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reward; see Harrison's Timepiece. The chronometers of Arnold, Earnshaw, and Bréguet, are highly esteemed. Chronometers are now received on trial at Greenwich Observatory. The act relating to the discovery of the longitude at sea was repealed in 1828. The Bureau des Longitudes at Paris was established in 1795.

LONGOBARDI, see Lombardy.

LONG PARLIAMENT met 3 Nov. 1640; was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell 20 April, 1653. LONGWOOD, in St. Helena (S. Atlantic Ocean), the residence of the emperor Napoleon from 10 Dec. 1815 till his death, 5 May, 1821.

LONGWY (N.E. France), a frontier town, was taken by the allied army of Austrians and Prussians, 23 Aug. 1792, the beginning of the great war. It was again taken 18 Sept. 1815. After a bombardment it surrendered to the Germans, 25 Jan. 1871.

LOOKING-GLASSES, see Mirrors.

LORDS, HOUSE OF. The peers of England were summoned ad consulendum, to consult, in early reigns, and by writ, 6 & 7 John, 1205; but the earliest writ extant is 49 Hen. III. 1265. The commons did not form a part of the great council of the nation until some ages after the conquest; see Parliament. The house of lords includes the spiritual as well as temporal peers of Great Britain. The bishops are supposed to hold certain ancient baronies under the king, in right whereof they have seats in this house. Some of the temporal lords sit by descent, and some by creation: others by election, since the union with Scotland in 1707, and with Ireland, 1801.-Scotland elects 16 representative peers, and Ireland, 28 temporal peers for life. The house of lords in Jan. 1873 consisted of 4 princes of the blood, 2 archbishops, 20 dukes, 21 marquises, 127 earls, 32 viscounts, 245 barons, and 24 bishops; in all, 475.

House of lords at death of Charles II. 1685
Will. III. 1702
Anne, 1714

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176 peers

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Geo. II. 1760

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LOOM: was used by the Egyptians. The weaver's otherwise called the Dutch loom, was brought into use in London from Holland, about 1676. There were, in 1825, about 250,000 hand-looms in Great Britain, In the 18th Vict. 1855 and 75,000 power-looms, each being equal to three hand-looms, making twenty-two yards each per day. The steam-loom was introduced in 1807; see Cotton, Electric-loom, Jacquard, Pneumatic-loom.

LOOSHAIS, a predatory nomadic Indian tribe, about 300 miles east of Calcutta. They frequently robbed the British tea plantations, killing the planters and carrying off their children. An expedition to chastise them was successful, Dec. 1871. LORD, see Lady. When printed in the Engglish Bible in small capitals LORD stands for Jehovah, the self-existing God, the name first revealed to Moses, 1491 B.C. Exod. vi. 3. When Lord is in ordinary type, it represesents Adonai, lord or

master.

LORD CHAMBERLAIN, CHANCELLOR, &c., see Chamberlain, Chancellor, &c.

LORD'S DAY ACT, 29 Chas. II. c. 7, see Sabbath.

LORD'S SUPPER, instituted by Jesus Christ (Matt. xxvi. 17), 33, see Sacrament and Transubstantiation.

LORDS.* The nobility of England date their creation from 1066, when William Fitz-Osborn is said to have been made earl of Hereford by William I.; and afterwards Walter d'Evreux, earl of Salisbury; Copsi, earl of Northumberland; Henry de Ferrers, earl of Derby; and Gerodus (a Fleming) earl of Chester. Twenty two other peers were made in this sovereign's reign. The first peer created by patent was lord Beauchamp of Holt Castle, by Richard II. in 1387. In Scotland, Gilchrist was created earl of Angus by Malcolm III. 1037. In Ireland, sir John de Courcy was created baron of Kinsale, &c., in 1181; the first peer after the obtaining of that kingdom by Henry II.

* Peers of England are free from all arrests of debts, as being the king's hereditary counsellors; therefore a peer cannot be outlawed in any civil action, and no attachment lies against his person; but execution may be taken upon his lands and goods. For the same reason, they are free from all attendance at courts leet or sheriffs' turns; or, in case of a riot, from attending the posse comitatus. He can act as a justice of the peace in any part of the kingdom. See Baron, Earl, &c.

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396

456 448

The king, barons, and clergy enact the constitutions of Clarendon in .

462

464

1164

Obtain Magna Charta in
Held the government

1215

1264-5

House of lords abolished by the commons, 6 Feb. 1649 met again,

25 April,

Unite with the commons in making William and pass it,

Mary king and queen

Reject the great reform bill, 7 Oct. 1831;

The parliament house destroyed by fire
Take possession of their new house
Oppose successfully the creation of life

Voting by proxy abolished by standing

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1689

4 June, 1832 16 Oct. 1834 15 April, 1847 peerages,*

7 Feb. 1856

order,

31 March, 1868
2 April,
17 April,

New regulations respecting committees
Six new peers were gazetted
Bankrupt peers not to sit or vote, decided 10 Feb.;
settled by act

13 July, 1871

That peers cannot vote for M.P.'s affirmed by court of common pleas on appeal

15 Nov. 1872

LORDS JUSTICES, see Justices.
LORDS LIEUTENANTS, see Lieutenants.
LORDS OF THE PALE, see Pale.

LORETTO, near Ancona, Italy. Here is the Casa Santa, or Holy House, in which it is pretended the Virgin Mary lived at Nazareth, and said to have been carried by angels into Dalmatia from Galilee in 1291, and brought here a few years after. The lady of Loretto, gaudily dressed, stands upon an altar holding the infant Jesus in her arms, surFrench in 1797; the holy image, which had been rounded with gold lamps. Loretto was taken by the carried to France, was brought back with pomp, 5 Jan. 1803.

L'ORIENT (W. France). Lord Bridport off this port defeated the French fleet, 23 June, 1795The loss of the French was severe: that of the

Peerage for life only, with the title of lord Wensleydale of Wensleydale, was granted to baron sir James Parke, 10 Jan. 1856; the house of lords opposed his sitting and voting as a peer for life, and on 25 July, 1856, he was created a peer in the usual way, with the title of lord Wensleydale of Walton. He died in 1868. A bill for creating life peerages was read a second time in the lords, 27 April, 1869; but afterwards rejected.

British inconsiderable. - The French flag-ship, L'ORIENT, blew up during the battle of the Nile, I Aug. 1798. Admiral Brueys and about 900 men perished.

LORRAINE (Lotharingia), formerly a French now a German province, became a kingdom under Lothaire (son of the emperor Lothaire I.) about 855; and was divided at his death, in 869, part of it being made a duchy. From the first hereditary duke, Gerard, nominated by the emperor Henry III. in 1048, descended the house of Lorraine, represented now by the emperor of Austria, whose ancestor, the empress Maria Theresa, married in 1736 Francis formerly duke of Lorraine, then of Tuscany. Lorraine, given to the dethroned king of Poland, Stanislaus I., for life, was, at his death in 1766, united to France; see Nancy. Lorraine was the seat of war in Aug. 1870, and the chief part was annexed to Germany at the peace, 26 Feb. 1871.

LOTS. Casting lots, as an appeal to God, was sacred among the Jews, Proverbs xvi. 33. It was employed in the division of the land of Canaan, about 1444 B.C., by Joshua (xiv.), and in the election of Matthias the apostle, A.D. 33, Acts i.-Lots for life or death have been frequently cast. For an instance, see Wales, 1649, note.

LOTTERIES are said to have originated in Florence about 1530, and to have been legalised in France in 1539, and soon became common. See Art Union.

The first mentioned in English history took place, day and night, at the western door of St. Paul's cathedral. It contained 40,000 "lots" at ros. each lot, the profits were for repairing the harbours, and the prizes were pieces of plate,

11 Jan.-6 May, 1569 A lottery, granted by the king, in favour of the colony of Virginia (prizes, pieces of plate), drawn near St. Paul's 29 June, 20 July, 1612 First lottery for sums of money took place in Lotteries established (for more than 130 years yielded a large annual revenue to the crown)

Lottery for the British Museum

Cox's museum, containing many rare specimens of art and articles of virtu, disposed of by lottery, by an act of parliament

An act passed for the sale of the buildings of the Adelphi by lottery

Irish state lottery drawn

Lottery for the Leverian Museum

1630

1693 1753

1773

"

16 June,

1780 1784-5

10 May, 1802

For the Pigott diamond, permitted, Jan. 2, 1801; it was afterwards sold at Christie's auction for 9500 guineas

For the collection of pictures of alderman Boydell, by act

1804-5 18 Oct. 1826 1834

Lotteries abolished by 6 Geo. IV. c. 60, Oct.; the last drawn

Act passed declaring that the then pending Glasgow lottery should be the last

An act passed imposing a penalty of 50l. for advertising lotteries in the newspapers

Lotteries suppressed in France

Mr. Dethiers' twelfth-cake lottery, Argyll-rooms, Hanover-square, suppressed

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Seceded from the Union by ordinance
Adm. Farragut takes New Orleans for the Federals,
Louisiana restored to the Union
The state disturbed by factions and civil war: at
Grant parish many negroes massacred 11 April, 1873
LOURDES, Hautes Pyrénées, S. France, see
France, 1872.

LOUVRE, in Paris, is said to have been a royal residence in the reign of Dagobert, 628. It was a prison-tower constructed by Philippe Augustus in VI. made it his palace (about 1364). The new 1204. It afterwards became a library, and Charles buildings, begun by Francis I. in 1528, were enlarged and adorned by successive kings, particularly Louis XIV.-Napoleon I. turned it into a museum, and deposited in it the finest collection of paintings, statues, and treasures of art known in the world. The restored to the rightful possessors. The magnificent chief of those brought from Italy have since been buildings of the new Louvre, begun by Napoleon I. and completed by Napoleon III., were inaugurated by the latter in great state, 14 Aug. 1857. The library was destroyed and other buildings much injured by the communists, May, 1871.

LOVE FEASTS, see Agapa.

LOW COUNTRIES, the Pays Bas, now Holland and Belgium (which see).

LOWER EMPIRE. Some historians make it begin with the reign of Valerian, 253; others with that of Constantine, 323.

LOWERING BOAT APPARATUS, see Life-boats.

LOW SUNDAY, the first Sunday after Easter, said to derive its name from the inferiority of its solemnities to those of Easter Sunday; see Easter.

LOYALTY LOANS were raised during the revolutionary wars. The term was applied to one opened in London 5 Dec. 1796; in fifteen hours and twenty minutes the sum of eighteen millions sterling was subscribed; see National Association.

LUBBOCK'S ACT, Sir John, see Bank Holidays' Act.

LÜBECK, a city in N. Germany, one of the four republics of the German confederation, was built in the 12th century, and was chief founder of the Hanseatic league about 1240, which lasted till 1630. Lübeck was declared a free imperial city about 1226; but was frequently attacked by the Danes. The French took it by assault, 6 Nov. 1806, and Napoleon incorporated it with his empire in 1810. On his fall in 1814 it became once more a LOUDON-HILL, or DRUMCLOG; see Drum- free imperial city. It joined the North German

clog.

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1836 1793 and 1836

27 Dec. 1860

LOUIS-D'OR, a French gold coin of 24 francs, first struck by Louis XIII. in 1640; it was not legal, 1795-1814; superseded by the Napoleon, 1810.

LOUISIANA (N. America), one of the United States; discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, 1541; traversed by M. de Salle, 1682; settled by Louis XIV. (from whom it derived its name), 1673. It formed the basis of Law's Mississippi scheme, 1717. It was ceded to Spain when all east of the Missis

confederation 18 Aug. 1866. Population in 1867, 48,538.

LUCANIANS, a warlike people of S. Italy, defeated Alexander of Epirus at Pandosia, 332 B.C.; were subdued by the Romans, 227; revolted after the battle of Cannæ, 216; were reduced by Scipio, 201; again revolted, 90; admitted as Roman citizens, 88.

LUCCA (central Italy), a Roman colony, 177 B.C.; a Lombard duchy, A.D. 1327; a free city about 1370; took an active part in the civil wars of the

Italian republics. It was united with Tuscany, and given as a principality to Eliza Bonaparte by her brother Napoleon I. Lucca, as a duchy, was given to Maria Louisa, widow of Louis, king of Etruria, in 1814. It was exchanged by her son Charles-Louis for Parma and Placentia in 1847; was annexed to Tuscany, and with it became part of the kingdom of Italy, in 1860.

LUCERNE (Switzerland) became independent in 1332, and joined the confederation. The city Lucerne is said to derive its name from a light (lucerna) set up to guide travellers. It dates from the 8th century, and was subject to the abbots of Murbach, who surrendered it to the house of Hapsburg. It was taken by the French in March, 1798, and was for a short time capital of the Helvetic republic; which, as the focus of insurrection against the French, was suppressed Oct. 1802. As a catholic canton, Lucerne was very active on behalf of education by the Jesuits, 1844; see Switzerland.

LUCIA, ST. (West Indies), first settled by the English, 1639; expelled by the natives; settled by French in 1650; taken by the British several times in the subsequent wars. Insurrection of the French _negroes, April, 1795. St. Lucia was restored to France at the peace of 1802; but was seized by England, 1803, and confirmed to her in 1814. Population in 1861, 26,705.

LUCIFER MATCHES came into use about 1834. Friction matches were invented by Walker of Stockton-on-Tees, 1829. In March, 1842, Mr. Reuben Partridge patented machinery for manuIn 1845, Schrötter of facturing the splints. Vienna produced his amorphous phosphorus (by heating ordinary phosphorus in a gas which it cannot absorb), by the use of which lucifers are rendered less dangerous, and the manufacture less unhealthy. Phosphoros (Greek) and lucifer (Latin), both signify light-bearer.

Mr. Lowe's proposed tax on lucifers (with "e luce lucellum" on the box) was much opposed and withdrawn, April, 1871. For their exertions, a drinking fountain at Bow was inaugurated as a memorial to Bryant and May, 5 Oct. 1872. The match manufacture was made a monopoly in France in Oct. 1872, for 750,000l.

LUCKNOW, the capital of Oude, since 1675; see Oude, and India, 1857.

LUDDITES. Large parties of men under this designation, derived from Ned Lud, an idiot, who once broke some frames in a passion, commenced depredations at Nottingham, breaking frames and machinery, Nov. 1811. Skirmish with the military there, 29 Jan. 1812. Serious riots occurred again in 1814; and numerous bodies of unemployed artisans committed great excesses in 1816 et seq. Several of these Luddites were tried and executed, 1813 and 1818; see Derby.

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Till the end of the last century lunatics were treated with cruel severity; see Conolly "On the Treatment of the Insane," 1856.

The insane were exhibited at Bethlem as a show, for id. or 2d. till

Enlightened principles of treatment were introduced by Wm. Tuke, at the Society of Friends' "Retreat," at York, and by Pinel, at the Bicêtre, Paris, with very great success

Esquirol succeeds Pinel, and strongly recommends instruction in the management of mental disorders

Exposure of enormous cruelties in the Bethlem

hospital

This led to gradual improvements, and at last to the total abolition of mechanical restraints at Lincoln, 1837; and at Hanwell Asylum (under the superintendence of Dr. John Conolly) and at other places

Winslow

Psychological Journal first published by Dr. Forbes Journal of Mental Science, by Dr. J. C. Bucknill See Hospitals.

Lunatics in charge in
England and Wales,
1 Jan. 1855.
County Asylums

Hospitals
Licensed houses

1853

1858

1862

. 1770

1792

1810

1815

1839

1848

1852

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Male. Female. Male. Female. 132 123 6008 895 723

Total

7316

13.579

91

94 1279

1,803

5,111

1448 1350 1034

2475 2196 7133 8689 20,493

On 1 Jan. 1858, there were in charge in England and Wales 22,310 lunatics of all classes; 1859, 22,853; 1860, 17,837; 1861, 23.721; 1862, 26,169; 1864, 28,285; 1865, 29,425; 1866, 30,869; 1867, 33,123; 1868. 33,213; 1869, 34,681; 1870, 35,913; 1871, 36,874; 1872, 37.176.

In 1851, there were in Ireland nearly 15,000 lunatics of all classes; in Scotland in 1851, 3362 in charge; in 1855, 7403; of which only 3328 were under the protection of the law.

LUND-HILL, near Barnsley, in South Yorkshire. While the miners were dining in the pit, 19 Feb. 1857, the inflammable gas took fire and exploded. About 189 miners perished. In April and May bodies were still being extricated. There had been great laxity of discipline in the pit. 7000l. were subscribed for the bereaved.

LUNEBURG, see Brunswick.

LUNEVILLE (France), PEACE OF, concluded between the French republic and the emperor of Germany, confirmed the cessions made by the treaty of Campo Formio, stipulated that the Rhine, as far as the Dutch territories, should form the boundary of France, and recognised the Batavian, Helvetic, Ligurian, and Cisalpine republics, 9 Feb.

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LUSIAD, the great epic poem of the Portuguese, written in honour of their discoveries in India, by Luis de Camoëns, and published by him at Lisbon, 1572. The English translations are by sir Richard Fanshawe, 1655; and by Wm. Julius Mickle, 1775.

LUSITANIA, see Portugal.

LUSTRUM, an expiatory sacrifice made for the Roman people, at the end of every five years, after the census had been taken, 472 B.C. Every fifth year was called a lustrum; and ten, fifteen, or twenty years, were commonly expressed by two, three or four lustra. The number of Roman citizens was-in 293 B.C., 272,308; 179 B.C., 273,294; 70 B.C., 450,000; 28 B.C., 4,164,000; A.D. 48, 5,984,072. The last lustrum took place, 74. LUTHERANISM, the form of Christianity professed by the majority of the people of the north of Germany, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden. The doctrines are mainly embodied in Luther's catechisms, in the Augsburg Confession, and in the Formula Concordie of the Lutherans, published in 1580. Their first university was founded at Marburg, in 1527, by Philip, landgrave of Hesse. The Luther memorial at Worms was unveiled in presence of the king of Prussia and other sovereigns, 25 June, 1868.

LUTZEN, or LUTZENGEN (N. Germany); Here Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, defeated the imperialists under Wallenstein, 16 Nov. 1632, but was himself killed; and here the French army, commanded by Napoleon, defeated the combined armies of Russia and Prussia, commanded by general Wittgenstein, 2 May, 1813. The battles of Bautzen and Wurschen immediately followed (19-21 May), both in favour of Napoleon. The allies were compelled to pass the Oder, and an armistice was agreed to, afterwards prolonged; but, unfortunately for the French emperor, this did not produce

peace.

LUXEMBURG, a grand duchy held by the king of Holland. Luxemburg, the capital, once considered the strongest fortified city in the world, has been many times besieged and taken by the French in 984, 1443, 1479, 1542-3; by the Spaniards in 1544; by the French in 1684; restored to Spain in 1697; taken by the French in 1701; given to the Dutch as a barrier town, but ceded to the emperor at the peace in 1713. It withstood several sieges in the last century. It surrendered to the French after a siege, from Nov. 1794 to July, 1795; and was retaken by the allies in May, 1814. Population of the grand duchy, 1867, 199,958. The grand duchy was annexed to the Netherlands,

1830

still remaining a member of the Germanic confederation, the capital having a Prussian garrison 1815 A portion given to the new kingdom of Belgium After the dissolution of the Germanic confederation, the emperor Napoleon objected to the Prussian garrison, and offered to buy the grand duchy from the king of Holland March, 1867

In consequence of the opposition of Prussia, a con-
ference of representatives of the great powers met
in London, 7-11 May, who agreed upon a treaty
guaranteeing the neutrality of the province, the
retirement of the Prussian garrison, and the dis-
mantling the fortress of Luxemburg
7-11 May,

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* Martin Luther was born at Eisleben, 10 Nov. 1483: studied at Erfurt, 1501; was professor of philosophy at Wittenberg, 1508; resisted the sale of indulgences, 1517; defended himself at Augsburg, 1518; at Worms, 1520; was excommunicated, 16 June, 1520; began his German bible, 1521; married Katherine de Bora, 1525; published His German bible complete, 1534; died 18 Feb. 1546.

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LUXOR, or EL-UKSUR, Egypt, see Thebes. LUXURY. Lucullus (died 49 B.C.), at Rome, was distinguished for inordinate luxury; see Sumptuary Laws.

LYCEUM (originally a temple of Apollo Lyceus, or a portico, or gallery, built by Lyceus, where Aristotle taught philosophy; and as he son of Apollo) was a spot near the Ilissus, in Attica, generally taught as he walked, his pupils were phy that of the Lyceum, 342 B.C. Stanley; see called peripatetics, walkers-about, and his philoso

Theatres.

LYCURGUS, see Laws.

LYCIA (Asia Minor), subject successively to Croesus (about 560 B.C.), to the Persians (546 B.C.), to Alexander the Great (333 B.C.), and to his sucthe Rhodians (188 B.C.). It became nominally free cessors the Seleucida. The Romans gave Lycia to under the Romans, and was annexed to the empire by Claudius. The marbles brought from Lycia by sir Charles Fellows were deposited in the British Museum, 1840-46.

LYDIA, or Mæonia, an ancient kingdom in Asia Minor, under a long dynasty of kings, the last being Croesus, "the richest of mankind." The coinage of gold and silver money, and other useful inventions, are ascribed to the Lydians. Esop, the Phrygian fabulist, Aleman, the first Greek poet, Thales of Miletus, Anaximenes, Xenophanes, Anacreon of Teos, Heraclitus of Ephesus, &c., flourished in Lydia.

Argon, a descendant of Hercules, reigns in Lydia,
Herod.

B. C. 1223

The kingdom, properly so called, begins under
Ardysus I. Blair.
Alyattes I. reigns

Meles commences his rule
Reign of Candaules

Gyges, first of the race Mermnadæ, kills Candaules, marries his queen, usurps the throne, and makes great conquests.

797

761

747

735

718

Ardysus II. reigns, 678; the Cimbri besiege Sardis, the capital of Lydia

635

The Milesian war, commenced under Gyges, is continued by Sadyattes, who reigns Reign of Alyattes II.

628

617

Battle upon the river Halys, between the Lydians and Medes, interrupted by an almost total eclipse`. of the sun. This eclipse had been predicted many years before by Thales of Miletus. Blair. 28 May, B.C. 585 Cresus, son of Alyattes, succeeds to the throne, and conquers Asia Minor Croesus, dreading Cyrus, whose conquests had reached to the borders of Lydia, crosses the Halys to attack the Medes, with 420,000 men and 60,000 horse

.

He is defeated, pursued, and besieged in his capital by Cyrus, who orders him to be burned alive; the pile is already on fire, when Croesus calls aloud Solon! and Cyrus hearing him, spares his life. Lydia made a province of the Persian empire

Sardis burnt by the Ionians
Lydia conquered by Alexander

Becomes part of the kingdom of Pergamus
Conquered by the Turks

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560-50

548

546

499

332

283

. A.D. 1326

EE

LYING-IN HOSPITALS.

Battle near Lyons; Clodius Albinus defeated and
slain by Septimius Severus

19 Feb.

LYING-IN HOSPITALS. The first, established in Dublin by Dr. Bartholomew Mosse, a physician, amid strong opposition, was opened Two general councils held here (13th and 14th), March, 1745; see Hospitals.

LYMPHATICS (absorbent vessels connected with digestion), discovered about 1650 by Rudbek in Sweden, Bartbolin in Denmark, and Jolyffe in England. Asellius discovered the lacteals in 1622. In 1654, Glisson ascribed to these vessels the function of absorption; and their properties were studied by Wm. and John Hunter, Monro, Hewson, and other great anatomists.

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LYNCH LAW, punishment inflicted by private individuals, independently of the legal authorities, said to derive its name from John Lynch, a farmer, who exercised it upon the fugitive slaves and criminals dwelling in the "dismal swamp,' North Carolina, when they committed outrages upon persons and property which the colonial law could not promptly repress. This mode of administering justice began about the end of the 17th century, and still exists in the outlying districts of the United States. Four robbers were taken from prison and hanged by a vigilance committee at New Albany, on the Ohio, 11 Dec. 1868.

LYNDHURST'S ACT (5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 54) introduced by lord Lyndhurst, rendered valid certain marriages within the forbidden degrees of kindred up to that time, but prohibited them for the future; passed 31 Aug. 1835.

LYONS (S. France), the Roman Lugdunum, The city was refounded by M. Plancus, 43 B.C. duced to ashes in a single night by lightning, A.D. 59, and was rebuilt in the reign of Nero. It was a free city till its union with France in 1307.

197

*1245, 1274
1515

Silk manufacture commenced
Lyons taken by the republicans after 70 days' siege,
9 Oct.; awful pillage and slaughter follow; the
Convention decreed the demolition of the city,
Capitulated to the Austrians

12 Oct. 1793
March, 1814

8 March, 1815

An insurrection among the artisans, which led to
Entry of Napoleon
great popular excesses; quelled by an army,
21 Nov.-31 Dec. 1831

15 April, 1834
7 April, 1839

Dreadful riots, put down by military
Railway to Paris opened
A dreadful inundation at Lyons (see Inundations),
Another insurrection quelled, with much loss of life,

Grand banquet to Louis Napoleon

4

Nov. 1840

15 June, 1849 15 Aug. 1850

A committee of public safety appointed here and the
red flag raised soon after the revolution in Paris. M.
Saigne, calling himself president, gen. Cluseret (ex-
pelled from Paris), and other extreme republicans,
defeated in their endeavours to depose M. Challemel
Lacour, the prefect of the Rhone, who was well
supported by the national guard; gen. Mazure,
the military commander, accused of treacherous
inaction, was arrested

28 Sept. 1870

Arnaud, commandant of the national guard, mur-
dered by the mob, after a mock trial, for resist-
20 Dec.
ing them
March, 1871
Order maintained at Lyons

LYRE. Its invention is ascribed to the Grecian Hermes (in Latin Mercury), who, according to Homer, gave it to Apollo, the first that played upon it with method, and accompanied it with poetry. The invention of the primitive lyre, with three strings, is ascribed to the first Egyptian Hermes. Terpander added several strings to the lyre, making the number seven, 673 B.C. Phrynis, a musician of Mitylene, added two more, making nine, 438 B.C.

M.

MACADAMISING, a system of road-making invented by Mr. John Macadam, and published by him in an essay, in 1819, having practised it in Ayrshire. He prescribed stones to be broken to six ounces weight, and the use of clean flints and granite clippings. He received 10,000l. from parliament; was appointed surveyor-general of the metropolitan roads in 1827, and died in 1836; see Roads.

MACAO (in Quang-tong, S. China) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 (in return for their assistance against pirates), subject to an annual tribute, which was remitted in 1863. Here Camoens composed part of the "Lusiad."

MACARONI. This name, given to a poem by
Theophilus Folengo, 1509, continues to designate
trifling performances, as buffoonery, puns, ana-
"wit without wisdom, and humour without
grams,
His poem was so called from an Italian
sense.
cake of the same name, pleasant to the taste, with
little alimentary virtue. These poems, in Italy
and France, gave rise to Macaroni academies, and
in England to Macaroni clubs (about 1772), when
everything ridiculous in dress and manners was
called Macaroni."

MACCABEES, a family of patriotic Jews, during the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, 167 B.C. Mattathias, a priest, resisted the tyranny; and his son, Judas Maccabæus, defeated the Syrians in three battles, 166, 165 B.C.; but fell in an ambush, 161 B.C. His brother Jonathan made a league with

His son

the Romans and Lacedæmonians, and after an able
His brother and suc-
administration was treacherously killed at Ptole-
mais by Tryphon, 143 B.C.
cessor, Simon, was also murdered, 135 B.C. John
Hyrcanus, son of Simon, succeeded.
Judas, called also Aristobulus, took the title of
king, 107 B.C. The history of the Maccabees is
contained in five books of that name, two of which
are included in our Apocrypha. Four are accounted
canonical by the Roman Catholic church; none by
Protestant communions.

MACDONALD AFFAIR, see Prussia, 1861. MACE, a weapon anciently used by the cavalry of most nations, was originally a spiked club, hung at the saddle-bow, and usually of metal. Maces were also early ensigns of authority borne before officers of state, the top being made in the form of an open crown, and commonly of silver gilt. The lord chancellor and speaker of the house of commons have maces borne before them. Edward III. granted to London the privilege of having gold or silver maces carried before the lord mayor, sheriffs, aldermen, and corporation, 1354. It was with the mace usually carried before the lord mayor on state occasions, that Walworth, lord mayor of London, is said to have knocked the rebel Wat Tyler off his horse, for rudely approaching Richard II., a courtier afterwards despatching him with his dagger, 15 June, 1381. Cromwell, entering the house of commons to disperse its members and dissolve the parliament, ordered one of his soldiers to "take

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