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Documents allemands relatifs à l'Origine de la Guerre. Collection complète des documents officiels rassemblés avec quelques compléments par Karl Kautsky et publiés, à la demande du ministère allemand des affaires étrangères, après révision en commun avec Karl Kautsky, par le comte Max Montgelas et le professeur Walter Schücking. Translated into French by Camille Jordan, minister plenipotentiary. Paris: Alfred Costes, 1922. Volume I: From the assassination of Serajevo to the arrival of the Serbian reply. pp. xxxiv, 339.

Volume II: From the arrival of the Serbian reply to the news of the
Russian general mobilization. pp. xiii, 243.

Volume III: From the news of the Russian general mobilization to the
declaration of war against France. pp. xviii, 217.

Volume IV: From the declaration of war against France to the AustroHungarian declaration of war against Russia (with annexes). pp. xvi, 256.

This work is a translation of the so-called Kautsky documents, originally published in German (4 volumes) at Charlottenburg in 1919 and bearing the German title Die deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch. The intrinsic historical importance of this complete collection of German documents relating to the outbreak of the war, which consists of official letters, despatches and reports passing mostly between German diplomats and high government officials during the critical days that preceded the war and which forms the fullest available set of records for this period, makes a French translation very welcome.

The formidable task of translating the voluminous work has been performed with care and accuracy by M. Camille Jordan, who has the title of minister plenipotentiary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The many footnotes of the original and the German Emperor's marginal comments have been painstakingly reproduced and supplemented here and there by translator's notes. There are complete chronological tables and lists of errata for each volume, as well as a general index. The introduction to the work by Count Montgelas and Professor Schücking has been translated by Louis Moreau, translator in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

This French version of the Kautsky documents will be followed soon by an English rendering along similar lines, to be published in connection with other German and Austrian war documents by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

EDWIN H. ZEYDEL.

Heinrich Lammasch. Seine Aufzeichnungen, sein Wirken und seine Politik. Edited by Marga Lammasch and Hans Sperl. With contributions by Hermann Bahr, author, Salzburg; Prof. Friedrich Foerster, Berne; Prof. George D. Herron, United States; Marga Lammasch, of the League of Nations Bureau, Geneva; Prof. Otfried Nippold, President of the Supreme Court of Sarrelouis; Prof. Josef Redlich, former minister of finance, Vienna; Prof. Theodor Rittler, Innsbruck; Jonkheer A. F. de SavorninLohman, former minister of the interior, The Hague; President Franz Schumacher, Innsbruck; and Prof. Hans Sperl, Vienna; with a portrait of Heinrich Lammasch. Vienna and Leipzig: Franz Deuticke. 1922. pp. iv, 228.

When Heinrich Lammasch died on January 7, 1920, his native Austria and the world in general lost one of the ablest scholars in the field of international law, one of the firmest believers in the judicial settlement of international disputes and a judge experienced in dealing most impartially with great and important differences between the nations.

The memorial volume on Lammasch which has now appeared is an interesting and valuable collection of appreciative and reminiscent articles by friends of the deceased scholar, dealing with various aspects of his great life work, and of posthumous papers prepared for publication by Lammasch just before his death.

A short foreword by Prof. Sperl of Vienna is followed by a sketch on Heinrich Lammasch as a man, written by his daughter Marga. It depicts him as the reserved, retiring scholar that he was, unusually amiable, mildmannered and unassuming, although an ardent champion of his beliefs, whose critical, sceptical mind was only mellowed by the years. Her close association with and great attachment to the man enable the writer to give us a most intimate picture of her distinguished father's character. This picture is well supplemented by what Hermann Bahr, the Austrian dramatist, says about Lammasch as a lover of real peace, in contradistinction to the faint-hearted pacifist.

These articles are followed by five papers mostly of a general nature from the pen of Lammasch himself. The first one deals with the writer's life during the period from 1899 to 1905 and covers the first Hague Conference of 1899, Lammasch's call to the Austrian House of Lords, and the Venezuela and Mascat arbitrations, in which he played a prominent part. The paper contains very valuable personal reminiscences and incisive character sketches of the leading men of the first Conference. Of the members of the American delegation to this Conference, the writer admires especially Mr. Holls. A second paper on the second Hague Conference of 1907 supplements the author's article on the same subject in Niemeyer's Zeitschrift für internationales Recht, vol. 26, p. 153 ff. and gives an illuminating insight into the Austrian preparations for the Conference and the inside history of the part

played by the Austrian delegation during the Conference. Lammasch is frank in his exposition. He does not hesitate to speak of the friction caused in his own delegation by his opposition to the German-Austrian attitude, in particular the spirit of animosity harbored by Count Merey against the United States. He mentions also the unfortunate impression created by the Conference in neglecting to appoint an American as president of one of the commissions and he gives a critical estimate of the personnel of the various delegations. On the whole, he speaks disparagingly of the American delegation, chiding Mr. Choate for his ignorance of French and Mr. Porter because of his alleged incompetency for carrying out his mission in the Conference. But he praises Mr. Hill for his hospitality and says of the technical delegate Dr. Scott: "In many respects, just as in 1899, the soul of the American delegation was that member who had no vote and was not a plenipotentiary, namely Professor James Brown Scott, as in 1899 Mr. Holls; he was just as agile and quicksilverish as the delegation's head, Choate, was cumbersome. Toward the outside, surely, he was the most prominent member."

Another article by Lammasch dealing with the arbitral awards of The Hague gives the historian considerable data, mostly of a personal nature, on the Venezuela, Mascat and Orinoco cases, adding to the material which is already available on the subject. A paper on Archduke Franz Ferdinand discloses the personal relations of Lammasch to the assassinated heir apparent to the throne of the Monarchy, and a final article describes the interesting but fruitless efforts of Lammasch to secure peace through President Wilson in the late winter of 1917-18 by means of conversations with the American publicist George D. Herron, living in self-exile in Geneva. This incident is also treated by Herron himself in an English article.

The five essays of Lammasch are followed by additional papers of friends. Jonkheer A. F. de Savornin-Lohman writes in terms of the highest praise on Lammasch as president of the courts of arbitration in the Mascat and North Atlantic Fisheries cases. Prof. Rittler of Innsbruck deals with Lammasch as a teacher of criminal law, his chosen field, in which he excelled particularly. Otfried Nippold has contributed a lengthy appreciative article on Lammasch as a scholar in international law and an advocate of genuine peace. The last and most tragic part of Lammasch's life, his short incumbency as prime minister of Austria in the critical autumn days of 1918, which presents the pathetic spectacle of Lammasch being entrusted with the destiny of his country after it had gone to ruin precisely because the theories which he had advocated all his life had been ignored, and his short-lived participation in the negotiations at St. Germain as a member of the Austrian peace delegation, is depicted by Prof. Redlich and Franz Schumacher, respectively.

A paper by Prof. Sperl on Lammasch in academic life, reminiscences by Prof. Foerster and a short note by Marga Lammasch on her father's last days conclude the volume.

There is a useful bibliography of Prof. Lammasch's complete works, books as well as articles, covering eight pages. The volume, attractively gotten up and containing a good portrait of Lammasch, is worthy of the memory of the most distinguished Austrian jurist of the present age.

EDWIN H. ZEYDEL.

An Introduction to the Study of International Organization. By Pitman B. Potter, Ph.D. New York: The Century Company. 1922. p. 647. $4.00.

This contribution to the literature on international law of Professor Potter is most valuable and interesting. There is no subject that has a greater importance in contemporary international relations than the question of international organization. In starting his analysis, the author gives a short but concise review of historical events and of the gradual development of the modern state-system (Part I) and diplomacy (Part II). The student of international relations can get in these chapters a fair idea of the evolution of diplomatic intercourse, of its organization and practice and a well-thought out criticism of the modern system. In Part III and IV the author describes the contemporary treaty system and international arbitration. A slight criticism might be made, however, about Chapter XIII. Good offices and mediation are not very clearly defined, nor distinguished from one another, and thus will be apt to confound any student who is not sufficiently wellequipped in international law. The history of the Hague system and the following Part V (on international administration) are, on the contrary, lucid and very satisfactory, giving a vivid picture of the whole matter.

In Part V Professor Potter endeavors to sketch the history of international conferences, including in his narrative the most recent events concerning the Versailles Treaty and winding it up with a chapter on the problem of peace and its relation to international organization (XXII). These three chapters and the following Part VII (on international federation) are probably the most valuable part of the book. There is much new material

in them and many of the questions are discussed in such details as never before. The author does not omit to mention the juristic theories concerning the idea of a possible international federation. Two suggestions, however, occur to the reviewer in this respect: First, that the author did not pay sufficient attention to the recent developments in the British Empire; the history of the Imperial Conferences of Great Britain gives invaluable material for the study of any possible federations, national or international. And secondly, that he somewhat underrates the former influence of the very pernicious formula of "Rebus sic stantibus," which was continually undermining the agreements of the nineteenth century.

The concluding two chapters (XXVIII and XXIX) are devoted to the League of Nations and the organization of 1921. Perhaps on account of

the events being too recent, the author's narrative becomes a little too sketchy and some of his statements do not find sufficient corroboration in the present-day conditions of Europe. Finally, in a long appendix, Professor Potter gives the necessary documents, illustrating his text and very useful to the student of international relations.

There could possibly be made one general remark concerning the volume of Professor Potter. It seems mainly not very well balanced in the distribution of material which he analyzes and interprets. There are two distinct parts in his work,-treaties and international relations in the technical meaning of the term, and the question of federation or organization. Both are equally important, but likewise complicated. If they are discussed parallel, as in the present volume, one of them is apt to suffer, and this is what seems to have happened to the first one, because the second one (international organization) has so evidently the sympathy of the author. This criticism however is in no way meant to detract from the very great merits of the work in general. The volume is most stimulating and inspiring, being a decided step forward in the realization of our ideal of a future international organization standing for peace and friendship among the nations of the world.

S. A. KORFF.

The American Philosophy of Government. By Alpheus Henry Snow. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. pp. 485.

In addition to the valuable report prepared by Mr. Snow for the Department of State and recently published under the title of The Question of Aborigines in the Law and Practice of Nations, a further volume of collected papers is now forthcoming which must enhance the esteem in which his name will be held by students of international law. The papers included in the present volume cover a period of some fifteen years, and deal not so much with the American philosophy of government as an internal question of domestic administration, as with the problem of adjusting American political ideals to the necessary relations of international life.

A single thread of principle runs through the opinions of the author on the various subjects treated. The primary object of all government, Mr. Snow holds, is the protection of the fundamental rights of the citizen. These rights are not peculiar to citizens of the United States; they are universal and "unalienable"; they are the law "made by human society as an organized unitary community" (p. 23); and in consequence the American philosophy of government is international as well as national. The protection of individual rights is to be secured by establishing a government of limited constitutional powers, bound by a higher law than its own immediate will, and so checked and balanced in the distribution of its powers as to be practically incapable of tyranny.

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