Richard, brother of Henry III. of England, was induced to go to Germany, where he disbursed vast sums under the promise of being elected next emperor; he was elected "king of the Romans" (but failed in succeeding to the imperial crown).. 1256 The style "king of Rome" was revived by Napoleon 1. for his son, born.. 20 March, 1811 The title king of Italy "conferred on Victor Emmanuel II. of Sardinia by Italian parliament........17 March, 1861 King Philip's War. Philip, son of Massasoit, the friend of the Pilgrim fathers at New Plymouth, New England, was induced by real and imaginary wrongs to make war upon the European settlers in order to exterminate them. His home was at Mount Hope, R. I. He struck his first blow at Swansea on the 4th of July, 1675. The white settlers sprang to arms. Philip ordered other New England tribes to join him, and during the remainder of that year and the spring of 1676, there was alarm and bloodshed in nearly all the more remote New England settlements. The Indians were finally subdued; Philip was chased from one hiding-place to another; and finally, in 1676, he was shot in a swamp by a faithless Indian. His head was carried in triumph to Plymouth, and his little son, the last survivor of his family, was sold for a bond-slave in Bermuda. King-of-arms: three for England-Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy; Lyon king-at-arms for Scotland, and Ulster for Ireland. These offices are very ancient: Clarencieux is so named from Lionel, third son of Edward III., the sovereign who founded the order of the Garter; see Garter. Lionel having by his wife the honor of Clare, was made duke of Clarence; which dukedom afterwards escheating to Edward IV., he revived the office of Clarence king-at-arms. The office of Bath king-of-arms, created in 1725, was changed to Gloucester king-of-arms, 14 June, 1726. Ulster was substituted, it is said, in lieu of Ireland king-of-arms, by Edward VI., 1553; but the monarch himself named it as a new institution. King's Advocate, see Queen's. King's Bench, or QUEEN'S BENCH, COURT OF, obtained its name from the king sometimes sitting here on a high bench, and the judges, to whom the judicature belongs in his absence, on a low bench at his feet. This court in ancient times was called Curia Domini Regis. The court of queen's bench sat for the last time July, 1875; see Supreme Court. Chief-justice Cockburn received the freedom of London, 9 March, 1876; said to be the first case of the kind. The queen's bench division of the high court of justice till 1881 consisted of the chief-justice of England and four judges. The chief justice of the queen's bench division is now chief-justice of England; the exchequer and common-pleas division were abolished in 1881. CHIEF JUSTICES IN ENGLAND FROM HENRY VIII. 1556. Sir Edward Saunders. 1671. Sir Matthew Hale. 1676. Sir Richard Raynesford. 1678. Sir William Scroggs. 1681. Sir Francis Pemberton. 1683. Sir Edmund Saunders. 46 Sir George aft. lord Jefferies and lord chancellor. 1725. Sir Robert Raymond, 1733. Sir Philip Yorke, aft. 1788. Lloyd, lord Kenyon, 9 1802. Sir Edward Law, 12 April; afterwards lord Ellenborough. 1818. Sir Charles Abbott, 4 Nov.; afterwards lord Tenterden. Jefferies, 1832. Sir Thomas Denman, 7 1685. Sir Edward Herbert. 1687. Sir Robert Wright. 1689. Sir John Holt. 1709. Sir Thomas Parker, aft. lord Parker, earl of Macclesfield, and lord chancellor. 1718. Sir John Pratt. Nov.; aft. lord Denman resigned. 1850. John, lord Campbell, March; afterwards lord chancellor. 1859. Sir Alexander Cockburn, June (died 20 Nov. 1880). 1880. John Duke, lord Coleridge, 26 Nov. (see Supreme Court). afterwards lord Kilwarden (killed in Emmet's insurrection, 23 July, 1803). 1803. William Downes, 12 Sept.; afterwards lord Downes. 1822. Charles Kendal Bushe, 14 Feb. 1841. Edward Pennefather, 10 Nov. 1846. Francis Blackburne, 23 Jan. 1852. Thomas Lefroy, March. 1866. James Whiteside, July; died 25 Nov. 1876. 1877. George Augustus Chichester May, 9 Feb. King's Bench Prison (Southwark), near the site of one of the oldest prisons of London, long used for the confinement of debtors. Here, it is said, prince Henry (afterwards Henry V.) was committed by justice Gascoigne. The prison was burned down by the London rioters, 7 June, 1780; see Gordon's No-Popery Riots. It was rebuilt in 1781, and contained about 230 rooms. Formerly, the debtors were allowed to purchase the liberties, to enable them to have houses or lodgings without the walls, or to purchase day-rules, to go out of the prison under certain regulations. The rules included St. George's Fields, etc. A consequence of the bankruptcy act, 1861, was the release of many insolvent debtors; and prison and removal of the prisoners to Whitecross street an act was passed in 1862" for discontinuing the queen's prison." The buildings, used as a military prison, were pulled down and the site sold, 1879–80. King's Book, or "Valor Ecclesiasticus temp. Henrici VIII;" the return of the commissioners appointed in 1534 to value the first-fruits and tenths granted to the king. An edition by John Bacon (“Liber Regis ") was published in 1780, and it was printed for the Record Commission, 1810–25. King's Bounty, an annual grant of 10002., began early in the reign of George III. and continued till 10 George IV. 1829. King's Colleges, see Aberdeen and Cambridge. King's College, London, incorporated 14 Aug. 1829, and It was incorporated with the uniopened 8 Oct. 1831. versity of London in 1837. The hospital was founded in 1839. The dining-hall and kitchen fell in, through drainage, 8 A.M., 6 Dec. 1869; no lives were lost. King's Counsel, the first under the degree of sergeant was sir Francis Bacon, made so, honoris causâ, without patent or fee, in 1604, by James I. The first modern king's counsel was sir Francis North, afterwards lord keeper, in 1663. King's County (Ireland), formed out of confiscated property, and so named from Philip, king of Spain, the husband of queen Mary of England, in 1556. Kladderadatsch, the German "Punch," first published in Berlin, by Albert Hoffmann, the proprietor, origKing's Cross Market, N. London, opened 7 Aug. inally a bookseller's assistant. He amassed a fortune, and died 10 Aug. 1880, aged 62. 1868; did not succeed. King's Evil (scrofula), formerly supposed to be cured by the king's touch; the first being Edward the Confessor, in 1058. In the reign of Charles II. 92,107 persons were touched; and, according to Wiseman, the king's physician, they were nearly all cured! Queen Anne officially announced in the London Gazette, 12 March, 1712, her intention to touch publicly. The custom was dropped by George I., 1714. King's Mountain, BATTLE OF. Major Patrick Ferguson was sent by Cornwallis to embody the loyal militia west of the Broad River, in South Carolina. With 1500 of them he was on his way to join the main army, when, on 7 Oct. 1780, while encamped upon a spur of King's Mountain, he was attacked by 1800 federal militia under several colonels, and totally defeated. Shelby, Cleveland, and Campbell were the chief leaders of the federals. Ferguson was killed, and a small monument marks the spot of his burial. 300 of his men were killed or wounded, and about 800 of them made prisoners, with 1500 stand of arms. The Americans lost only 20 men. Kneeling. The knee was ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus (see Phil. ii. 10), about the year 1275, by the order of the pope. The ceremony of a vassal kneeling to his lord is said to have begun in the eighth century. Knights. The word knight is derived from the Saxon Cniht, a servant (i. e. servant to the king, etc.). The institution of the Roman knights (Equites or horsemen, from equus, a horse) is ascribed to Romulus, about 750 B.C., when the curia elected 300. Knighthood was conferred in England by the priest at the altar, after confession and consecration of the sword, during the Saxon heptarchy. The first knight made by the sovereign with the sword of state was Athelstane, by Alfred, A.D. 900.-Spelman. The custom of ecclesiastics conferring the honor of knighthood was suppressed in a synod held at Westminster in 1100.-Ashmole's Institutes. All persons having ten pounds yearly income were obliged to be knighted, or pay a fine, 38 Hen. III. 1254.-Salmon. On the decline of the empire of Charlemagne, all Europe being reduced to a state of anarchy, the proprietor of every manor became a petty sovereign; King's Speech. The first from the throne is said his mansion was fortified by a moat, and defended by a to have been by Henry I., 1107. Kingston, the shire town of Ulster county, N. Y., was settled by the Dutch and Huguenots. It is memorable in the United States as the place where the first constitution of the state of New York was framed, in 1777, and the first legislature was convened under it; also as having been wantonly destroyed by a British marauding expedition up the Hudson in the autumn of the same year. Kingston, Jamaica, was founded in 1693, after the great earthquake in 1692 which destroyed Port Royal; it was constituted a city, 1802. An awful fire here ravaged a vast portion of the town, and consumed 500,0007. of property, 8 Feb. 1782; another fire in 1843. The bishopric was established in 1856; see Jamaica. Kingston Trial. The duchess of Kingston was arraigned before the lords in Westminster Hall, on a charge of bigamy, having married first capt. Hervey, afterwards earl of Bristol, and next, during his lifetime, Evelyn Pierrepont, duke of Kingston, 15-22 April, 1776. She was found guilty, but, on pleading the privilege of peerage, the punishment of burning in the hand was remitted, and she was discharged on paying the fees. Kingstown (Dublin). The harbor here was commenced in June, 1817. The name was changed from Dunleary in compliment to George IV., who here embarked for England at the close of his visit to Ireland, 3 Sept. 1821. The Kingstown railway from Dublin was opened 17 Dec. 1834. Kissing the hands of great men was a Grecian custom. Kissing was a mode of salutation among the Jews, 1 Sam. x. 1, etc. The "kiss of charity," or "holy kiss," commanded in the Scriptures (Rom. xvi. 16, etc.), was observed by the early Christians, and is still recognized by the Greek church and some others. Kissing the pope's foot (or the cross on his slipper) began with Adrian I. or Leo III. at the close of the eighth century. Kit-kat Club, of above thirty noblemen and tlemen, instituted in 1703, to promote the Protestant succession. The duke of Marlborough, sir Richard Walpole, Addison, Steele, and Dr. Garth were members. It took its name from its dining at the house of Christopher Kat, a pastry-cook in King street, Westminster. Kitt's, see Christopher's, St. gen guard, and called a castle. Excursions were made by one petty lord against another, and the women and treasure were carried off by the conqueror. At length the owners of rich fiefs associated to repress these marauders, to make property secure, and to protect the ladies, binding themselves to these duties by a solemn vow and the sanction of a religious ceremony. Cervantes' "Don Quixote," a satire on knight-errantry, was published in 1605; see Banneret, Chivalry, Tournaments, Holy Sepulchre, John, and Michael. PRINCIPAL MILITARY, RELIGIOUS, AND HONORARY ORDERS OF Albert, Saxony.. Anne, St., Holstein, now Russia. Bannerets; see Bannerets. 1850 1836 .about 1156 1722 1645 1698 .787, 1540, 1687 .337, 1191 Bear, Switzerland.. 1735 about 1360 1618 1382 about 1162 1725 1213 1703 1162 1701 12th century 1608 1366 1234 1708 1158 1063 1714 1759 1771 1811 1702 1203 1317 1558 1783 1618 1660 Catherine, St., Russia (female).. Christ, Portugal and Rome... Compostello; see St. James. 1233 general Daun gained a signal victory over Frederick the Great of Prussia, 18 June, 1757. In commemoration, 1814 the military order of Maria Theresa was instituted by 1705 the empress-queen. 1732 1815 1172 1782 FEMALE KNIGHTS. It is said that the first were the women who preserved Tortosa from the Moors in 1149 by their stout resistance. Large immunities were granted to the women and their descendants. Several female orders appear in the previous list. Ladies have been admitted to several male orders. KNIGHTS OF GLYN AND KERRY, IN IRELAND. The heads of two branches of the family of Fitzgerald, who still enjoy the distinctions bestowed on their ancestors by sovereigns in the thirteenth century. The 19th knight of Kerry died 6 Aug. 1880. KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, OR OF PARLIAMENT. Summoned by the king's writ and chosen by the freeholders; first summoned by Simon de Montfort in 1258, and in a more formal manner, 20 Jan. 1265. There are writs extant as far back as 11 Edward I. 1283. The knights are still girded with a sword when elected, as the writ prescribes. Knights of Labor, see United States, 1879. Knives. In England, Hallamshire (the country around Sheffield) has been renowned for its cutlery for five centuries. Chaucer speaks of the "Sheffield thwytel." Stow says that Richard Mathews, on the Fleet bridge, was the first Englishman who made fine knives, etc., and that he obtained a prohibition of foreign ones, 1563. Clasp or spring knives became common about 1650, coming originally from Flanders.-Knifecleaning machines were patented by Mr. George Kent in 1844 and 1852; others have been invented by Masters, Price, etc.; see Forks. Köln, see Cologne. Komorn, or COMORN (Hungary), an ancient fortress town, often taken and retaken during the wars with Turkey. Near it the Hungarians defeated the Austrians, 11 July, 1849, but surrendered the town 1 Oct. Konieh (formerly Iconium). Here the Turkish army was defeated by the pacha of Egypt, after a long, sanguinary fight, 21 Dec. 1832. The grand-vizier was taken prisoner. Königgrätz (Bohemia). Near here was fought the decisive battle between the Austrians commanded by marshal Benedek, and the Prussians commanded by their king, William 1., 3 July, 1866. Prince Frederick Charles halted at Kamenez on Monday, 2 July, his troops commenced their march at midnight, and the first shot was fired about 7.30 A.M. 3 July. The attack began at Sadowa (after which the battle is also named) about 10 o'clock, and a desperate struggle ensued, the result appearing uncertain, till the army of the crownprince of Prussia arrived about 12.30. When Chlum, which had been taken and lost seven times by the Prussians, was taken for the eighth time, the fate of the day was decided; and the retreat of the Austrians, at first orderly, became a hasty, disastrous flight. About 400,000 men were engaged in this battle, one of the greatest in modern times. The Austrians are said to have lost 174 guns, about 40,000 killed and wounded, and 20,000 prisoners. The Prussians lost about 10,000 men. The victory gave the supremacy in Germany to Prussia, unity to North Germany, and Venetia to Italy; and led to the legislative independence of Hungary. Know-Nothings, a society which arose in 1853 in the United States. Their principles were embodied in the following propositions (at New York, 1855). They possessed several newspapers and had much po-ed by the Teutonic Knights in 1255, and became the litical influence: A society was formed in 1855 in opposition to the above, called Know-Somethings. Both bodies were absorbed into the two parties Democrats and Republicans at the presidential election in Nov. 1856. Knoxville (Tennessee), SIEGE OF. Gen. Burnside, with the army of the Ohio, occupied Knoxville on 3 Sept. 1863. The Confederate general Buckner, upon his advance, evacuated East Tennessee and joined Bragg at Chattanooga. Early in November, gen. Longstreet, with 17,000 men, advanced against Knoxville. On the 14th he crossed the Tennessee. Burnside engaged him on the 16th at Campbell's Station, and repulsed his attacks, thus gaining time for the concentration of his army in Knoxville. Longstreet advanced and laid siege He made two furious assaults upon the place (18 and 29 Nov.), in both of which he was repulsed. But, in the meantime, Grant had defeated Bragg at Chattanooga, and Sherman, with 25,000 men, was on the way to relieve Knoxville. Longstreet, compelled to raise the siege, retired up the Holston river, but did not entirely abandon East Tennessee until the next spring, when he again joined Lee in Virginia. to the town. Königsberg, the capital of east Prussia, was found residence of the grand-master in 1457. It joined the Hanseatic League in 1365. It was ceded to the elector of Brandenburg in 1657, and here Frederick III. was crowned the first king of Prussia in 1701. It was held by the Russians 1758-64, and by the French in 1807. Here king William I. and his queen were crowned, 18 Oct. 1861. Königstein Tun (Nassau, Germany), most capacious, was built by Frederick Augustus, king of Poland, in 1725. It was made to hold 233,667 gallons of wine; and on the top, which was railed in, was accommodation for twenty persons to regale themselves. The famous tun of St. Bernard's was said to hold 800 tons; see Heidelberg Tun. Kookas, a warlike reforming sect in N.W. India, founded by Baluk Ram about 1845, and after his death, about 1855, headed by Ram Singh, who preached the restoration of the old Sikh religion, which venerated After several cattle and punished their slaughterer. outrages against the Mahometans, an outbreak of the Kookas took place near Loodiana, which was vigorously suppressed, 15 Jan. 1872, by commissioner Cowan, who ordered 49 prisoners to be blown from cannon, 17 Jan. Several others were tried and executed by commissioner Forsyth soon after. For this severity Mr. Cowan was ordered to be dismissed, and Mr. Forsyth removed to another station, April, 1872. The Kooka leaders claim 800,000 followers; but the probable number is about one tenth. Koran, or ALCORAN (AL KURAN), the sacred book of the Mahometans, was written about 610, by Mahomet (who asserted that it had been revealed to him by the angel Gabriel in twenty-three years), and published by Abu-Bekr about 635. Its general aim was to unite the professors of idolatry and the Jews and Christians in the worship of one God (whose unity was the chief point Koh-i-noor, or "Mountain of Light," the East inculcated), under certain laws and ceremonies, exacting India diamond; see Diamonds. Knutsford (Cheshire). The foundation-stone of St. Paul's college for the northern counties here was laid 24 Sept. 1873. obedience to Mahomet as the prophet. The leading Kolin, or KOLLIN (Bohemia). Here the Austrian article of faith preached is compounded of an eternal truth and a necessary fiction—namely, that there is only one God, and that Mahomet is the apostle of God.— Gibbon. The Koran was translated into Latin in 1143; into French, 1647; into English by Sale, 1734; and into other European languages, 1763 et seq. It is a rhapsody of 6000 verses, divided into 114 sections; see Mahometanism, etc. Koreish, an Arab tribe which had the charge of the Caaba, or sacred stone of Mecca, and strenuously opposed the pretensions of Mahomet. It was defeated by him and his adherents, 623–30. Kossova, see Cossova. Koszta Affair. Martin Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, when in the United States in 1850, declared his intention of becoming an American citizen, and went through the preliminary forms. In 1853 he visited Smyrna, and on 21 June was seized by a boat's crew of the Austrian brig Huzzar. By direction of the American minister at Constantinople, capt. Ingraham, of the American sloop St. Louis, demanded his release; but, having heard that the prisoner was to be clandestinely transported to Trieste, he demanded his surrender by a certain time, and prepared to attack the Austrian vessel on 2 July; Koszta was then given up. On 1 Aug., the Austrian government protested against these proceedings in a circular addressed to the European courts, but eventually a compromise was effected, and Koszta returned to the United States. Koyunjik, the site of the ancient Nineveh (which Kremlin, a palace at Moscow, built by Demetri, grand-duke of Russia, about 1376. It was burned down in Sept. 1812, and rebuilt in 1816; partly burned about 23 July, 1879. Kriegsspiel, see under War. Kromschröder Gas, a new hydrocarbon (air saturated with petroleum spirit), was tried in May, 1873, at Great Marlow, for street-lighting, and reported successful. The gas was said to be cheap and quickly generated, the combustion giving a brilliant white smokeless light. Kroumirs, see Tunis. Krupp's CAST-STEEL FACTORY, Essen, Rhenish Prussia, established 1810. About 10,500 men employed, exclusive of about 5000 miners and others (1876). Kryptograph, see Cryptograph. Ku-Klux-Klan, the name of a secret society in the southern states of the United States, bitterly opposed to the exercise of the electoral franchise by the negroes. Early in 1868, this society issued lists of proscribed persons, who, if they did not quit the country after warning, became liable to assassination. Gen. Grant endeavored to suppress this society in April. Its repression by the militia in Arkansas was ordered, Nov. 1868, and it became the subject of legislation at Washington, June, 1871, under which many persons were tried and convicted for lawless outrages and murders. The Ku-Klux outrages were generally committed at night, the men being masked and even their horses being disguised. The vigorous prosecution of Ku-Klux offenders speedily destroyed the organization. Kuldja, a revolted province of China; was seized by Russia in 1871, and restored by treaty in 1879. Kulturkampf, the conflict in Prussia respecting worship; see Prussia, 1873 et seq. Kunnersdorf, BATTLE OF, see Cunnersdorf. Kunobitza, in the Balkan. Here John Hunniades, the Hungarian, defeated the Turks, 24 Dec. 1443. Kurdistan, Western Asia (the ancient Assyria), subject partly to Turkey and Persia. In Oct. 1880, the ravaged Persia, and were subdued after fierce conflicts Kurds, savage tribes, nominal Mahometans, invaded and with their chief, Obeid-ullah, a Turkish sheik, Nov., Dec. 1880. It was stated in June, 1881, that he had surrendered. Kurrachee, a flourishing port in N.W. India, was taken by the British, 3 Feb. 1839. Kushk-i-Nakhud, see Maiwand. Kustrin, or CUSTRIN (Prussia), a fortified town, besieged and burned by the Russians, 22 Aug. 1758; taken by the French in 1806; given up, 1814. Kyrle Society (named after John Kyrle, who died 1724, extolled by Pope as the Man of Ross), started by Misses Miranda and Octavia Hill in 1875, and founded in 1877 by prince Leopold, princess Louise, the duke of Westminster, and others, with the object of "bringing beauty home to the people " by means of decorative art, gardening, music, etc. First public meeting held 27 Jan. 1881. Labarum, see Standards. L. Laboratory. The Royal Institution laboratory, the first of any importance in London, was established in 1800, and rebuilt 1872. In it were made the discoveries of Davy, Faraday, Tyndall, and Frankland; see Royal Institution. The Royal Laboratory, Woolwich Arsenal, was reorganized in 1855. Laborers, STATUTE OF, regulating wages, enacted 1349, 1357. A conference of philanthropists on the condition of agricultural laborers was held at Willis's Rooms, Westminster, 28 March, 1868.-LABORING CLASSES Dwelling-house acts, passed 1855, and May, 1866; see Agriculture, Artisans, and Working-men. Labrador (North America), discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 1497; visited by Corte Real in 1500; made a Moravian missionary station in 1771. Labuan, an Asiatic island, N.W. Borneo; ceded to the British in 1846, and given up to sir James Brooke in 1848. The bishopric was founded 1855. Governor, John Pope Hennessy, 1867; sir H. E. Bulwer, 1871; Herbert Taylor Usher, 1875; Chas. Cameron Lees, 1879; see Borneo. Laburnum, Cytisus Laburnum, called also the golden chain, was brought to these countries from Hungary, Austria, etc., about 1576.-Ashe. Labyrinths. Four are mentioned: the first, said to have been built by Daedalus, in the island of Crete, to secure the Minotaur, about 1210 B.C.; the second, of Arsinoe, in Egypt, in the isle of Moris, by Psammeticus, king of that place, about 683 B.C.; the third, at Lemnos, remarkable for its sumptuous pillars, which seems to have been a stalactite grotto; and the fourth, at Cluabout 520 B.C.-Pliny. The labyrinth of Woodstock is sium, in Italy, erected by Porsenna, king of Etruria, connected with the story of Fair Rosamond; see Rosamond. The maze at Hampton Court was formed in the sixteenth century. Lace of very delicate texture was made in France and Flanders in 1320. Its importation into England |