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49 Miscellaneous Tracts on Religions, Political, and Agricultural Subjects; by Richard Watson, D.D. F.R.S. Lord Bishop of Landaff. 2 vols. 8vo. 11. 1s.

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System and No System, or the Contrast; by Maria Benson. 12mo. 6s. The Maskers of Moorfields, a vision; by the late Arthur Griffinhoof. Ss.

Theory on the Classification of Beauty and Deformity, exemplified in various works of Art and Nature, and by forty-two Charts and Plates; by Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck. 4to. 31. 13s. 6d.

Boxiana, or Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism; with thirty Portraits. 128. The Cheap Magazine: having, for its object, the Prevention of Crimes. With sixty-five Cuts. 2 vols. 9s. 1200 pp.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

Outlines of Natural Philosophy, being Heads of Lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh; by John Playfair, Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. 2 vols. 8vo. 11.

NOVELS.

The Bachelor's Journal, inscribed (withont permission) to the Girls of England; edited by Miss Byron. 2 vols. 10s. 6d.

Secret, Avengers, or the Rock of Glotzden; by Anne of Swansea. 4 vols. 11. 4s. Novice, or the Heir of Montgomery; by Matthew Moral. 3 vols. 16s. 6d.

Paired, not Matched, or Matrimony in the Fifteenth Century; by Mrs. Ross. 4 vols. 11.

A Father as he should be, or Obedience; by Mrs. Hofland. 4 vols. 11. 4s.

The Victims of Seduction, or the Memoirs of a Man of Fashion; a Tale of Modern Times; by the late Miss Gunning. 2 vols. 10s. 6d.

Discipline, a Novel; by the author of Self-Control. 3 vol. post 8vo. 11. 4s.

- PHILOLOGY.

French Pronunciation alphabetically exhibited, with Spelling Vocabularies and New Fables, French and English; by C. Gross. 2s.

POETRY.

The Flower of Wye, a Poem, in six Cantos; by Henry Ingram. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Familiar Poems, Moral and Religions; by Susannah Wilson, a servant girl.—

18mo. 2s.

POLITICS.

1815.]

New Publications in January.

risdiction of the Chancellor. 3. Statutory Jurisdiction of the Chancellor. 4. Specially delegated Jurisdiction of the Chancellor; by Henry Maddock, esq. of Lincoln's Inn, barrister. 2 vols. 8vo. 21. 6s. MATHEMATICS.

A Treatise on the Construction of Maps; in which the Principles of the Projections of the Sphere are demonstrated, and their various practical relations to Mathematical Geography deduced and explained. Systematically arranged, and scientifically illus trated, from twenty Plates of Diagrams; by Alexander Jamieson. 8vo. 9s.

A Treatise on Mechanics, intended as an Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy; by the Rev. B. Bridge, B.D. F.R.S. Svo. 11. 1s.

Tables of Cube Measure; by T. D. W. Dearn. 12mo. Ss. 6d. bound.

MEDICINE,

An Illustration of Mr. Hunter's Docfrine, particularly concerning the Life of Blood, in answer to the Edinburgh Review of Mr. Abernethy's Lectures; by Joseph Adams, M.D. 1s. 6d.

The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, founded on an Anatomical and Physiological Examination of the Nervous System in general, and of the Brain in particular, and indicating the Dispositions and Manifestations of the Mind; by J. G. Spurzheim, M.D. illustrated by numerous Plates. Royal 8vo. 11. 10s.

Delineations of the Cutaneous Diseases, comprised in the Classification of the late Dr. Willan; being a republication of the greater part of the Engravings of that author, in an improved state; together with a New Series, which will comprehend the Remainder of the System; by T. Bateman, M.D. F.L.S. Physician to the Public Dispensary, and to the Fever Institution. With six coloured Plates. Fascilius I. Part I. 4to. 1). 18.

MISCELLANIES.

The Museum, or Man as he is; being a Chrono-Demono-Mytho-Patho-Theo-Deo, and several other O-Logical Dissertations on the Dignity of Human Nature, calcu lated to display a few of the various and carious materials of which it is composed; by a Lord of the Creation. With a Fron tispiece by Rowlandson. 12mo. 5s.

Morsels for Merry and Melancholy Mortals; with a coloured Frontispiece. Foolscap 8vo. 5s.

A Familiar Treatise on Drawing, for Youth; being an Elementary Introduction to the Fine Arts, designed for the Instruction of Young Persons whose genins leads them to study this elegant and useful branch of Education; by C. Taylor. 8vo. 10s. 6d. East India Register and Directory, for 1815, corrected to November. 7s. 6d.

The English Works of Roger Ascham,
Preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, with some
Original additions, 21s.
MONTHLY MAG, No. 265.

The Lay of the Poor Fiddler, a Parody on the Lay of the Last Minstrel; by an admirer of Walter Scott. Foolscap. 5s.

A Letter to Lord Elienborough; by Lord Cochrane. 5s.

Secret Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte; written by one who never quitted him for fifteen years. 2 vols. 12mc. 10s. 6d.

Reflections on the Financial System of Great Britam, and particularly the Sinking Fund; written in France in the Summer of 1812, by Walter Boyd, esq. 38. 6d.

H

Political

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A Combined View of the Prophecies of Daniel, Esdras, and St. John, showing that all the Prophetic Writings are formed upon one plan; accompanied by an explana. tory Chart. Also, a minute Explanation of the Prophecies of Daniel; together with Critical Remarks upon the Interpretations of preceding Commentators, and more particularly upon the Systems of Mr. Faber and Mr. Cunninghame; by James Hatley Frere, esq. 8vo. 128.

ΑΙΡΕΣΕΩΝ ΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΣ : or, a New Way of Deciding old Controversies; by Basanistes: the third edition, enlarged. 8vo. 7s. Sermons, by Christopher Wordsworth, D.D. Dean of Bucking. 2 vol. 8vo. 18s. It is all True, or the Grace and Truth

PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. The Bakerian Lecture: on some new Electro-chemical Phenomena; by W'm. Thomas Brande, Esq.

T has been ascertained by Sir H. Davy

I that, when compound bodies, capable

of transmitting electrity are submitted to the operation of the Voltaic pile, their proximate and ultimate elements are separated with uniform phenomena; that acids are attracted towards the positively electrified surface, and that alkaline and inflammable substances take an opposite direction and collect at the negative pole.

Of the ultimate chemical elements of bodies, the greater number exhibit the Jast mentioned character, and a few only appear to be attracted towards the positive extremity of the Voltaic instrument; and as bodies possessed of dissimilar electrical powers attract each other, it has been concluded that the inherent electrical state of the former is positive, that of the latter negative.

These chemical effects were at first regarded as peculiar to the Voltaic pile, and were considered to depend upon the operation of a new agent, termed the Galvanic fluid, until Dr. Wollaston,in

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of the Gospel made plain to Common Sense, in the first Conversion, and conse. quent humble holy Life, and singularly blessed Death of Miss Martha James. 1s. 6d.

Sermons for Parochial and Domestic Use, chiefly adapted to the Service of particular Sundays in the Year; by Richard Mant, M.A. Vol. III. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

Sermons on Practical Subjects; by John Vincent, A.B. 8vo. 9s.

Evangelical Hope, an Essay; by Daniel Tyerman. 12mo. 4s.

An Address on the Resurrection of Christ, delivered at Bunhill Fields, at the Interment of T. Mullett, esq. by John Evans, A.M. 1s. 6d.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland, drawn up from the Communications of the Clergy; by William Shaw Mason, esq. M.R.I.A. Vol. I. 8vo. 11. 10s.

Historical, Topographical, and Descrip tive Account of the Weald of Kent; by T. D. W. Dearn. 8vo. 15s.

TRAVELS.

Travels in South Africa, on Account of the Missionary Society; by the Rev. J. Campbell. With Plates. 8vo. 12mo.

Notes on a Journey through France, i July, August, and September, 1814; Morris Birkbeck. 8vo. 4s.

the year 1801, succeeded in imitating the effects by means of the electrical machine, and thus experimentally demonstrated the identity of common and Vol taic electricity.

More recent investigations, and especially the admirable researches of Sir II. Davy, have fully established the correctness of these views, and have shewn that the different action of the Voltaic pile and the electrical machine, depends chiefly upon the quantity of electricity in the former being great, while its intensity is inconsiderable, and vice versa.

When the flame of a candle is placed between two surfaces in opposite electrical states, the negative surface becomes most heated; this circumstance was considered by Mr. Cuthbertson as indicating the passage of electric fluid from the positive to the negative surface.

Mr. Erman has shewn that certain substances are unipolar in regard to the electricity of the Voltaic pile; that is, that they are only susceptible of transmitting one kind of electricity. The insulated flames of wax, of oil, of spirit of wine, and of hydrogen gas, only conduct positive electricity; dry soap, on the contrary, and the flame of phosphorous, under the

same

The Royal Society of London.

4815.] fame circumstances, only transmit negative electricity.

Sir H. Davy considers the result of Mr. Cuthbertson's experiment to depend upon the unipolarity of the flame, which would render it positive, and cause it to be attracted towards the negative pole.

On perusing these statements it occur red to me that they admitted of another explanation, and that the appearances might be connected with the chemical nature of the substances employed. I repeated Cuthbertson's experiment, and found that, when the electrical machine was in weak action, the negative surface not only became hot sooner than the positive, but that the smoke and flame of the candle were visibly attracted towards it. I now removed the candle, and substituted the flame of phosphorus, when the appearances were exactly reversed; the positive surface now became considerably warmer than the negative, and the flame and smoke of the phosphorus were powerfully directed upon it. I conceived, therefore, that the flame of the candle was attracted by the negative pole, in consequence of the carbon and hydrogen in which it abounds, and that the rapid formation of acid matter during the combustion of the phosphorus, was the cause of its attraction towards the positive pole: in short, that the appearances were consistent with the known laws of electrochemical attraction.

To ascertain the correctness of this idea, it became necessary to examine the phenomena with greater precision, and to institute the more extended series of experiments.

Regarding these experiments, as connected with electro-chemical theory, they appear to furnish a more evident proof than has hitherto been offered, of the inherent electrical states of matter, which are decidedly exhibited by the attractions and repulsions between the opposite poles; and when connected with Dr. Wollaston's researches, to which I have elsewhere ailuded, they amply demonstrate the identity in chemical powers of common and Voltaic electricity.

The attraction of acids by the positively electrified surface, and of alkalies and inflammables by that which is negatively electrified, is thus easily exhibited; and the theory which regards their mutual attractive energies, as dependent upon their opposite electrical states, confirmed by experiments, not less decisive, than those in which the Voltaic instrument was employed.

Of the former class phosphorus in slow

51

and in rapid combustion, and benzoic and of the latter the combustion of poacid, furnish the most striking instances; tassium and of camphor are excellent examples.

Some Experiments on the Combustion of the Diamond and other Carbonaceous Substances; by Sir Humphry Davy. Since it has been shown by various ac curate experiments, that the diamond and common carbonaceous substances consume nearly the same quantity of oxygen in combustion, and produce a gas having the same obvious qualities, a num ber of conjectures have been formed to explain the remarkable differences in the sensible qualities of these bodies, by supposing some minute difference in their chemical composition: these conjectures have been often discussed, it will not be necessary therefore to dwell upon

them.

During a stay that I made at Florence in the end of March, and beginning of April, I made several experiments on the combustion of the diamond, and of plumbago, by means of the great lens in the Cabinet of Natural History; the same instrument as that employed in the first trials on the action of the solar heat on the diamond, instituted by Cosmo III. Grand Duke of Tuscany; and I have since made a series of researches on the combustion of different kinds of charcoal at Rome, in the laboratory of the Academia Lyncei.

In the very first trials on the combustion of the diamond, I ascertained a circumstance that I believe has not been noticed before; namely, that the dia. mond, when strongly ignited by the lens in a thin capsule of platinum, perforated with many orifices, so as to admit a free circulation of air, continues to burn in oxygen gas, after being withdrawn from the focus. The light it affords is steady, and of so brilliant a red, as to be visible in the brightest sunshine; and the heat produced is so great, that in one experiment, in which three fragments of dianonds weighing 184 grain only were burnt, a fine wire of platinum used for attaching them to the tray was fused, and that some time after the diamonds were removed out of the focus.

From the results of different experi} ments, it appears evident, that the dia mond affords no other substance by its combustion, than pure carbonic acid gas; and that the process is merely a soTution of diamond in oxygen, without H2

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any change in the volume of the gas; for the slight absorption in the second experiment is scarcely more than a com pensation for the volume occupied by the diamonds consumed.

It is likewise evident, that in the combustion of the different kinds of char coal, water is produced; and from the diminution of the volume of the gas, there is every reason to believe, that the water is formed by the combustion of hydrogen existing in the charcoal.

The general tenor of the results of these experiments is opposed to the opi nion, that common carbonaceous substances differ from the diamond by containing oxygen; for in this case they ought to increase and not diminish the volume of oxygen: nor, on the other hand, is it favourable to the supposition that the diamond contains oxygen, for the difference in the quantity of carbonic acid produced in the different experiments, is no more than may be reasonably ascribed to the generation of water, in the combustion of the common carbonaceous substances; and the results of the experiments, to which I have referred in the beginning of this paper, on the action of potassium on the diamond, may be easily accounted for from other circumstances.

The only chemical difference perceptible between diamond and the purest charcoal, is, that the last contains a minute portion of hydrogen; but can a quantity of an element, less in some cases than o part of the weight of the substance, occasion so great a difference in physical and chemical characters? This is possible, yet it is contrary to analogy; and I am more inclined to adopt the opinion of Mr. Tennant, that the difference depends upon crystallization. Transparent solid bodies are in general non-conductors of electricity, and it is probable that the same corpuscular arrangements which give to matter the power of transmitting and polarizing light, are likewise connected with its relations to electricity; and water, the hydrates of the alkalies, and a number of other bodies which are conductors of electricity when fluid, become non-conductors in their crystallized form.

The power possessed by certain carbonaceous substances of absorbing gases, and separating colouring matters from fluids, is probably mechanical and de. pendent upon their porous nature; for

it belongs in the highest degree to vegetable and anima! charcoal, and it does not exist in plumbago, coke, or anthracolite.

The nature of the chemical difference between the diamond and other carbonaceous substances, may be demonstrated by another process, namely, igniting them in chlorine; when common well-burnt charcoal, or plumbago from Cumberland, is intensely ignited in chlorine, white fumes are immediately perceived in consequence of the production of muriatic acid gas by the hydrogen, which acid precipitates the aqueous vapour in the chlorine: but the diamond occasions no such effect. A small diamond, weighing 45 of a grain, was kept in a state of intense ignition by the great lens of the Florentine Museum, for more than half an hour; but the gas suffered no change, and the diamond had undergone no diminution of weight, and was not altered in appearance. Charcoal, after being intensely ignited in chlorine, is not altered in its conducting power or colour; and this circumstance is in favour of the opinion, that the minute quantity of hydrogen is not the cause of the great difference between the physical properties of the diamond and charcoal.

On Wednesday, the 30th of November, being St. Andrew's day, the Copleyan gold medal was presented, with an appropriate speech from the president, to James Ivory, esq. A.M. for his various mathematical communications published in theirTransactions.-Sir Isaac Newton's principles began by assuming the earth to be a homogeneous fluid; but the theory did not correspond with actual experinient. Maclaurin was the first who demonstrated that a homogeneous fluid in rotatory motion would always remain globular, and the question is now finally established by Mr. Ivory.

The society then elected, as a council and officers for the year ensuing,-the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, bart. president; Samuel Lysons, esq. treasurer and Wm. Ilyde Wollaston, M.D. and Taylor Combe, esq. secretaries. After the election the members dined together at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand.

The number of ordinary members of the Royal Society amounts, at this time, to 580, and that of foreign members to 43, making a total of 623 members.

VARIETIES,

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VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL.
Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

Authentic Communications for this Article will always be thankfully received.

MR.

R. CARTUE is preparing for speedy publication, an account of a most interesting and fortunate Operation, by which he has restored a Nose to a military gentleman who had accidentally lost his original one on foreign service. Mr. C. had mentioned, in some of his lectures, the practice of Gaspar Taliacotius, the Bolognese professor, who, in the sixteenth century, published a book on the restoration of noses, lips, and ears; and also the operations of the Hindoo cast of brickmakers, by which they, for an unknown time, have restored the noses of the victims of despotic barbarism; and had stated his opinion, that the practice was rational, and not fabulous, as many persons had been led to suppose. This doctrine of so eminent a surgeon, coming to the knowledge of the gentleman above alluded to, he determined to submit to the operation, and placed himself under Mr. Carpue's care. Ours is not a medical work, we shall therefore state, in a popular way, that a plaster-model is made of a well shaped nose, which is fitted on the ruin of the former nose. The surface is then measured, by means of paper, and the paper-shape is carried to the forehead, a piece of which is marked of the very shape. This piece is then cut round by an incision, and stripped off in the manner of a scalp, except in the narrow slip, or isthmus, which joins it to the nose, through which isthmus the circulation of the entire system is to be kept up in the scalp, and the piece thereby kept alive. The scalp is turned at the isthmus, so that the cuticle of the scalp may be come the cuticle of the nose. Incisions are then made in the cheek on each side the nose, and upper lip, into which the edges of the scalp are inserted, and in which it grows, hardens, and assumes a perfect shape. The nostrils are made afterwards, and the forehead heals while the nose is forming. Such has been the ingenious procedure of Mr. Carpue, and complete success has attended him. In the instance before us the patient has not bad occasion to take a single dose of medicine, and has experienced no inconvenience from pain. The cuticle of the forehead is now quite restored, and the nose itself is already so well formed as scarcely to he distinguished from a nas tural one. It is now three months since

the operation; but, in warm weather, Mr. C. is of opinion that the restoration would be completed in two months. His proposed work will inform the faculty of every particular which it is de sirable should be known to those who have occasion to perform the same operation, and will be illustrated with several plates. The facts we have stated prove, that, although Mr.Carpue has not the happiness to be the original discoverer of the principle which he bas practised, yet he has singular merit in conducting the operation so successfully, and is entitled to his country's gratitude for introducing, with so much intelligence, a practice that will restore to society thousands who have been driven from it by their unsightly appearance. For our part, we view, in the principle of reproduction, which this experiment so completely developes, new views of the animal economy leading to improvements in the practice both of surgery and medicine; and it justifies a senti ment which we have often pressed on the notice of the public, that there probably still exist, in the hands of the vulgar, nieriting the attention of the most enlightened, very numerous discoveries as important as that of the cow-pox.

The booksellers of London, at a public meeting, have resolved to apply to Parliament for a revision of the obnoxious and unreasonable clauses of the late act relative to Copy-right, the parti culars of which were shortly stated in our Magazine published December 1, and detailed at length in the pamphlet of Mr. Britton, in which that gentleman has ably advocated the rights of authors as well as publishers.

During the past month Mr. BACON, the sculptor, has indulged the lovers of art with a gratuitous exhibition of the great public monuments on which he has for sonic time been engaged. The chief of these are a monument of SIR JOHN MOORE, for St. Pauls; of the MARQUIS CORNWALLIS, which we represented in a late number; and two of the MARQUIS WELLESLEY, one for Bombay, and the other for Calcutta. Nothing could be more creditable to the state of sculpture in England than this exhibition, and it is gratifying to see it so liberally encouraged by the merit of the dead, and the vanity of the living. Three of the monuments destined for

India,

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