Macedonia plundered by Theodoric the Ostro359 358 335 goth Conquered by the Bulgarians Recovered by the emperor Basil Formed into the Latin kingdom of Thessalonica, by Boniface, of Montferrat After various changes, conquered by Amurath II., and annexed to Turkey 1430 MACEDONIANS, a semi-Arian sect, followers of Macedonius, made bishop of Constantinople about 341. His appointment was greatly opposed and led to much bloodshed. He was expelled by the decree of a council held 360. MACHIAVELLIAN PRINCIPLES, those of Nicolo Machiavelli of Florence (born 1469, died 1527), in his "Practice of Politics" and "The Prince." By some they are styled "the most pernicious maxims of government, founded on the vilest policy;" by others as "sound doctrines, notwithstanding the prejudice erroneously raised against them." The author said that if he taught princes to be tyrants, he also taught the people to destroy tyrants. "The Prince" appeared at Rome in 1532, and was translated into English in 1761. MACIEJOVICE (near Warsaw, Poland). Here the Poles were totally defeated by the Russians, and their general, Kosciusko, taken prisoner, 10 Oct. 1794, after a murderous action. He strenuously endeavoured to prevent the junction of the Russian and Austrian armies. The statement that he said "Finis Polonia!" is contradicted. MADAGASCAR (S. E. coast of Africa), a large island, said to have been discovered by Lorenzo Almeida, 1506. Population, about 5,000,000; 150,000 Christians in 1870. Portuguese settlement, 1548; destroyed by the French one, 1642, on arrival of a French governor 1669 The French attempted to settle at Antongel-bay in 1774 Count Benyowski supreme in the island, Oct. 1775; killed in an encounter with the French 23 May, 1786 Their establishment at Fort Dauphin fell into the hands of the English with Bourbon and Mauritius Radama I. king 1810, who favoured Europeans and encouraged Christianity, died 1828 1835 A reactionary policy under his energetic queen Ranavalono, 1828. The English missionaries who came in 1820 obliged to depart The application of the native laws to the European settlers occasioned an unsuccessful attack on the town of Tamatave, by a united expedition from the English at the Mauritius, and the French from the isle of Bourbon June, 1845 All amicable intercourse ceases, the native Christians suffer persecution 1846 et seq. The French defeated in an attack on the island, 19 Oct. 1855 Conspiracy against the queen frustrated June, 1857 The rev. W. Ellis published accounts of his three visits to the island, on behalf of the London Missionary Society, in 1854-5-6. The queen dies; succeeded by her son Radama II., 23 Aug. 1861 12 Sept. 1862 Arevolution; the king and his ministers assassinated; the queen Rasoherina proclaimed sovereign, May, 1863 Embassy from Madagascar arrives at Southampton, Disputes with the French. Treaty with Great Britain; Christians to be tolerated, &c., 27 June, 1865; ratified 5 July, 1866 Rev. Wm. Ellis's "Madagascar Revisited," pub a Christian Treaty with Great Britain and France signed, lished 1858 Feb. 1864 Nov. 1 Feb. 1867 The queen died in March; her cousin, Ranavalo II., a Christian, succeeded 1 April, 1868 Dr. Henry Rowley was consecrated bishop of Madagascar Dec. 1872 MADDER, the root of the Rubia tinctoria, highly valued for dyeing properties. 305,758 cwts. (valued at 848,9321.) were imported into this country in 1868. See Alizarine. MADEIRA, an island, N. W. coast of Africa, discovered, it is said, in 1344, by Mr. Macham, an English gentleman, or mariner, who fled from France for an illicit amour. He was driven here by a storm, and his mistress, a French lady, dying, he made a canoe, and carried the news of his discovery to Pedro, king of Aragon, which occasioned the report that the island was discovered by a Portuguese, 1345. It is asserted that the Portuguese did not visit this island until 1419 or 1420, or colonise it until 1431. It was taken by the British in July, 1801; and again by admiral Hood and general Beresford, 24 Dec. 1807, and retained in trust for the royal family of Portugal, who had emigrated to the Brazils. It was restored to the Portuguese in 1814. Since 1852 the renowned vintages here have been totally ruined by the vine disease (oïdium). MADIAI PERSECUTION, see Tuscany. MADRAS (S. E. Hindostan), called by the natives Chennapatam, colonised by the English, 1640. Fort St. George built, 1641: made a presidency 1653 Bengal placed under Madras Calcutta, hitherto subordinate to Madras, made a presidency 1658 1701 1746 14 Sept. 1749 Madras taken by the French Sir John Lindsay arrives He is succeeded by sir R. Hartland April, 1769 July, 1770 Sept. 1771 Lord Pigot, governor, imprisoned by his own council, 24 Aug. 1776; dies in confinement, 17 April, 1777; his enemies convicted and fined roool. each, Sir Eyre Coote arrives He defeats Hyder. 11 Feb. 1780 5 Nov. July, 1781 Lord Macartney arrives as governor. 22 June, 1781 June, 1783 12 Dec. 1790 The Madras government arrest gen. Stuart for dis- I Aug. 1792 Madras system of education introduced (see Monitorial). Lord Mornington (afterwards the marquis Wellesley) 1795 Dec. 1798 visits here General Harris with the Madras a army enters Mysore, 5 March; and arrives at Seringapatam, 5 April, which is stormed by the British under majorgeneral Baird, and Tippoo Sahib killed .4 May, 1799 Appointment of sir Thomas Strange, first judge of Madras under the charter. 26 Dec. 1800 Feb. 1803 More than 1000 houses in Madras burnt. March, Mutiny among the native forces at Vellore; 600 sepoys killed; 200 executed. Mutiny of the sepoy troops at Madras Arrival of lord Minto at Madras, who general amnesty 1809 10 July, 1806 publishes a 29 Sept. Awful hurricane, by which the ships at anchor were driven into the town and seventy sail sunk, many with their crews. May, 1811 Madras attacked by the Pindarees 1817 14 Feb. 1835 Sir Charles Trevelyan, governor, Jan. 1859; recalled Lord Napier appointed governor 22 [For other events, see India.] . 18 Feb. 1861 31 Jan. 1866 March, 1870 Feb. 1872 Madrid pronounces for provisional MADRIGAL, an unaccompanied song for three or more voices, of which the finest examples are by English composers. Madrigals were published by Morley, 1594; Weelkes, 1597; Wilbye, 1598; and Bennet, 1599. The Madrigal Society in London began in 1741. English Glee and Madrigal Union founded in 1851. Rimbault's "Bibliotheca Madrigalium" published 1847. MAESTRICHT (Holland), the ancient Trajectum ad Mosam, the capital of Limburg. It revolted from Spain, and was taken by the prince of Parma in 1579, when a dreadful massacre took place. In 1632, the prince of Orange reduced it after a memorable siege, and it was confirmed to the Dutch in 1648; Louis XIV. took it in 1673; William, prince of Orange, invested it in vain in 1676; but in 1678 it was restored to the Dutch. In 1748 it was besieged by the French, who were permitted to take possession of the city on condition of its being restored at the peace then negotiating. In Feb. 1793, Maestricht was unsuccessfully attacked by the French, but they became masters of it, Nov. 1794. In 1814 it was made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, and now belongs to Holland. MAGAZINE, at first a miscellaneous periodical publication. There are now magazines devoted to nearly every department of knowledge. The following are the dates of the first publication of the principal magazines, some of which are extinct. În Jan. 1865, 544 magazines; in Jan. 1872, 639 were in course of publication in Great Britain and Ireland; see Reviews and Newspapers. Gentleman's London. Scots Royal Court. Gospel Lady's European 1796 Many new ones pub- 27 Nov. 1520. He gave the latter ocean its name on account of its calmness. Magellan completed the first voyage round the world, with a fleet of discovery fitted out by the emperor Charles V., but was killed in 1521. The Spaniards had a fort here, called Cape Famine, because the garrison perished for want." i MAGENTA, a small town in Lombardy, near which the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians, 4 June, 1859. The emperor Louis Napoleon commanded, and he and the king of Sardinia were in the thickest of the fight. It is said that 55,000 French and Sardinians, and 75,000 Austrians were engaged. The former are asserted to have lost 4000 killed and wounded, and the Austrians 10,000, besides 7000 prisoners. The French generals Espinasse and Clerc were killed. The arrival of general M'Mahon during a deadly 1817 struggle between the Austrians and the French, 1814 1830 greatly contributed to the victory. The contest 1831 near the bridge of Buffalora was very severe. 1832 Austrians fought well, but were badly commanded. 1833 The emperor and king entered Milan on 8 June 1859 following; M Mahon and Regnault d'Angely were 1860 1860-73 MAGDALA, a very strong place in Abyssinia (which see). On Good Friday, fo April, 1868, the troops of the emperor Theodore attacked the first brigade of the British army under sir Robert Napier, and were repulsed with great slaughter. On the next day all the European prisoners were given up, but Theodore himself refused to surrender; and on Easter Monday, 13 April, Magadala was stormed, and Theodore himself killed-it is said by his own hand.-British loss, 2 killed; 20 wounded: Abyssinian loss, about 500 killed and wounded out of about 5000. Magdala was burnt to the ground by the British, 17 April, 1868. MAGDALENS AND MAGDALENETTES, communities of nuns, consisting chiefly of penitent courtesans. The order of penitents of St. Magdalen was founded 1272, at Marseilles. The convent of Naples was endowed by queen Sancha, 1324. That at Metz was instituted in 1452. At Paris, 1492. The Magdalen at Rome was endowed by pope Leo X., in 1515, and favoured by Clement VIII. in 1594. The Magdalen hospital, London, was founded in 1758, under the direction of Dr. Dodd. The asylum in Dublin was opened in June, 1766. MAGDEBURG (Prussia). The archbishopric was founded about 967. The city suffered much during the religious wars in Germany. It was besieged and taken by the elector Maurice, Nov. 1550, and Nov. 1551; blockaded for seven months by the imperialists, under Wallenstein, in 1629; and barbarously sacked by Tilly on 10 May, 1631. It was given to Brandenburg in 1648; was taken by the French, 8 Nov. 1806; annexed to the king-| dom of Westphalia, 9 July, 1807; restored to Prussia, May, 1813. The Magdeburg Experiment is shown by means of a hollow sphere, composed of two hemispheres, fitting air-tight. When the air is exhausted by the air pump, the hemispheres are held together by the pressure of the atmosphere, and require great force to separate them. The apparatus was suggested by Otto von Guericke, the inventor of the air-pump. He died in 1686. Brande. MAGELLAN, STRAITS OF (connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans), was passed by Fernando de Magelhaéns (Magellan), a Portuguese, on The created marshals of France. A monument erected here in memory of the slain was solemnly inaugurated 4 June, 1872.-The red dye, rosaniline, obtained by chemists from gas-tar, is termed magenta; see Aniline. MAGI or WORSHIPPERS OF FIRE. The Persians adored the invisible and incomprehensible God as the principle of all good, and paid homage to fire, as the einblem of his power and purity. They built no altars nor temples; their sacred fires blazed in the open air, and their offerings were made upon the earth. The Magi, their priests, are said to have had skill in astronomy, &c.; hence the term Magi was applied to all learned men, till they were confounded with the magicians. Zoroaster, king of Bactria, the reformer of the sect of the Magi, flourished about 550 B.C. This religion was superseded in Persia by Mahometanism, A.D. 652, and the Parsees at Bombay are descendants of the Guebres or or fire-worshippers. MAGISTRATES, see Justices. Stipendiary borough magistrates may be appointed by 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 76, 1835; and by 26 & 27 Vict. c. 97, 1863. The present arrangement of metropolitan magistrates (the chief sitting at Bow-street) was made by act of parliament in 1792. Henry Fielding, the novelist, was acting magistrate for Westminster and at Bow-street. He was succeeded by his half-brother, sir John Fielding, in 1761; by Sir William Addington Sir Richard Ford. Mr. Read Sir Nathaniel Conant Sir Thomas Henry 1780 1800 1806 MAGNA CHARTA. Its fundamental parts were derived from Saxon charters, continued by Henry I. and his successors. On 20 Nov. 1214, the archbishop of Canterbury and the barons met at St. Edmondsbury. On 6 Jan. 1215, they presented their demands to king John, who deferred his answer. On 19 May they were censured by the pope. On 24 May they marched to London, and the king was compelled to yield. The charter was sealed by John at Runnymede, near Windsor, 15 June, 1215. It was many times confirmed, by Henry, III. and his successors. This last king's grand charter was granted in 1224, and was assured by Edward I.; see Forests. The original MS. charter is lost. The finest MS. copy, which is at Lincoln, was reproduced by photographs in the "National MSS." published by government, 1865. MAGNA GRECIA, the independent states founded by Greek colonists in South Italy, Sicily, &c. Cuma, in Campania, is said to have been founded in 1034 B.C. Pandosia and Metapontum in 774 B.C. These states were ruined through siding with Hannibal when he invaded Italy, 216 B.C. Syracuse founded about Leontinum and Catana. B. C. 734 730 721 710 708 673 627 582 432 MAGNANO (N. Italy). Here Scherer and a French army were defeated by the Austrians under Kray, 5 April, 1799. MAGNESIA (Asia Minor). Here Antiochus the great, king of Syria, was defeated by the Scipios, 190 B.C.-Magnesia alba, the white akaline earth used in medicine, was in use in the beginning of the 18th century. Its properties were developed by Dr. Black in 1755. MAGNESIUM, a metal first obtained from magnesia by sir Humphry Davy in 1808, and since produced in larger quantities by Bussy, Deville, and especially by Mr. E. Sonstadt, in 1862-4. Its light when burnt is very brilliant, and is so rich in chemical rays that it may be used in photography. Lamps made for burning magnesium wire, were employed by the excavators of the tunnel through Mount Cenis. By its light photographs of the interior of the Pyramids were taken in 1865. Larkin's magnesium lamp (in which the metal is burnt in the form of a powder) was exhibited at the Royal Institution on 1 June, 1866, and before the British Association at Nottingham in Aug. 1866. MAGNETISM. Magnes, a shepherd, is said to have been detained on Mount Ida by the nails in his boots. The attractive power of the loadstone or magnet was early known, and is referred to by Homer, Aristotle, and Pliny; it was also known to the Chinese and Arabians. The Greeks are said to have obtained the loadstone from Magnesia in Asia, 1000 B.C. Roger Bacon is said to have been acquainted with its property of pointing to the north (1294). The invention of the mariner's compass is ascribed to Flavio Gioia, a Neapolitan, about 1310; but it was known in Norway previous to 1266; and is mentioned in a French poem, 1150; see under Electricity, p. 232. Robert Norman, of London, discovered the dip of the needle Gilbert's treatise "De Magnete," published Halley's theory of magnetic variations published 1683 Marcel observed that a suspended har of iron becomes temporarily magnetic by position Artificial magnets made by Dr. Gowan Knight The variation of the compass was observed by Bond, about 1668; the diurnal variation by Graham, about 1576 1600 1722 1746 1722; on which latter Canton made 4000 observations previous to Coulomb constructed a torsion balance for determining the laws of attraction and repulsion, 1786; also investigated by Michell, Euler, Lambert, Robison, and others 1756 1750-1800 The deflection of the magnetic needle by the voltaic current was discovered by Ersted Mr. Abraham invents a magnetic guard for persons engaged in grinding cutlery The magnetic effects of the violet rays of light exhibited by Morichini, 1814; polarity of a sewing needle so magnetised shown by Mrs. Somerville Mr. Christie proves that heat diminishes magnetic force about Sir W. Snow Harris invents various forms of the compass Electricity produced the rotation of a magnet by professor Faraday, 1831; his researches on the action of the magnet on light, on the magnetic properties of flame, air, and gases (published 1845), on dia-magnetism (1845), on magno-crystallic action (1848), on atmospheric magnetism (1850), on the magnetic force. Magnetic observations established in the British colonies under the superintendence of col. Edward Sabine. 1820 1821 1825 1831 Mr. Archibald Smith described the results of his investigations respecting the deviation of the compass in iron ships at the Royal Institution, Wm. Robinson patented a method of making wrought iron from cast iron by the help of magnetism, announced, July, 1867 Wilde's magneto-electric machine exhibited (see under Electricity, p. 232) In the present century our knowledge of the phenomena of magnetism has also been greatly increased by the labours of Arago, Ampere, Hansteen, Gauss, Weber, Poggendorff, Sabine, Lamont, Du Moncel, Archibald Smith, &c. (see Animal Magnetism). In the Royal Institution, London, is a magnet by Logeman, of Haarlem, constructed on the principles of Dr. Elias, which weighs 100 lb, and can sustain 430 lb. Hæcker, of Nuremberg, constructed a magnet weighing 36 grains, capable of sustaining 146 times its own weight. This was exhibited in 1851, also at the Royal Institution. MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY, the discovery of professor Faraday; see Electricity, p. 232. Magneto-electricity has been recently applied to telegraphic and to lighthouse purposes. The South Foreland lighthouse, near Dover, was illuminated by the magneto-electric light in the winter of 1858-9 and 1859-60, and removed to Dungeness in 1861. MAGNOLIA. Magnolia glauca was brought here from N. America, 1688. The laurel-leaved Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora, from N. America about 1734. The dwarf Magnolia, Magnolia pumila, from China in 1789; and (also from China), the brown stalked, 1789: the purple, 1790; and the slender, 1804. MAGYARS, see Hungary. MAHARAJPOOR (India). Here sir Hugh Gough severely defeated the Mahratta army of Gwalior, 29 Dec. 1843. Lord Ellenborough was present. MAHEDPORE, see Mehedpore. MAHOGANY is said to have been brought to England by Raleigh, in 1595; but not to have come into general use till 1720. MAHOMETANISM embodied in the Koran, includes the unity of God, the immortality of the soul, predestination, a last judgment, and a sensual paradise. Mahomet asserted that the Koran was Defeats the Christians at Muta 623-5 629 630 8 June, 632 Jewess to test his divine character The Mahometans are divided into several sects, the two chief being the Sonnites, or the Orthodox (who recognised as caliph Abubeker, the fatherin-law of Mahomet, in preference to Omar and Ali), and the Shiites (Sectaries), or Fatimites, the followers of Ali, who married Fatima, the prophet's daughter. The Ottoman empire is the chief seat of the Sonnites, the sultan being considered the representative of the caliphs; Persia has been for centuries the stronghold of the Shiites. The Mahometans conquered Arabia, North Africa, and part of Asia, in the 7th century; in the 8th they invaded Europe, conquering Spain, where they founded the califat of Cordova, which lasted from 756 to 1031, when it was broken up into smaller governments, the last of which, the kingdom of Grenada, endured till its subjugation by Ferdinand in 1492; but the Mahometans were not finally expelled from Spain till. Their progress in France was stopped by their defeat at Tours by Charles Martel, in After a long contest, the Turks under Mahomet II. took Constantinople; he made it his capital and the chief seat of his religion Though considered to be declining, Mahometanism is calculated as including 100 millions amongst its votaries. bar . 1609 732 1453 Nov. 1858 Coomroodeen Tyabjee, a Mahometan, admitted to practise as an attorney in England, having taken the oaths upon the Koran Budroodeen Tyabjee, a Mahometan, called to the 30 April, 1867 MAHRATTAS, a people of Hindostan, who originally dwelt north-west of the Deccan, which they overran about 1676. They endeavoured to overcome the Mogul, but were restrained by the Afghans. They entered into alliance with the East India company in 1767, made war against it in 1774, again made peace in 1782, and were finally subdued in 1818. Their last prince, Sindiah, is now a pensioner of the British government. MAID, see Holy Maid, Elizabeth Barton, and Joan of Arc, maid of Orleans. MAIDA (Calabria) where the French, commanded by general Regnier, were signally defeated by the British under major-general sir John Stuart, 4 July, 1806. MAIDEN, see Guillotine. MAIDS OF HONOUR. Anne, daughter of Francis II. duke of Brittany, and queen of Charles VIII. and Louis XII. of France (1483-98), had young and beautiful ladies about her person, called maids of honour. The queen of Edward I. of England is said to have had four maids of honour (1272-1307); queen Victoria has eight. MAIL-COACHES, for the conveyance of letters, were first set up at Bristol by Mr. John Palmer, of Bath, 2 Aug. 1784. They were employed for other routes in 1785, and soon became general in England. The mails were first sent by rail in 1838. MAILLOTINS (small mallets), a name given to certain citizens of Paris, who, in March, 1382, violently opposed the collection of new taxes imposed by the duke of Anjou, the regent. They armed themselves with small iron mallets (taken from the arsenal), and killed the collectors; for which they were severely punished in Jan. 1383. MAIMING AND WOUNDING, see Corentry Act. MAIN PLOT, a name given to a conspiracy to make Arabella Stuart sovereign of England in place of James I. in 1603. Lord Cobham, sir Walter Raleigh, and lord Grey, were condemned to death for implication in it, but reprieved; others were executed. Raleigh was executed, 29 Oct. 1618. MAINE, 1. a province, N.W. of France, seized by William I. of England in 1069. It acknowledged prince Arthur, 1199; was taken from John of England by Philip of France, 1204; was recovered by Edward III. in 1357; but given up, 1360. After various changes it was finally united to France by Louis XI. in 1481.-2. MAINE (N. America), was discovered by Cabot, 1497; and colonised by the English about 1638; it became a state of the union in 1820. The boundary line between the British and the United States territories in Maine was settled by the Ashburton treaty, concluded 9 Aug. 1842. The Maine liquor law, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and use of intoxicating drinks, with certain exceptions, was enacted in 1851. In 1872, it was officially reported to have greatly decreased drunkenness and rendered the trade disreputable. MAJESTY. Among the Romans, the emperor and imperial family were thus addressed, and also the popes and the emperors of Germany. The style was given to Louis XI. of France in 1461. Voltaire. Upon Charles V. being chosen emperor of Germany in 1519 the kings of Spain took the style. Francis I. of France, at the interview with Henry VIII. of England, on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, addressed the latter as Your Majesty, 1520. James I. used the style "Sacred," and Most Excellent Majesty." MAJOLICA WARE, see Pottery. MAJORCA, see Balearic Isles, and Minorca. Majorca opposed Philip V. of Spain in 1714; but submitted, 14 July, 1715. MALABAR (W. coast of Hindostan). The Portuguese established factories here in 1505; the English did the same in 1601. The MALACCA, on the Malay peninsula, E. Indies, was made a Portuguese settlement in 1511. The Dutch factories were established in 1640. Dutch government exchanged it for Bencoolen in Sumatra in 1824, when it was placed under the Bengal presidency. It is now part of the Straits Settlements (which see). MALAGA (S. Spain), a Phoenician town, taken by the Arabs, 714; retaken by the Spaniards, after a long siege, 1487; see Naval Battles, 1704. An insurrection against the provisional government was put down with much slaughter, 31 Dec. 1868. MALAKHOFF, a hill near Sebastopol, on which was situated an old tower, strongly fortified by the Russians during the siege of 1854-55. The allied French and English attacked it on, 17, 18 |