State Library, Albany, N. Y. Mercantile Library, New York... Mercantile Library, Philadelphia... Mercantile Library, Cincinnati.. Union Theological Seminary, New York.. Astor Free Public Library, New York, founded by John Congressional Library, Washington. Public Library, Boston... 1818 1820 1821 1839 1857 Licinian Laws. In 375 B.C., C. Licinius Stolo and L. Sextius, tribunes of the people, promulgated various 1835 rogationes, or laws, to weaken the power of the patricians 1836 and benefit the plebs: one was to relieve the plebeians from their debts; another enacted that no person should 1849 possess more than 500 jugera of the public land, or more 1851 than 100 head of large cattle or 500 of small, in the Ro1852 man states; and the third, that one of the consuls should be a plebeian. After much opposition these were car1870 ried, and L. Sextius became the first plebeian consul, 365. 1874 Another law, 56 B.C., of this name, imposed a severe Library Association oF THE UNITED KING- penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled for elecDOM founded at a conference of librarians at the London tion purposes; and another, about 103 B.C. (brought forInstitution, 2 Oct. 1877. It held a meeting at Oxford, ward by P. Licinius Crassus), limited the expenses of the 1-3 Oct. 1878; at Manchester, 23 Sept. 1879; Edinburgh, Oct. 1880; Cambridge, 1881. Brooklyn Library, New York.. ... 1867 table. Liebenau (Bohemia). Here was fought the first Libya (Africa) was conquered by the Persians, 524 action of the Seven Weeks' war, 26 June, 1866; when the Austrians were compelled to retreat by the Prussians unB.C., and by Ptolemy Soter, 320. der gen. Von Horn. Licenses. This mode of levying money was introduced by Richard I. about 1190; but was then confined to such of the nobility as desired to enter the lists at tournaments. Lichfield (Staffordshire). The see of Mercia (at Lichfield) was founded about 656; removed to Chester, 1075; to Coventry, 1102. In 1121 Robert Peche was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. By an order in council, Jan. 1837, the archdeaconry of Coventry was added to the see of Worcester, and Dr. Samuel Butler became bishop of Lichfield. This see has given three saints to the Roman church; and to the British nation one lord chancellor and three lord treasurers. is valued in the king's books at 559%. 18s. 2d. Present income, 45007. It Lichfield cathedral was first built about 656; the present BISHOPS OF LICHFIELD AND COVENTRY. 1781. James, earl of Cornwallis, died 1824. 1824. Hon. Henry Ryder, died 31 March, 1836. BISHOPS OF LICHFIELD. 1836. Samuel Butler, died 4 Dec. 1839. 1839. James Bowstead, died 11 Oct. 1843. 1843. John Lonslade, died 19 Oct. 1867. 1867. Geo. Aug. Selwyn, late bishop of New Zealand, died 11 April, 1878. 1878. William Dalrymple Maclagan, consecrated 24 June. Lichfield House Compact, said to have been made between the Whig government and Daniel O'Connell in 1835 at Lichfield House, 13 St. James's square. lation in 1876, 8664. Constitutional charter, 26 Sept. Liechtenstein, a principality, S. Germany. Popu1862. Prince John II., born 5 Oct. 1840, succeeded his father, Alois Joseph, 12 Nov. 1858. Liege (Belgium), a bishopric, under the German empire, from the eighth century till 1795. Liege frequently revolted against its prince-bishops. After a severe contest, the citizens were beaten at Brusthem, 28 Oct. 1467, and Liege taken by Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who treated them with great severity. In 1482 Liege fell into the power of De la Marck, the Boar of Ardennes, who killed the bishop, Louis of Bourbon, and was himself defeated and killed. Liege was taken by the duke of Marlborough, 23 Oct. 1702; and by the French and others, at various times, up to 1796, when it was annexed to France. It was incorporated with the Netherlands in 1814, and with Belgium in 1830. Iron-works were established at Liege in the sixteenth century, and have been greatly enlarged by the Cockerills in the nineteenth; see Seraing. An international volunteer shooting contest held here, Sept. 1869. The Iron and Steel Institute met here, 18 Aug. 1873. Liegnitz, see Pfaffendorf. Lieutenants, LORDS, for counties, were instituted in England, 3 Edw. VI., 1549, and in Ireland in 1831. Their military jurisdiction abolished by Army Regulation act, 1871. For the lords lieutenants of Ireland, see Ireland. Life Peerages. A bill for creating them was read a second time in the lords, 27 April, 1869, but afterwards rejected. Two peers for life created to act as appeal judges, 5 Oct. 1876; see Lords. Life, Preservation of. An international exhibition of objects relating to public health and safety was opened by the king of Belgium at Brussels, 26 June; a congress met 27 Sept. 1876. Life - assurance Companies Act, passed 9 Aug. 1870, requires the companies to publish annual returns of receipts, expenditure, etc. Life-boat, etc., see Wrecks. Patent granted to Mr. Lukin for a life-boat... A reward offered by a committee in South Shields for a lifeboat, 1788, obtained by Mr. Henry Greathead, of that town (he received 1200l. from parliament), 1789; it first put to sea... 1785 .30 Jan. 1790 1804 31 life-boats built and 300 lives saved up to.... 185 life-boats in the United Kingdom, 1865; 264, 1870; 1851 1852 1879 Lives saved by the Institution's life-boats, etc., 1824-80, inclusive, 27,603: 1964..... 698 1874.... 743 1877..... 1878.. 1879.. 1880..... 697 1048 616 855 Foucault, with the revolving mirror, gave 298,000 kilometres in a second of mean time... Cornu's improved tooth-wheel apparatus gave 300,400 kilometres in a second of mean time... 1824..... 124 1834.. 214 1844. 193 1875.... 921 1854.... 355 1876..... 600 Hans Busk Life-ship Institute founded.. .Oct. 1869 The American Life raft, composed of cylinders lashed together, sailed from New York, 4 June, 1867, navigated by three men, capt. John Mikes and Messrs. Miller and Mullane, and arrived at Southampton, 25 July following. LIFE-PRESERVER, the apparatus of capt. Manby (brought into use in Feb. 1808), effects a communication with the distressed vessel by a rope, thrown by a shot from a mortar, with a line attached to it. For the night, a night-ball is provided with a hollow case of thick pasteboard, and a fuse and quick match, and charged with fifty balls, and a sufficiency of powder to inflame them. The fuse is so graduated that the shell shall explode at the height of 300 yards. The balls spread a brilliant light for nearly a minute, and give a clear view of every surrounding object. In 20 years, 58 vessels and 410 of their crews and passengers had been saved. Capt. Manby died 18 Nov. 1854, aged 89. The BOAT LOWERING APPARATUS, in consequence of many being lost when boats were lowered from the Amazon in 1852, invented by Mr. Charles Clifford of London in 1856, has been much approved of, and has been generally adopted in the royal navy. Capt. Kynaston's hooks were approved by admiral sir Exhibition of life-boats, life-rafts, etc., at the London Hicks's Life-raft, reported good on trial in East India Capt. Boyton crossed the Channel from Edmund Thompson's Life-raft, partially ....April, 1875 Grisnez to the .28, 29 May, Thames, could 17 March, successful off 22 April, 66 Boyton race on the Thames by six young men, three prizes awarded by the duchess of Teck.......10 Aug. Life-guard, WASHINGTON'S. This corps, varying in numbers, at different times, from 60 to 250 men, was formed in the spring of 1776. The men were not less than 5 feet 9 inches nor more than 5 feet 10 inches in height, and selected from the various regiments of the Continental army for their moral and personal perfections. Their usual duty was to protect the person, baggage, and papers of the commander-in-chief. The last survivor of this corps was Uzal Knapp, of Orange county, N. Y., who died in Jan. 1856, and was buried at the foot of the flag-staff in front of Washington's headquarters at Newburg, on the Hudson. A neat freestone monument erected over his remains was dedicated on 18 June, 1860, at which time there was a large civic and military procession. Life-guards, see Guards. Life-insurance, see Insurance. Life-ships. To promote the construction and use of these the Hans Busk Life-ship Institute was founded, Oct. 1869. The life-ship Peronelle was launched at Southampton, 25 Aug. 1873. Light. The law of refraction discovered by Snellius about 1624. The motion and velocity of light discovered by Réaumur, and after him by Cassini, and calculated by Roemer (1676) and Bradley (1720). Its velocity ascertained (about 1667) to be about 190,000,000 of miles in sixteen minutes, or nearly 200,000 miles in a second, which is a million of times swifter than the velocity of a cannon ball. The light of the sun takes eight minutes and eight seconds for its transmission through the space to the earth; see Emission Theory. The undulatory theory of light, its polarization, and its chemical action have all been made known in the present century, by Dr. Thomas Young, Fresnel, Matus, Arago, Biot, Brewster, Wheatstone, Ritter, Niepce, Daguerre, Draper, Talbot, Tyndall, etc.; see Optics, Photography, Calorescence, Fluorescence. 1865 1874 Mr. William Crookes, F. R.S., considered that he had dem. onstrated the mechanical action of light by experiments with delicate balances in the highest procurable vacuum, and calculated the force of the sun's rays upon the earth to be 2.3 tons to the square mile, 1873-6. His apparatus was termed Radiometer (which see). After much investigation, Mr. Crookes admitted that the action was not due to radiation, but to difference of heat-absorption and the reaction of residual air. Mr. Crookes at the Royal Society announces experiments respecting an ultra-gaseous state of matter, supporting the emission theory. Light-house, called Pharos (now phare, French; faro, Italian), from one erected at Pharos, near Alexandria, Egypt, 550 feet high, said to have been visible forty-two miles, about 285 B.C. There was one at Messina, at Rhodes, etc. The light was obtained by fires. A coal-fire light was exhibited at Tynemouth castle, Northumberland, about 1638. The first true light-house erected in England was the Eddystone light-house (which see), in 1758-60. Lights were exhibited in various places by the corporation of the Trinity-house early in the sixteenth century. 2814 light-houses in the world (1867). BRITISH LIGHT-HOUSES. The Commissioners on Lights, etc. (1861), report 171 shorelights in England, 113 in Scotland, and 73 in Ireland (total, 357), and 47 floating-lights. 6 light-houses building, April, 1867. The French have 224 light-houses on shore. The source of light in our light-houses is principally oil; but in harbor lights gas has been successfully used. Glass reflectors were used in 1780, and copper ones in 1807. A common coal-fire light was discontinued at St. Bees so recently as 1822. Fresnel's Dioptric system (which see), devised about 1819, was adopted for the first time in England by Messrs. Wilkins, at the direction of the corporation of the Trinity-house, 1 July, 1836. The most brilliant artificial light ever produced-derived from magneto-electricity by a machine devised by prof. Holmes -was first employed at the South Foreland light-house, near Dover, on 8 Dec. 1858; and at Dengeness (or Dungeness) in 1862. Mr. Holmes's arrangement, and a similar one constructed by M. Serin, were shown at the International Exhibition, London, in 1862. Mr H. Wilde's apparatus for producing a most powerful magneto electric light, on trial in northern light-houses, Oct. Lime-light (which see) employed at the South Foreland light LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Since 1789, all light-houses on the United States coast have been maintained at the expense of the national government (no light-dues being charged upon commerce). The cost of the service for the fiscal year ending 30 June, 1879, was $1,708,700. The appropriation for the fiscal year ending 30 June, 1882, was $2,525,400, of which $476,400 was for new works. Many of the light-houses of the United States are unsurpassed by any in the world, and are of exceedingly difficult construction. The most noted is that of Minot's Ledge, in Massachusetts Bay The difficulties of erecting this light. house cannot be exaggerated. The first one was erected in 1847 It was supported on iron piles 12 inches in diameter. These were firmly braced and tied together with wroughtiron bands. The structure was finished in 1849, and stood till the terrible storm of April, 1851, when the iron supports were twisted as if they had been made of straw, and the whole structure was swept away. In 1852 congress appropriated money to rebuild the light. The design was a gran. ite tower in the shape of the frustrum of a cone. The base is 30 feet in diameter, and the whole height 88 feet. The lower 40 feet are solid. Some idea of the difficulty of the work may be formed when it is known that, though every 1596. moment when the tide left the rock uncovered was taken to England before 1460; the martagon from Germany, advantage of, it was a year before the first layer of stones for the foundation was securely laid. It was first lighted in 1860. First coast-light in the United States... 1673 1715-16 United States accepted cession of all light-houses.7 Aug. 1789 Light-house control vested in commissioner of the rev8 May, 1792 ...6 April, 1802 ..24 July, 1813 ..1 July, 1820 .30 Nov. 1837 First light-house built on Little Brewster Island, Boston harbor... enue.. Restored to secretary of treasury. Vested again in the commissioner.. The Messrs. Blunt of New York brought grave charges Fresnel system authorized.. 66 .1838-43 Navy commission sent to inspect European systems.. 1845 The United States maintains lights upon 9959 nautical First-order lights... Second-order lights.. Third-order lights.. Fifth-order lights.. Sixth-order lights.. Range lenses.. Lens lanterns. Reflectors on light-houses. Stake lights.. Light-ships.. .... Lilybæum, a strong maritime fortress of Sicily, besieged by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 276 B.C., and relieved by the Carthaginians, 275 B.C. It was taken by the Romans, 241 B.C., after a siege of nine years, which led to the end of the second Punic war. Lima (Peru). In 1534, Pizarro, marching through Peru, was struck with the beauty of the valley of Rimac, and there he founded this city, and gave it the name of Ciudad de los Reyes, or city of the kings, 1535. Here he was assassinated, 26 June, 1541. Awful earthquakes occurred here, 1586, 1630, 1687, and 28 Oct. 1746. In 18545, thousands perished by yellow-fever. Mr. Sullivan, the British consul, was assassinated at Lima, 11 Aug. 1857; see Peru, 1872. Limburg (Netherlands), a duchy in the tenth century; acquired by the dukes of Brabant about 1288; added to Burgundy about 1429; passed to the house of Austria in 1477; became one of the United Provinces, 1609; conquered and annexed to the French republic, 1795, restored to the Netherlands, 1814; divided between Holland and Belgium, 1830; completely separated from 204 the German Confederation by treaty, 11 May, 1867. 47 26 65 128 160 10 Lime, or LINDEN, TREE, probably introduced in the 10 sixteenth century. The limes in St. James's park are 14 said to have been planted at the suggestion of Evelyn, who recommended multiplying odoriferous trees, in his 31 "Fumifugium" (1661). A lime-tree planted in Switzer25 land in 1410 existed in 1720, the trunk being 36 feet in circumference. 819 3115 57 Lime-light, produced by the combustion of oxygen and hydrogen or carburetted hydrogen on a surface of lime. This light evolves little heat and does not vitiate the air. It is also called Drummond Light, after its inventor, lieut. Thomas Drummond, who successfully produced it as a first-class light in 1826, and employed it on the Ordnance Survey. It is said to have been seen at a distance of 112 miles. It was tried at the South Foreland light-house in 1861. Lieut. Drummond was born 1797, died 15 April, 1840. To him is attributed the maxim that "property has its duties as well as its rights." Lightning-conductors were first set up for the protection of buildings by Franklin shortly after 1752, when he brought down electricity from a thunder-cloud. Richmann of St. Petersburg was killed while repeating these experiments, Aug. 1752. The first conductor in England was set up at Payne's Hill, by Dr. Watson. In 1766 one was placed on the tower of St. Mark's, at Venice, which has since escaped injury, although frequently injured by lightning previously. A powder magazine at Glogau, in Silesia, was saved by a conductor in 1782; and, from the want of one, a quantity of gunpowder was igLimerick, anciently Lumneach (S. W. Ireland). nited at Brescia in 1767, and above 3000 persons perish- About 550, St. Munchin is said to have founded a bished. In 1762, Dr. Watson recommended conductors to be opric and built a church here, which latter was destroyed used in the navy; and they were employed for a short by the Danes in 853. Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, time, but soon fell into disuse from want of skill and at- founded the cathedral about 1200. Limerick obtained tention. Mr. (afterwards sir William) Snow Harris de- its charter in 1195, when John Stafford was made first voted his attention to the subject from 1820 to 1854, and provost, and its first mayor was Adam Servant, in 1198. published a work, in 1843, detailing his experiments. In It was taken by Ireton after six months' siege in 1650. 1830, above thirty ships were fitted up with his conduct-In Aug. 1690 it was invested by the English and Dutch, ors, and in 1842 his plans were adopted, and his conductors are now manufactured in the royal dock-yards. In 1854 parliament granted him 5000%. Ligny (near Fleurus, Belgium), where Napoleon defeated the Prussian army under Blucher, 16 June, 1815; see Waterloo. Liguorians, or REDEMPTORISTS, a Roman Catholic order, established in 1732 by Alfonso di Liguori, and approved by pope Benedict XIV. in 1749. and surrendered on most honorable terms, 3 Oct. 1691.* An awful explosion of 218 barrels of gunpowder greatly shattered the town, killing 100 persons, 1 Feb. 1694. Another explosion of gunpowder here killed many persons, 2 Jan. 1837. Awful and destructive tempests, 6, 7 Jan. 1839. A new graving-dock was opened by the lord lieutenant, earl Spencer, 13 May, 1873. Limitations, STATUTE OF, 21 James I. c. 16 (1623). By it actions for trespass or debt, or simple contract, must be commenced within six years after the cause of Ligurians, a Celtic tribe, N. Italy, invaded the Ro-action, and actions for assault, menace, or imprisonment man territory, and were defeated 238 B.C. They were not subjugated till 172 B.C. The LIGURIAN REPUBLIC, founded in May, 1797, upon the ruins of the republic at Genoa, was incorporated with France in 1805, and then merged into the kingdom of Italy. Lilac-tree, Syringa. The Persian lilac from Per sia was cultivated in England about 1638; the common lilac by Mr John Gerard about 1597. within four years. The Real Actions Limitation act, 1874, came into operation 1 Jan. 1879. Limited Liability. An act for limiting the liability of joint-stock companies, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 133 (passed 1855), was several times amended 1856-8. On By the treaty it was agreed that all arms, property, and estates should be restored; all attainders annulled, and all outlawries reversed; and that no oath but that of allegiance should be required of high or low; the freedom of the Catholic religion was secured; relief from pecuniary claims incurred by hostilities was guaranteed; permission to leave the kingdom was extended to all who desired it; and a general pardon proclaimed to all then in arms.-Burns. This treaty was annulled by the Irish parliament, 1695, Limerick is still Lily, a native of Persia, Syria, and Italy, was brought called "the city of the broken treaty." Lilli-burlero, part of the refrain of a popular song ridiculing the Irish papists, 1688. The words are attributed to lord Wharton, the music to Henry Purcell. Lille, see Lisle. 31 May, 1864, "3830 joint-stock companies had been Lincelles (N. France), where the allied English and to occupy the same space as the largest pyramid of Northumberland, became a bishop's see, 635. It was The see was Linen. Pharaoh arrayed Joseph in vestures of fine linen, 1716 B.C. (Gen. xli. 42). First manufactured in England by Flemish weavers, un- 1253 1368 .about 1579 A company of linen-weavers established in London. Lincoln, the Roman Lindum Colonia, and, at the period of the Conquest, rich and populous. It was taken several times by Saxons and Danes. The castle was built by William I. in 1086. Without Newport gate upon Lincoln plain was fought the battle between the partisans of the empress Maud, commanded by the earl of Gloucester, and the army of Stephen, in which the king was defeated and taken prisoner, 2 Feb. 1141. Louis, dauphin of France, invited over by the discontented barons in the last year of king John's reign, was acknowledged by them as king of England here; but the nobility, summoned by the earl of Pembroke to Glouces-Duty on linen taken off.. ter to crown Henry III., marched against Louis and the barons, and defeated them in a most sanguinary fight (called the Fair of Lincoln), 20 May, 1217; and Louis withdrew. Lincoln, Bishopric of. Sidnacester, or Lindisse and Dorchester, two distinct sees in Mercia, were united about 1078, and the see was removed to Lincoln by bishop Remigius de Feschamp, who built a cathedral (1086), afterwards destroyed by fire, but rebuilt by bishop Alexander (1127) and bishop Hugh of Burgundy. The diocese is very large, although the dioceses of Ely (1109), Oxford, and Peterborough (1541) were formed from it, and were further enlarged in 1837. The see was valued at the dissolution of monasteries at 20651. per annum; and after many of its manors had been seized upon, it was rated in the king's books at 8941. 10s. 1d. Present income, 50007. It has given three saints to the church of Rome, and to the civil state of England six lord chancellors. The great bell of the cathedral, called Great Tom of Lincoln, weighs four tons eight pounds. RECENT BISHOPS. 1787. George Pretyman (afterwards Tomline), translated to Winchester, 1820. 1820. Hon. George Pelham, died 1 Feb. 1827. 1827. John Kaye, died 19 Feb. 1852. 1852. John Jackson, translated to London, 1869. 1869. Christopher Wordsworth, consecrated 24 Feb. Lincoln Tower, Westminster Bridge road, was erected by the united subscriptions of Britons and Americans, as a memorial of the abolition of slavery, and of Abraham Lincoln, president. The foundation was laid by gen. Schenck, then Americaa minister here, 9 July, 1874; and the head-stone was placed by the rev. Newman Hall, minister of Surrey chapel, 28 Sept. 1875. The tower, which is 220 feet high, cost about 7000l. The church, named Christ church (to replace Surrey chapel), and schools adjoining (cost about 60,000l.), were dedicated 4 July et seq. 1876. The rev. Rowland Hill's body was removed from Surrey chapel and placed here, 14 April, 1881. Lincoln's Inn (London) derives its name from Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, who erected a mansion on this spot in the reign of Edward I., which had been the bishop of Chichester's palace. It became an inn of court, 1310. The gardens of Lincoln's-inn fields were laid out by Inigo Jones about 1620, and erroneously said Hemp, flax, linen, thread, and yarn, from Ireland, per- A board of trustees to superintend the Scotch linen man ufacture established.. Dunfermline in Fifeshire, Dundee in Angusshire, and Barnsley in Yorkshire are chief seats of our linen manufacture. 1698 1696 1828 1727 1860 Linlithgow Bridge (near Edinburgh), near which the forces of the earl of Angus, who held James V. in their power, defeated the forces of the earl of Lennox, sir James Hamilton, 1526. Mary queen of Scots was who, after receiving promise of quarter, was killed by born in the palace of Linlithgow, 8 Dec. 1542; James V., her father, dying of a broken heart, 14 Dec. Linnæan System of botany, arranged by Linné, or Linnæus, a Swede, 1725-30. He classed the plants according to the number and situation of the sexual parts, and made the flower and fruit the test of his various genera. library and herbarium were purchased by sir James E. (then Dr.) Smith, and given to the Linnean Society in London, which was instituted in 1788, and incorporated 26 March, 1802. Linnæus lived from 1707 to 1778. His Lion. True lions belong to the Old World exclusively. They existed in Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, but have long disappeared from those countries; their present country being Africa. A Lion named Pompey died in the Tower of London in 1760, after 70 years' confinement. Mr. Gordon Cumming, the lion-slayer, published his "Sporting Adventures in South Africa" in 1850 Van Amburgh was very successful in taming lions; but Lion Sermon preached annually on 16 Oct. at St. Kather- Lion and Unicorn, the former English, the latter 31 Jan. 1867. Lippau, see Hussites. Lippe, a constitutional principality (N.W. Germany). Population, 1875, 112,452. Prince Leopold, born 1 Sept. 1821; succeeded his father, Leopold, 1 Jan. 1851; died 8 Dec. 1875-his brother Waldemar, born 18 April, 1824, succeeded. Lippe became a member of the North German Confederation 18 Aug. 1866. Lippstadt, see Lützen. Liquefaction, see Gases. Lisbon (Olisippo and Felicitas Julia of the ancients) was taken by the Arabs about 716, and became important under the Moorish kings, from whom it was captured by Alfonso I. of Portugal in 1147. It was made the capital of Portugal by Emanuel, 1506. Lisbon has suffered much by earthquakes, and was almost destroyed by one, 1 Nov. 1755; see Earthquakes. The court fled to the Brazils, 10 Nov. 1807; and on 30 Nov. the French, under Junot, entered Lisbon, and held it until the battle of Vimeira, in which they were defeated by the British, under sir Arthur Wellesley, 21 Aug. 1808. A military insurrection at Lisbon, 21 Aug. 1831, was soon suppressed, and many soldiers were executed; see Portugal. A pleasure-boat on the Tagus upset; about 60 drowned, ...July, 1876 Lisle (now Lille), N. France, has a strong citadel by Vauban. It was besieged by the duke of Marlborough and the allies; and, though deemed impregnable, was taken after a three months' siege in 1708. It was restored by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the fortifications of Dunkirk. Lisle ter." ......20 Aug. 1874 Lismore (S. Ireland). St. Carthage, first bishop, 636, says, "Lismore is a famous and holy city, of which nearly one half is an asylum where no woman dare enThe castle (built by king John when earl of Moreton, 1185), burned in 1645, was rebuilt with great magnificence by the duke of Devonshire. The cathedral, built 636, was repaired by Cormac, son of Muretus, king of Munster, about 1130. The bishopric was united to that of Waterford, about 1363; and both to Cashel in 1839. Lissa, or LEUTHEN (Silesia). Here the king of Prussia vanquished Charles of Lorraine; 6000 Austrians were slain, 5 Dec. 1757.-LISSA, in Poland, was laid in ruins by the Russian army in the campaign of 1707.-LISSA, an island in the Adriatic. Near here the Italian fleet, commanded by Persano, was defeated with severe loss by the Austrian fleet, commanded by Tegethoff, 20 July, 1866. The Italians had 23 vessels, 11 of which were iron-clads, Persano, when in sight of the enemy, quitted his ship, Goldsmith, Burke, and Bennet Langton were among the the club was speedily known all over London, and had first members. The opinion formed of a new work by great influence. The club still exists. Hallam, Macaulay, the marquess of Lansdowne, and bishop Blomfield were members; Dr. Milman, dean of St. Paul's, was in the chair at the centenary dinner on 7 June, 1864. Literary Congress, INTERNATIONAL, met at Paris (Victor Hugo, president), 17 June; and founded “International Literary Association," 28 June, 1878; met in London, 9-14 June, 1879; at Lisbon, 20 Sept. 1880; to be at Vienna, Sept. 1881. Literary Fund, ROYAL, was founded in 1790, to relieve literary men of all nations, by David Williams,* the friend of Benjamin Franklin, and incorporated in 1818. The king of the Belgians presided at the annual dinner, 8 May, 1872. Literary Property, Societies, etc., see Copyright, Societies, etc. Literary Production Committee of authors; proposed formation, with the object of obtaining a good price for their works, July, 1878. Literature (see Letters) comprehends eloquence, poetry, history, language, and their subdivisions. Lithium, a metal, the lightest substance in nature except the gases (its specific gravity being 0.59), is obtained from an alkaline substance termed lithia; discovered by M. Arfwedson, a Swede, in 1817. gun Lithofracteur, or "STONE-BREAKER," an explosive material, a modification of dynamite (composed of cotton, nitro-glycerine, with the constituents of gunpowder, and other substances), invented by professor Engels of Cologne, and made by Krebs in 1869. It was occasionally used by the Germans in the war of 1870-1, and was tried and well reported of for power and safety at Nant Mawy quarries, near Shrewsbury, 9, 10 May, 1871, and again on 20 Feb. 1872, before the government explosive committee, with similar results. Lithography (drawing on stone). The invention is ascribed to Alois Sennefelder, about 1796; and shortly afterwards the art was announced in Germany, and was known as polyautography. It became partially known in England in 1801 et seq., but its general introduction is referred to Mr. Ackermann of London, about 1817. Sennefelder died in 1841. Improvements have been made by Engelmann and many others; see Printing in Colors. Lithotomy. The surgical operation of cutting for the stone, it is said, was performed by Ammonius, about 240 B.C. The "small apparatus," so called from the few instruments used in the operation, was practised by Celsus, about A.D. 17. The "high apparatus" was practised (on a criminal at Paris) by Colot, 1475; by Franco, on a child, about 1566; and in England, by Dr. Douglass, about 1519. The "lateral operation," invented by Franco, much performed in Paris by Frère Jacques, in 1697, has been greatly improved. The "great apparatus was invented by John de Romanis, and described ...15 April, 1867 by his pupil Marianus Sanctus, 1524. Admiral Persano was tried for misconduct and dismissed the service (see Italy)... Battle off Lissa. Capt. Wm. Hoste. in the Amphion, with two other frig- Literary Club (at first called "The Club" and "Johnson's Club"), founded by Dr. Johnson and sir Joshua Reynolds in 1764. Hawkins, Topham Beauclerk, Lithotrity (or bruising the stone). The apparatus produced by M. Leroy d'Etiolles in 1822 has since been improved. Prizes of 6000 and 10,000 francs were awarded M. Jean Civiale for his method of operation, 1827 and 1829. *Floyer Sydenham, an eminent Greek scholar, of Wadham college, Oxford, and translator of some of the works of Plato, was arrested and thrown into prison for a trifling debt due for his frugal meals, and there, in 1788, died of a broken heart in want and misery, when nearly eighty years of age. The sympathy excited gave rise to this institution, since well supported. Williams was in early life a dissenting minister, and wrote on education. He was consulted by the early revolutionary party in France as to the form of a constitution for that country; he, Dr. Priestley, sir James Mackintosh, and other distinguished Englishmen having been previously declared French citizens. He died 29 June, 1816. |
