Commodore Chauncey, with the American flotilla, captured the British flotilla on Lake Ontario........5 Oct. Capt. Porter, with U. S. frigate Essex, surrendered to the British frigate Phoebe.. .28 March, 1814 Capt. Bainbridge, with U. S. sloop Frolic, surrendered to the frigate Orpheus... 20 April, Capt. Warrington, with sloop Peacock, captures the British brig Epervier....... 29 April, governors, one of whom, Garcias Ximenes, took the title of king in 857. In 1076, king Sancho IV. was poisoned, and Sancho Ramorez of Aragon seized Navarre. In 1134, Navarre became again independent under Garcias Ramorez IV. In 1234, Thibault, count of Champagne, nephew of Sancho VII., became sovereign of Navarre; and in 1284, by the marriage of the heiress Jane with Philip IV. le Bel, Navarre was united to France. SOVEREIGNS OF NAVARRE. 1274. Jane I. and (1284) Philip-le-Bel of France. 1305. Louis X., Hutin, of France. 1316. Philip V., the Long, of France. 1322. Charles I., the Fair, IV. of France. 1328. Jane II. (daughter of Jane I.), and her husband Philip d'Evreux. 1349. Charles II., the Bad. 1387. Charles III., the Noble. 1425. Blanche, his daughter, and her husband, John of Aragon. 1441. John II., alone, who became king of Aragon in 1458. He endeavored to obtain the crown of Castile also. 1479. Eleanor de Foix, his daughter. Francis Phoebus de Foix, her son. 1483. Catharine (his sister) and her husband John d'Albret. Ferdinand of Aragon conquers and annexes all Navarre south of the Pyrenees, 1512. LOWER NAVARRE (IN FRANCE). 1516. Henry d'Albret. 1555. Jane d'Albret and her husband, Anthony de Bourbon, who died 1562. 1572. Henry III., who became in 1589 king of France, to which Lower Navarre was formally united in 1609. Navigation began with the Egyptians and Phoenicians. The first laws of navigation originated with the Rhodians, 916 B.C. The first account we have of any considerable voyage is that of the Phoenicians sailing round Africa, 604 B.C.-Blair. 28 June, 66 Davis's quadrant, or backstaff, for measuring angles, about 1600 The U. S. sloop Wasp, Capt. Blakeley, captured British brig Reindeer... Commodore Hardy, with a British fleet, attacked Sto nington... .9-12 Aug. Commodore M'Donough's fleet on Lake Champlain captures the British fleet off Plattsburg. ..11 Sept. " Commodore Decatur, with frigate President, surrendered to the British frigate Endymion.... Capt. Stewart, with the U. S. frigate Constitution, captured the British ships of war Cyane and Levant, 20 Feb. Commodore Biddle, with the sloop Hornet, captured the British brig Penguin.... 23 Feb. 66 Commodore Conner, with U. S. fleet, bombarded Vera Cruz, in conjunction with a land force under gen. Scott.. The Kearsarge destroys the Alabama.. ......19 June, 1864 Naval College, ROYAL, established at Greenwich Hospital, and opened 1 Feb. 1873. Naval Knights OF WINDSOR, see Poor Knights. Naval Reviews, Salute, AND Volunteers, see under Nary. Navarino (S.W. Greece), settled by the Arabs, sixth century; taken by the Turks, 1500; by Venetians, 1686; by Turks, 1718; by Greeks, 1821; by Turks, 1825. Near here, on 20 Oct. 1827, the combined fleets of England, France, and Russia, under command of admiral Codrington, nearly destroyed the Turkish and Egyptian fleet. More than thirty ships, many of them four-deckers, were blown up or burned, chiefly by the Turks themselves, to prevent their falling into the hands of their enemies. This destruction of the Turkish naval power was characterized by the duke of Wellington as an "untoward event." Navarre, now a province of Spain, formed a part of the Roman dominions, and was conquered from the Saracens by Charlemagne, 778. His descendants appointed Barlow's theory of the deviation of the compass.. Quarterly Journal of Naval Science, edited by E. J. Reed, published.. 1623 1631 1731 1764 1767 1820 ...April, 1872-5 (See Compass, Latitude, Longitude, Steam, etc.) Navigation Laws. A code of maritime laws is attributed to Richard I. of England, said to have been decreed at the isle of Oleron, 1194 (see Oleron), and further enactments were made by Richard II. in 1381. In Oct. 1651, the parliament passed an act entitled "Goods from foreign parts, by whom to be imported," the principles of which were affirmed by 12 Charles II. c. 18," An act for the encouraging and increasing of shipping and navigation" (1660). The latter act restricts the importation and exportation of goods from or to Asia, Africa, or America, to English ships, of which the masters and three fourths of the mariners are to be English. This was followed by many acts of similar tenor; which were consolidated by 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 54 (1833). These acts were in the whole or in part repealed by the act "to shipping and navigation" (passed 12 & 13 Vict. c. 29, 26 amend the laws in force for the encouragement of British June, 1849, after much opposition), and which came into passed 14 & 15 Vict. c. 79, 1851, came into operation 1 operation 1 Jan. 1850. has greatly decreased, and earnest efforts have been made, ineffectually, to secure the modification of the navigation laws, in order to promote American shipowning. Navigators (or Navvies). These helpers in the construction of railways probably derived their name (about 1830) from formerly making the inland navigation in Lincolnshire, etc., and are doubtfully said to be descendants of the original Dutch canal laborers. Navvy Mission Society (new) met at Lambeth Palace, 7 May, 1880. A "steam navvy," suitable for working in sand, gravel, or heavy clay, made by Messrs. Ruston, Proctor, & Co., of Lincoln, 1878. Navy OF ENGLAND, "whereon, under the good providence of God, the wealth, safety, and strength of the kingdom chiefly depends."-Act for the Government of the Navy. See Naval Battles. A fleet of galleys built by Alfred. The number of galleys greatly increased under Edgar, A fleet collected by Edward the Confessor to resist the mans Richard I. collected a fleet and enacted naval laws, 897 inches thick; 6170 tons burden; cost about 400,000Z.; A royal commission recommends the abolition of the launched [censured in 1864].. 29 Dec. 1860 board of admiralty, and the appointment of a minister of the navy department... .March, 1861 Lord Clarence Paget, secretary of admiralty, states that England has 67 steamships of the line; while France has 37, Russia 9, Spain 3, and Italy 1 11 April, New act for the government of the navy (the Naval Discipline act) passes.. 6 Aug. Four iron-plated vessels (400 ft. long; 59 ft. wide; and cost about 600,000l. each) building... ..Dec. Cupola or turret ships. Capt. Cowper Coles's mode of constructing iron plated vessels, with a cupola or turret for firing from, the other parts of the vessel being nearly submerged, made known in 1855, and recommended to the admiralty in 1861; adopted by Ericsson in the Monitor, 1862; proposed to be adopted by the British government... Six different kinds of plated vessels said to be construct ing; E. J. Reed authorized to build the Enterprise as a specimen of an iron-plated sea-going vessel, April, Royal Oak, iron-clad steamer, launched at Chatham, 10 Sept. Twin or double screws for vessels of light draught introduced... 1832 1863 965 1007 1066 Reign of George III.; dimensions of ships increased; copper sheathing adopted for ships of every class; establishments of naval stores provided at all dockyards and naval stations; and various improvements made in ship-building Great Britain had 901 ships; 177 of the line in 1814; 621 ships, some of 140 guns each, and down to surveying vessels of two guns only; 148 sail employed on foreign and home service 1830 1840 The screw-propeller introduced in the Royal Navy.... The total number of ships of all sizes in commission, 183, 1 Jan. 1841 The navy consisted of 339 sailing and 161 steam vessels.. 1850 Naval Coast Volunteers' act passed... .Aug. 1853 Of 315 sailing vessels, 97 screw-steamers, and 114 paddlesteamers .April, 1854 Review of the Baltic fleet at Spithead by the queen, 10 March, 1854, and 23 April, 1856 Of 271 sailing vessels, carrying 9594 guns, and 258 steam vessels, carrying 6582 guns; together 573 vessels, carrying 16,176 guns; also 155 gunboats, and 111 vessels on harbor service. ..July, Proclamation for manning the navy...........30 April, 1859 Naval Reserve Force authorized. Aug. Flogging not to be inflicted on first-class seamen except after a trial.. .. Dec. Great excitement respecting the French government building the plated frigate Gloire (see page 478). The Warrior, our first iron-plated steam frigate, the largest vessel in the world except the Great Eastern (see Steam), length, 380 ft.; breadth,58 ft.; iron-plate, 4} 64 The turret-ship Sovereign, constructed on Coles`s princi. New Naval Discipline act, passed.. [Of these were 7 line-of-battle ships, and 6 frigates; cost above 1,000,000l., sold for 87,543.] Acts for protection of naval stores passed... .1867 and 1869 Hercules, 12, armor-plated ship, 1200 horse- -power, floated at Chatham.. .10 Feb. 1868 The Monarch, our first armor-clad turret ship, launched Explosion of the boiler of the Thistle gunboat on trialtrip; 10 killed ..3 Nov. Devastation, iron turret - ship, first rivet of her keel clinched by Mr. Childers, the first lord, at Portsmouth, 12 Nov. Resignation of Mr. E. J. Reed, chief constructor....July, 1870 Admiral sir T. M. C. Symonds reports on the Monarch and Captain turret-ships (the latter said to be overmasted and unfit to cruise under sail alone)...... Aug. The Captain founders near Finisterre about 12.15 A. M., 7 Sept. [472 lives were lost, including the captain, Hugh Burgoyne, Captain Cowper Coles, the designer of the ship, Mr. Childers (a son of the first lord), and other officers, the elite of the service; 18 men of the crew were saved. "She capsized in a heavy squall shortly after midnight, and went down in three minutes."-Gunner's Report. Her destruction was attributed to too low freeboard, heavy top-weight, masts, and hurricane-deck. She cost 440,000l. She was built by Messrs. Laird at Birkenhead.] H.M.S. iron clad frigate Triumph launched at Jarrow, vent upsetting by a squall is 16 to 1 of that of the Captain (Times).. ......10 Nov. 1870 Navy.-55 armored vessels afloat; 9 constructing; effective force afloat, 354 vessels; and a large number of others. Megara troop-ship lost near Amsterdam island (see Wrecks). 16 June, The Agincourt, captain Hamilton Beamish, 6621 tons, struck on the Pearl Rock near Gibraltar, 11 A.M. 11 July; got off by great skill and management by the Hercules, capt. lord Guildford. ..4 July, [After trial, admirals Wellesley and Wilmot ordered to strike flags; capts. Beamish and Well superseded; others censured; lord Guildford commended, Aug. 1871.] 66 Turret vessels of the Monitor type designed by E. J. Reed, launched; the Glatton, 6 March; Devastation, 12 July; Cyclops.. 18 July, New rules respecting promotions, etc., published..9 Feb. 1872 The Thunderer, ocean-going turret - ship, launched at Pembroke... .25 March, Lord Clyde, iron-clad, stranded off Pantellaria, 15 March; capt. Bythesea and staff-commander May dismissed ..May, A trial-trip of the Devastation reported successful, 15 April, 1873 Royal Naval Artillery Volunteer force established by act passed.. .5 Aug. .Aug. the service. Navy.-23 great iron-clads; 27 smaller.. "We now carry 35-ton guns on board ships in turrets protected by 14-inch plates" (Times).. ..28 Aug. 66 H.M.S. Alexandra launched at Chatham........7 April, 1875 H.M.S. Vanguard, double screw iron-clad (cost 350,000l. ), sunk by collision with the Iron Duke during a fog off the Wicklow coast; crew (about 400) saved; 50 m. past noon.. ...1 Sept. Court martial on capt. Dawkins; assigned as causes: 1. Bacchante, unarmored war-ship, launched. 66 64 Northampton......... Euryalus, unarmored corvette, launched at Chatham, 31 Jan. 1877 Commission of inquiry respecting the Inflexible, appointed. ..about 14 July, Four new iron-clads bought.. ..March, 1878 Dreadnought, iron-clad, 10,886 tons; engines, 8000 horsepower; four 38-ton guns, etc.; most powerful fightingship in the world; constructed.. 46 Eurydice, H.M.S. frigate, training-ship; foundered in a On investigation, the cause assigned was that the gun Great naval demonstration at Portsmouth ; attack on forts; electric light used at night... Doterel, 6 guns; capt. Richard Evans; destroyed by explosion in Strait of Magellan; out of 150 about 143 persons perished.. 26 April, 1881 Polyphemus, huge double-screw steam armor-plated ram and torpedo boat; launched at Chatham (designed by sir G. Sartorius). 15 June, ANNUAL EXPENDITURE OF THE BRITISH NAVY.-1850, 6,942,3977. ; 1854, 6,640,596.; 1855 (to 31 March, Russian war), 14,490, 1057.; 1856, 19,654,585.; 1859, 9,215,4877.; 1861, 13,331,6687.; 1862, 12,598,0427.; 1863, 11,370,588.; 1864, 10,821,596.; 1865, 10,898,253.; 1866, 10,259,788.; 1867, 10,676,1017.; 1868, 11,168,9497.; 1869, 11,366,545.; 1870, 9,757,290.; 1871, 9,456,641.; 1872, 9.900,486.; 1873, 9,543,000l.; 1874, 10,279,900.; 1875, 10,680,4047.; 1876, 10.285, 1947.; 1877, 11, 288,872.; 1878, 11,053,901.; 1879, 10,586,894.; 1880, 10,492,9357.; 1881, 10,725,9197. NAVAL SALUTE TO THE BRITISH FLAG began in Alfred's reign; and, though sometimes disputed, may be said to have been continued ever since. The Dutch agreed to strike to the English colors in the British seas in 1673. The honor-ofthe-flag salute at sea was also formally assented to by France in 1704, although it had been long previously exacted by England (see Flag and Salutes at Sea). NAVAL UNIFORMS. The first notice of the establishment of a uniform in the British naval service which we have met with occurs in the Jacobite's Journal of 5 March, 1748, under the head of Domestic News," in these terms: "An order is said to be issued, requiring all his majesty's sea officers, from the admiral down to the midshipman, to wear a uniformity of clothing, for which purpose pattern-coats for dress-suits and frocks for each rank of officers are lodged at the Navy-office, and at the several dock-yards, for their inspection." This is corroborated by the Gazette of 13 July, 1757, when the first alteration in the uniform took place, and in which a reference is made to the order of 1748, alluded to in the journal above mentioned, and which, in fact, is the year when a naval uniform was first established. James I. had, indeed, granted, by warrant of 6 April, 1609, to six of his principal masters of the navy, "liverie coats of fine red cloth." The warrant is stated to have been drawn verbatim from one signed by queen Elizabeth, but which had not been acted upon by reason of her death. This curious document is in the British Museum; but king James's limited red livery is supposed to have been soon discontinued. -Quarterly Review. NAVY PAY-OFFICE, organized in 1644, was abolished in 1836, when the army and navy pay-departments were consolidated in the Paymaster-general's office. NAVY-LIST was first officially compiled by John Finlaison, the celebrated actuary, and published monthly in 1814; now quarterly. NAVAL REVIEWS. The queen reviewed the fleet at Spithead, near Portsmouth, 11 Aug. 1853; again, March, 1854, before it sailed to the Baltic, at the commencement of the Russian war; and again at Portsmouth on the conclusion of peace, in the presence of the parliament, etc. The fleet extended in an unbroken line of five miles, and consisted of upwards of 300 men-of-war, with a tonnage of 150,000, carrying 3800 guns, and manned by 40,000 seamen. There were about 100,000 spectators, 23 April, 1856. A grand naval review (15 great wooden ships, 15 iron-plated, 16 gun vessels and boats) was held at Spithead (the queen, the sultan, and the viceroy of Egypt present), 17 July, 1867, another at Spithead before the shah of Persia, 23 June, 1873; another at Spithead, by the queen (10 broadside ships, 8 turret-ships, etc.), 13 Aug. 1878. NAVAL VOLUNTEERS (or Reserve). By 16 & 17 Vict. c. 73 (1853), the admiralty were empowered to raise a body of seafaring men to be called the Naval Coast Volunteers," not to exceed 10,000, for the defence of the coast, and for actual service if required. On 13 Aug. 1859, an act was passed to enable the admiralty to raise a number of men, not exceeding 30,000, as a reserve force of seamen, to be called the Royal Naval Volunteers." In Nov. following the admiralty issued a statement of the "qualifications, advantages, and obliga tions" of this reserve. The enrolment commenced on 1 Jan. 1860. The engagement is for five years, and the volunteers are entitled to a pension when incapacitated after the expiration of the term. At the prospect of war with the United States in Dec. 1861, a great number of seamen at Hartlepool, Dundee, London, Aberdeen, etc., offered their services. First enrolled body of Royal Naval Volunteers inspected about 18 Jan. 1873 (see Naval College). Navy OF FRANCE. It is first mentioned in history in 728, when, like that of England at an early period, it consisted of galleys; in this year the French defeated the Frisian fleet. The French fleet was almost annihilated by Edward III. at the battle of Sluys, 24 June, 1340. It was considerably improved under Louis XIV. at the instance of his minister Colbert, about 1697. The French navy was in its splendor about 1781; became greatly reduced in the wars with England; see Naval Battles. It was greatly increased by the emperor Napoleon III., and in 1859 consisted of 51 ships of the line (14 sailing-vessels and 37 steamers) and 398 other vessels, in all 449; including vessels building, converting, or ordered to be built. The new French iron-clad frigate Gloire, constructed by M. Dupuy de Lôme, launched in 1860, was generally considered as successful. The Solferino and Magenta were launched in June, 1861; other iron vessels since. The Magenta was destroyed by fire, 6 killed, 31 Aug. 1875. The Devastation, a great ironclad, launched at L'Orient, 19 Aug. 1879. Navy OF THE UNITED STATES. Since the civil war the navy of the United States has been reduced to very small proportions. It consisted, Dec. 1, 1879, of 45 vessels in commission and 16 undergoing repairs. The active list included 2043 officers of all grades and 7500 enlisted men. Nazarene, a name given to Jesus Christ, and his disciples; but afterwards to a sect who rejected the doctrine of Christ's divinity in the first century. A sect named Nazarenes, resembling the Society of Friends in Britain, became prominent in Hungary in the autumn of 1867. Neapolis, see Naples. Nebraska, a N.W. state of the United States, was organized as a territory 30 May, 1854; admitted to the Union 1 March, 1867. Population, 1880, 452,433. Capital, Omaha city. Nebular Hypothesis, put forth by sir William Herschel, 1811, supposes that the universe was formed out of shapeless masses of nebulæ, or clusters of small stars. It has not been generally received. In Oct. 1860, Mr. Lassell strictly scrutinized the Dumb-bell nebula, and stated that the brightest parts did not appear to be stars. In 1865, Mr. William Huggins reported that he had analyzed certain nebulæ by their spectra, and believed them to be entirely gaseous. Necromancers, see Magic. Nectarine, the Amygdalus Persica, originally came from Persia about 1562. Previously presents of nectarines were frequently sent to the court of England from the Netherlands; and Catherine, queen of Henry VIII., distributed them among her friends. Needle-gun (Zündnadelgewehr), a musket invented by J. N. Dreyse, of Sömmerda, about 1827, and made a breech-loader in 1836, which was adopted by the Prussian general Manteuffel about 1846. It was found to be a most effective weapon in the war with Denmark in 1864, and in that with Austria in 1866. The ignition of the charge is produced by a fine steel rod or needle being pressed through the cartridge. The principle is claimed for James Whitley, of Dublin, 1823; Abraham Mosar, 1831; and John Hanson, of Huddersfield, 1843. Needles. "The making of Spanish needles was first taught in England by Elias Crowse, a German, about the eighth year of queen Elizabeth, and in queen Mary's time there was a negro made fine Spanish needles in Cheapside, but would never teach his art to any." -Stow. The manufacture was greatly improved at Whitechapel, London; Redditch, in Gloucestershire; and Hathersage, in Derbyshire. An exhibition of ancient needle-work was formed at South Kensington Mu seum in 1873. The Victory man-of-war arrived off Portsmouth with his remains. ....4 Dec. The body lay in state in the Painted Hall at Greenwich, 5 Jan.; removed to the Admiralty, 8 Jan. ; funeral took place.... ..9 Jan. 1806 The prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), the duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.), and other royal dukes, almost all the peers of England, and the lord mayor and corporation of London, with thousands of military and naval officers and distinguished men, followed the funeral car to St. Paul's; the military amounted to near 10,000, independent of volunteers. Nelson Column, Trafalgar square, London, completed, and statue placed on it (see Statues).. .....4 Nov. 1843 Nemean Games, celebrated at Nemea, in Achaia, said to have been instituted by the Argives in honor of Archemorus, who died by the bite of a serpent; and revived by Hercules, 1226 B.C. The conqueror was rewarded with a crown of olives, afterwards of green parsley. They were celebrated every third year, or, according to others, on the first and third year of every Olympiad, 1226 B.C.- Herodotus. They were revived by the emperor Julian, A.D. 362, but ceased in 396. Neo-Platonism, or NEW-PLATONISM, See Philos ophy. Nepaul (N. India) was conquered by the Ghoorkas, 1768, who made treaties with the British, 1791 and 1801; but frequently made incursions, and in consequence war with them commenced 1 Nov. 1814; terminated 27 April, 1815. A treaty of peace was signed between the parties 2 Dec. 1815. War was renewed through an infraction of the treaty by the Nepaulese, Jan. 1816; and, after several contests, unfavorable to the Nepaulese, the former treaty was ratified, 15 March, 1816. An extraordinary embassy from the king of Nepaul to the queen of Great Britain arrived in England, landing at Southampton, 25 May, and remained till Aug. 1850; it consisted of the Nepaulese prince, Jung Bahadoor, and his suite, to whom many honors were paid. He supported the English during the Indian mutiny in 1857. The prince of Wales was honorably received in Nepaul, 12 Feb. 1876. Nephalia, sacrifices of sobriety among the Greeks, when they offered mead instead of wine to the sun and moon, to the nymphs, to Aurora, and to Venus; and burned any wood but that of the vine, fig-tree, and mulberry-tree, esteemed symbols of drunkenness (613 B.C.). Nephoscope (Greek, vépoç, a cloud). An apparatus for measuring the velocity of clouds, invented by Karl Braun, and reported to the Academy of Sciences, Paris, 27 July, 1868. Neptune, a primary planet, first observed on 23 Sept. 1846, by Dr. Galle at Berlin, in consequence of a letter from M. Le Verrier, who had conjectured, from the anomalous movements of Uranus, that a distant planet might exist nearly in the position where Neptune is situated. Calculations to the same effect had been previously made by Mr. J. Couch Adams, of Cambridge. A Oct. following. Neptune is said to have been seen by satellite of Neptune was discovered by Mr. Lassell on 10 Lalande, and thought to be a fixed star. The Greek god Poseidon became the Roman Neptune. Neptunium, a new metal discovered in tannalite, from Connecticut, by R. Herrmann in 1877; not yet admitted by chemists (1878). Nervii, a warlike tribe in Belgic Gaul, were defeated in a severe battle by Julius Cæsar, 57, and subdued 53 .9 Aug. 1796 ..20 Feb. 1797 B.C. With Jervis at the victory off St. Vincent, 14 Feb.; knighted and made rear-admiral.. Nerwinden, see Landen. Nestorians, the followers of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople (428-431), who is represented as a heretic for maintaining that, though the Virgin Mary was the mother of Jesus Christ as man, yet she was not the mother of God, since no human creature could impart to another what she had not herself; he also held that God was united to Christ under one person, but remained as distinct in nature and essence as though he had never been united at all. He was opposed by Eutyches, and died 439; see Eutychians. Nestorian Christians in the Levant administer the sacrament with leavened bread and in both kinds, permit their priests to marry, and use neither confirmation nor auricular confession.-Du Pin. A Nestorian priest and deacon were in London in July, 1862. Netherlands, see Flanders, Holland, and Belgium. Netley Hospital, near Southampton, for invalid soldiers. The foundation-stone was laid by the queen, 19 May, 1856. Neufchâtel, a canton in Switzerland, formerly a lordship, afterwards a principality. The first known lord was Ulric de Fenis, about 1032, whose descendants ruled till 1373, after which, by marriages, it frequently changed governors. On the death of the duchesse de Nemours, the last of the Longuevilles, in 1707, there were many claimants, among them our William III. He and the allies, however, gave it to Frederick I. of Prussia, with the title of prince. In 1806 the principality was ceded to France, and Napoleon bestowed it on his general Berthier, who held it till 1814, when it fell to the disposal of the allies. They restored the king of Prussia with the title of prince, with certain rights and privileges; but constituted it a part of the Swiss confederation. After an unsuccessful attempt in 1831, the inhabitants repudiated their allegiance to Prussia, and proclaimed Neufchâtel a free and independent member of the Swiss confederation.. 1848 1852 Sept. 1856 The king of Prussia protested against this; and a proto- 11 June, 1857 Neustria, or WEST FRANCE, a kingdom allotted to Clotaire by his father, Clovis, at his death, in 511. His descendant Charlemagne became sole king of France in 771. It was conquered by the Northmen, and hence named Normandy (which see). Neutral Powers. By the treaty of Paris, signed by the representatives of Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Turkey, and Sardinia, on 16 April, 1856, it was determined that privateering should be abolished; that neutrals might carry an enemy's goods not contraband of war; that neutral goods not contraband were free even under an enemy's flag; and that blockades to be binding must be effective. The president of the United States acceded to these provisions in 1861; see International Law. Neutrality Laws. A commission, in a report issued in May, 1868, recommended changes. An act to make better provision for the preservation of neutrality was passed 9 Aug. 1870. John P. McDiarmid apprehended, for breach of neutrality laws, at Bow street, 28 Oct. 1870. Nevada, a western state of the United States, organized as a territory 2 March, 1861; admitted to the Union, 31 Oct. 1864. Capital, Carson City. Virginia City was nearly destroyed by fire, 26 Oct. 1875; several lives were lost; property about $2,000,000; 10,000 persons rendered homeless. Population of Nevada in 1880, 62,265. Neville's Cross, or Durham, BATTLE OF, between the Scots, under king David Bruce, and the English, it is said (probably incorrectly) under Philippa, consort of Edward III., and lord Percy, 12 or 17 Oct. 1346. More than 15,000 of the Scots were slain, and their king taken prisoner. bus, planted by the English in 1628; taken by the French, Nevis (W. Indies), an island discovered by Colum14 Feb. 1782; restored to the English in 1783. The capital is Charleston. Newark (Nottinghamshire). The church was died king John, 19 Oct. 1216; here the royal army unerected by Henry IV. Here, in the midst of troubles, der prince Rupert repulsed the army of the parliament, besieging the town, 21 March, 1644; and here, 5 May, 1646, Charles I., after his defeat at Naseby, put himself into the hands of the Scotch army, who afterwards gave him up to his enemies. Newark was first incorporated by Edward VI., and afterwards by Charles II. tional force under Burnside attacked and took the fortiNewberne (N.C.), BATTLE OF, 14 Feb. 1862. Nafications and town. New Brunswick was taken from Nova Scotia, and received its name as a separate colony in 1785. It was united with Canada for legislative purposes by an act passed 29 March, 1867. Population of New Brunswick in 1865, 272,780; in 1871, 285,594. Lieut.-governor, Lemuel A. Wilmot, 1868; Samuel Leonard Tilley, 1874. Great fire at St. John, 20-22 June, 1877; destruction of 12 churches, 25 public buildings; thousands houseless; about 20 killed, loss about 3,000,000l. Subscriptions in Britain and United States. Newbury (Berkshire). Near here were fought two desperate battles (1.) 20 Sept. 1643; between the army of Charles I. and that of the parliament under Essex; it terminated somewhat favorably for the king. Among the slain was the amiable Lucius Cary, viscount Falkland, deeply regretted. (2) A second battle of dubious result was fought between the royalists and the parliamentarians under Waller, 27 Oct. 1644. A memorial to lord Falkland and his companions at Newbury was inaugurated by the earl of Carnarvon, 9 Sept. 1878. New Caledonia (Pacific ocean), discovered by Cook on 4 Sept. 1774, was seized by the French, 20 Sept. 1853, and colonized. The French government, in Dec. 1864, redressed the outrages committed upon the British missionaries at a station established here in 1854. In the latter part of June, 1878, some of the native tribes revolted, burned some of the towns and villages, and killed about 90 of the European colonists, men, women, children, and servants, including col. Gally-Passebose, the military commandant of the island. The insurrection was not subdued till the end of the year. Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Northumberland), the Roman Pons Ælia, the first coal port in the world,* and the commercial metropolis of the north of England. The coal-mines were discovered here about 1234. The first charter granted to the townsmen for digging coal was by Henry III. in 1239. The castle built by Robert Courthose, son of William I.. 1080 1095 St. Nicholas church built, about 1091; burned in 1216; re- 1359 1640 *In 1306 the use of coal for fuel was prohibited in London, by royal proclamation, chiefly because it injured the sale of wood for fuel, great quantities of which were then growing about the city; but this interdiction did not long continue, and we may consider coal as having been dug and exported from this place for more than 500 years. |