour, aged 84... .3 Aug. David Lazzaretti, "the saint," a peasant, aged 48, founder of a religious socialistic sect in 1868, with 12 apostles, etc., and creed somewhat Protestant; proposed to erect seven hermitages; marched towards Arcidosso, in Tuscany, with between two and three thousand fol lowers; David, clad in a half-regal, half pontifical costume, proclaiming the Christian republic, resisted dispersion by the police, who, when fired on, fired and killed David and one of his followers; these retired, carrying off David's body.. ...18 Aug. Ministerial crisis; resignation of Corti and others, 19 Oct; of all the Cairoli ministry. 22 Oct. Sig. Ca.roli reconstitutes the ministry... ..25 Oct. Attempted assassination of the king at Naples by Giovanni Passanante, an international st, aged 29; the king and Cairoli, the minister, slightly wounded, 17 Nov. "Pietro Barsanti" clubs (in memory of a sergeant executed for gross insubordination a few years ago) become prominent; oppose ministry.. ..autumn, The Cairoli ministry defeated on vote of confidence (263 to 189), 11 Dec.; resign... Cordigliani, a half mad tailor, condemned to imprisonment for throwing paving stones at a group of deputies (25 June) .26 Aug. Celebration of capture of Rome by Italians in 1870, 66 20 Sept. Italia, great iron- clad, launched at Castellamare, 29 Sept. Garibaldi and his son Menotti resign as deputies on account of the imprisonment of his son-in-law, gen. Canzio, for republican manifestations, 27 Sept.; Garibaldi ..10 Oct. goes to Genoa, Oct.; Canzio released. Col. John Whitehead, "Garibaldi's Englishman," dies, aged 69... .21 Nov. 950. Berenger II. and Adalbert his son; deposed in 931 by the emperor Otho the Great, who added Italy to the German empire. MODERN KINGS OF ITALY. Napoleon I. proclaimed king of Italy, 18 March; crowned at Milan, 26 May; abdicated 1814. Victor Emmanuel II. (of Sardinia, which see), born 14 March, 1820; declared king of Italy by the parliament, 17 March, 1861; died 9 Jan. 1878. 1878. Humbert (son), born 14 March, 1844; married his cousin, Margherita (born 20 Nov 1851), 22 April, 1868. Heir: Victor Emmanuel (son), prince of Naples, born 11 Nov. 1869. Ithaca, kingdom of Ulysses, see Ionian Isles. It was explored by Dr. Schliemann in 1878, few discoveries being made. Itineraries. The Roman Itinerarium was a table of the stages between important places. The "Itineraria Antonini," embracing the whole Roman empire, usually ascribed to the emperor Aurelius Antoninus and his successors, A.D. 138-180, was probably based upon the survey made by order of Julius Cæsar, 44 B.C. The "Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum" was drawn up for the use of the pilgrims about A.D. 333. Ivory was brought to Solomon from Tarshish, about 992 B.C. (1 Kings x. 22). The colossal statues of Jupiter, Minerva, etc., by Phidias, were formed of ivory and gold, 444 B.C. Ivory tusk, 7 feet long, sent by the Zulu king Cetywayo to lord Chelmsford, as a token of peace, summer, 1879. Ivry (near Évreux, N.W. France). Here Henry IV. totally defeated the duc de Maycune and the League army, 14 March, 1590. J. About 50.000 die of cholera in.. J was distinguished from I by the Dutch scholars of | Emancipation of the slaves... the sixteenth century, and introduced into the alphabet by Giles Beys, printer, of Paris, 1550.-Dufresnoy. Jacobins, the original name of the Dominicans (which see). The Jacobin Club (first called "Club Breton") consisted of about forty gentlemen and men of letters, who met in the hall of the Jacobin friars at Paris, in Oct. 1789, to discuss political and other questions. Similar societies were instituted in all the principal towns of the kingdom. The club was closed 11 Nov. 1794. Jacobites, a Christian sect, so called from Jacob Baradæus, a Syrian, about 541; see Eutychians.-The partisans of James II. (Latin, Jacobus II.) were so named after his expulsion from England in 1688. .1 Aug. 1834 1850 1856 1857 ..July, 1864 In May, 1853, the dissension between the colonial legisla George William Gordon, a colored member of the legisla ture, convicted of encouraging the rebellion, 21 Oct.; executed..... Paul Bogle executed.. 66 .23 Oct. ..24 Oct. Oct. and Nov. Jacobus, a gold coin, so called from king James I. Sir Henry Storks summoned from Malta, and sent to of England, in whose reign it was struck, 1603-25. Jacquard Loom, for figured fabrics, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard of Lyons, and patented 23 Dec. 1801. Jacquerie, a term applied to bands of revolted peasants (headed by one Caillot, called Jacques Bonhomme), who ravaged France during the captivity of king John in 1358, and were quelled with much bloodshed. Similar insurrections occurred in Germany. One was termed the Bundschuh, from the large shoe especially worn by peasants, in 1502; and another termed the Bund (or league) of the Poor Conrad, 1514 and 1524, which also cost about 100,000 lives, and led to the insurrection of the Anabaptists. Jaffa, a seaport of Syria, celebrated in Scripture as Joppa, whence Jonah embarked (about 862 B.C.), and where Peter raised Tabitha from the dead (A.D. 38); in mythology the place whence Perseus delivered Andromeda. Jaffa was taken by the caliph Omar in 636, by the Crusaders, 1099; by Saladin, 1193; by Louis IX., 1252; and by Bonaparte, 7 March, 1799: the French were driven out by the British in June, the same year. Here, according to sir Robert Wilson, were massacred 3800 prisoners by Bonaparte; but this is doubted. Jaffa suffered by an earthquake in Jan. 1837, when it is said that 13,000 persons were killed. Jagellons, a dynasty which at times reigned over Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia, beginning with Jagellon, duke of Lithuania (husband of Hedwig, daughter of Louis of Hungary, 1384), who became king of Poland as Ladislas III. or V. in 1399, and ending with Sigismund II., who died in 1572. Jail Distemper, see Old Bailey. Jains, see Jeynes. Jamaica, with Messrs. Russell Gurney and John B. Governor Eyre temporarily suspended; sir Henry Storks The legislative assembly of Jamaica dissolves itself, and Feb. 21 March, discontent during 1865; they reported that 439 persons had suffered by martial law; that about 1000 dwellings had been burned; that about 600 (many women) had been flogged; that they considered the punishments inflicted excessive, the executions unnecessarily frequent, the burning of houses wanton; and that they saw no proof of Gordon's complicity in the outbreak, or in an organized conspiracy against government, The Jamaica Government act passed in England, Eyre... 66 9 April, 23 March, 16 July, 27 July, welcomed by a 21 Aug. Sept. Sir J. P. Grant gazetted governor in room of governor A committee for his defence formed... cussion in the commons papers Returning prosperity reported... Sir William Grey appointed governor. James's Hall, St., near Piccadilly, erected for public meetings, etc., was opened on 25 March, 1858, with a concert for the benefit of the Middlesex hospital. Mr. Owen Jones was the architect. The "Popular Monday Concerts" here began 14 Feb. 1859. James's Palace, St., etc., London, was built by Henry VIII. on the site of a hospital of the same name, 1530-6. It has been the official town residence of the English court since the fire at Whitehall in 1698. The PARK a marsh till Henry VIII. enclosed and laid it 1530 out in walks The enclosure first opened to the public in Jan. 1829; the opening by Carlton steps in. 1831 The marble arch at Buckingham palace removed to Cumberland gate, Hyde park. .29 March, 1851 An iron bridge over the ornamental water constructed.. 1857 James's Theatre, St., erected by Beazley for John Braham, the singer; opened 14 Dec. 1835. Jamestown (Virginia). The first permanent English settlement within the present limits of the United States was made at Jamestown, 1607. Capt. John Smith was a prominent member of the expedition. A battle was fought here between the Americans under Wayne and the British under Cornwallis, 1781. Janina, see Albania. Janissaries (Turkish iếni tchéri, new soldiers), an order of infantry in the Turkish army, originally, young prisoners trained to arms; were first organized by Orcan, about 1330, and remodelled by his son Amurath I., 1360; their numbers being increased by following sultans. In later days they degenerated from their strict discipline, and several times deposed and killed the sultans. During an insurrection, 14, 15 June, 1826, when nearly 3000 of them were killed, the Ottoman army was reorganized by Mahmud II., and a firman was issued on 17 June abolishing the Janissaries. Jansenists, persons who embraced the doctrines of Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, who died in 1638. The publication of his "Augustinus," 1640, in which he maintained the doctrine of free grace, kindled a fierce controversy, and was condemned by a bull of pope Urban VIII. in 1642. Through the Jesuits, Jansenism was condemned by Innocent X. in 1653, and by Clement XI. in 1713, by the bull Unigenitus. This bull the French church rejected. Jansenism still exists at Utrecht and Haarlem; see Port - Royalists. Loos, archbishop of Utrecht, died, June, 1873. January derives its name from Janus, an early Roman divinity. January was added to the Roman calendar by Numa, 713 B.C. He placed it about the winter solstice, and made it the first month, because Janus was supposed to preside over the beginning of all business. In 1751 the legal year in England was ordered to begin on 1 Jan. instead of 25 March. Janus, TEMPLE OF, at Rome, was erected by Romulus, and kept open in time of war, and closed in time of peace. During above 700 years it was shut only under Numa, 714 B.C.; at the close of the first Punic war, 235 B.C.; and under Augustus, 29, 25, and 5 B.C. Japan, an Asiatic empire, composed of Japan, or Niphon, and about 3850 isles, with between 35,000,000 and 40,000,000 inhabitants. It was visited by Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, in the thirteenth century, and by Mendez Pinto, a Portuguese, about 1535 or 1542, whose countrymen shortly after obtained permission to found a settlement. The Jesuit missionaries followed, and made a number of converts, who sent a deputation to pope Gregory XIII. in 1585; but a fierce persecution of the Christians began in 1590, aggravated, it is said, by the indiscreet zeal and arrogance of the Jesuits, thousands of the converts suffered death; and the Portuguese were utterly expelled, 1637-42. The Dutch trade with Japan commenced about 1600 under severe restrictions, and has since been frequently suspended; other nations, except Chinese, being excluded. The learned Engelbert Kæmpfer visited Japan in 1690, and published an account of it with plates. Nagasaki and Hakodadi opened to European commerce. 1856 Commercial treaty with Russia... .19 Aug. 1853 Lord Elgin visits Japan, with a present of a steamer for the emperor, and is honorably received, July; obtains the treaty of Jeddo, opening Japan to British com...26 Aug. The secular emperor dies (aged 36) ......16 Sept. Mr. (afterwards sir) Rutherford Alcock appointed consulgeneral, Dec. 1858; envoy extraordinary .Nov. 1859 A Japanese embassy visits Washington, New York, etc., ..14 May-30 June, 1860 merce. United States Attack on the British embassy at Jeddo; some persons wounded... 46 66 ...5 July, 1861 Embassy received at Paris, 13 April; London, June; in Holland, Prussia, etc ...July-Sept. 1862 Another attack on the English chargé d'affaires frusForeign ministers transfer the residence from Jeddo to Yokohama.. ..27 June, Mr. Richardson murdered and his companions cruelly assailed by a Japanese noble and his suite. ...14 Sept. The batteries and vessels of the prince of Nagato fire on an English and a French vessel at the entrance of the straits of Simonosaki.. 15, 19 Nov. Some English, French, and American vessels bombard Reparation demanded; 100,0007, paid by the government; his forts and his vessels. 15-19 July, 1833 the prince of Satsuma resists payment of 25,000l., his portion; admiral Kuper enters the bay of Kagosima, and is fired upon; whereupon he bombards the town and burns the prince's steamers.. The Japanese minister announces that the ports opened .15 Aug. .24 June, ...11 Dec. by virtue of the treaties will be closed. The prince of Satsuma pays the 25,000l... The Japanese government refuse to abide by the treaties; a combined fleet enters the straits of Simonosaki, Sept., and attacks and destroys the Japanese batteries, Town of Yokohama and third part of European settle ment .4 Dec. ment destroyed by fire .... .26 Nov. Jeddo and other places opened to trade by the govern Visit of sir Harry Parkes to the tycoon, Stots Bashi, 25 April, 1867 1 May, Prince Minbontaiyou, brother of the tycoon, arrives at Osaka and Niogo opened to European commerce, 1 Jan. 1868 Dover, 2 Dec.; presented to the queen. Insurrection of the Daimios; rivalry between the mikado and tycoon, Dec; foreigners neutral.....27 Jan.-Feb Japanese outrages on French sailors; culprits executed, 16 March; further outrages punished... .23 March, The mikado's troops defeat the tycoon's, who flies, 26-30 Jan.; the mikado's defeated near Jeddo....10-17 May, 66 After long war and varying success the rebellion ends; ton, 4 March; in London. Pacific mail screw steamer America burned at YokoFirst railway (from Yokohama to Shinagawa) opened. 12 hama; about 40 killed. ..24 Aug. June, to Jeddo; opened by the mikado. Japanese ambassadors received by queen Victoria, 5 Dec. English proposed as the national tongue Insurrection through desire for war with Corea; soon Feb.-April, 1874 A successful expedition against Formosa to chastise sav age tribes for massacring Japanese sailors, May; Chinese protest, Aug.; Japanese withdraw (see Formosa), announced.. Nov. Mr. L. Haber, German consul, murdered at Hakodadi, by a fanatic, 8 Aug.; executed... .26 Sept. The Japanese minister received by queen Victoria, 3 March, 1875 The mikado decrees a new constitution; two chambers, .14 April, Jargonium, a new metal discovered by professor A. Church in combination with the zircon of Ceylon. The spectrum was shown by Mr. H. Sorby, 6 March, 1869. Jarnac (W. France). On 13 March, 1569, the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III. of France, here defeated the Huguenots under Louis, prince of Condé, who was killed in cold blood by Montesquieu. The victor (seventeen years of age), on account of his success here and at Moncontour, was chosen king of Poland. Jasmine, or JESSAMINE (Jasminum officinale), native of Persia, etc., was brought hither from Circassia before 1548. The Catalonian jasmine came from the East Indies in 1629, and the yellow Indian jasmine in 1656. Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, frequently occupied by the Russians; taken by them in 1739, 1769, and 1828. A treaty between them and the Turks was signed here, 9 Jan. 1792. Java, a large island in the Eastern Archipelago, is said to have been reached by the Portuguese in 1511, and by the Dutch in 1595. The latter, who now possess it, built Batavia, the capital, about 1619; see Batavia. The atrocious massacre of 20,000 of the unarmed natives by the Dutch, sparing neither women nor children, to possess their effects, took place in 1740. The island capitulated to the British, 18 Sept. 1811. The sultan was dethroned by the English, and the hereditary prince raised to the throne, in June, 1813. Java was restored to Holland in 1814. The English promoted free labor instead of forced, but the Dutch reverted to the old system, and in 1830 abolished free labor, introducing the "culture system," by which the government controls the cultivation of the land and buys the produce at its own price. In Aug. 1860, the Swiss soldiers here, aided by the natives, mutinied, but were soon reduced, and many suffered death. The diminished prosperity of Java led to warm discussions in the Dutch chamber in 1866. Jawakies, see India, 1877-8. Jean de Luz, St. (S. France, near the Pyrences). Soult's strong position here was taken by gen. Hill and marshal Beresford, 10 Nov. 1813. Jedda, the port of Mecca, Arabia. On 15 June, 1858, the fanatic Mahometans massacred 26 of the Chris tian inhabitants, among them the English and French consuls and part of their families; but many fled to the shipping. On the delay of justice, commodore Pullen, with the Cyclops, bombarded the town, 25, 26 July. On 6 Aug. eleven of the assassins were executed; the ringleaders afterwards. Jeddo, or YEDDO (the name was changed to Tokio about 1869), the capital of Japan, on the island of Niphon. Here was signed the treaty with Great Britain, 26 Aug. 1858; see Japan. 5000 houses destroyed by fire, 8 Dec. 1873. Jehad, see Jihad. Jellalabad, Afghanistan, defended by sir Robert Sale from 8 Jan. to 5 April, 1842, when the siege was raised by gen. G. Pollock, who destroyed the fortifica tions. "Je Maintiendrai "_" I will maintain," the motto of the house of Nassau. When William III. came to the throne of England, he continued this, but added "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," at the same time ordering that the old motto of the royal arms, "Dieu et mon droit," should be retained on the great seal, 1689. Jemappes (N. W. Belgium), the site of the first pitched battle gained by the French republicans (under Dumouriez), in which 40,000 French troops drove out 19,000 Austrians, who were intrenched in woods and mountains, defended by redoubts and many cannon, 6 Nov. 1792. The number killed on each side was reckoned at 5000. Jena AND Auerstadt (Central Germany), where two battles were fought, 14 Oct. 1806, between the French and Prussians. The French were commanded at Jena by Napoleon, and at Auerstadt by Davoust; the Prussians by prince Hohenlohe at the former place, and the king of Prussia at the latter. The Prussians were defeated, losing nearly 20,000 killed and wounded, and nearly as many prisoners, and 200 field-pieces; the French lost 14,000 men. Napoleon advanced to Berlin, and issued the Berlin decree (which see). Jenkins's Ear, an ear of Robert Jenkins, captain of a merchant-vessel, was torn off, with many insults, by a Spanish pirate in 1731. He appeared before parliament in 1738, when the convention of the Pardo was severely discussed. Jennerian Institution, founded 1303; see Vaccination. "Jephthah," Handel's last oratorio, composed 21 Jan.-30 Aug. 1751; performed 26 Feb. 1752. Jersey. The chief island of the Channel archipelago (which includes Guernsey, Sark, Alderney, etc.), formerly held by the Romans in the third and fourth centuries after Christ-Jersey being termed Cæsarea. The isles were captured by Rollo, and thus became an appanage of the duchy of Normandy, and were united to the crown of England by his descendant, William the Conqueror. The inhabitants of the Channel Islands preferred to remain subjects of king John at the period of the conquest of Normandy by Philip Augustus, and, while retaining the laws, customs, and (until lately) the language of their continental ancestors, have always remained firm in their allegiance to England. Almost every war with France has been characterized by an attack on Jersey, the most formidable of which, under the baron de Rullecour, was defeated by the English garrison and Jersey militia, commanded by major Pierson, 6 Jan. 1781. Mr. J. Bertrand Payne, in his “ Armorial of Jersey" and his “Gossiping Guide," has exhaustively treated the general and family history of the island. Jersey became a place of refuge for MM. Rouher, Baroche, Drouyn de Lhuys, and other distinguished French imperialists, Sept. 1870. Some of the Trappists and other monks expelled from France settled in Jersey, 1880-1. The population of the Channel Isles in 1861 was 90,978, in 1871, 90,563. |
