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907. Howel Dha, or Hywel Dda, the Good, 1160. Griffith, or Grufydd ab Meredydd.
prince of all Wales.
948. Owen ap Howel Dha, or Owain ap 1256. Gwenwinwin, or Gwenwynwyn.
Hywel Dda, his son.
1256. Owain ab Grufydd.

WALES, PRINCE OF. The first prince of this title was Edward, the son of Edward I., who was born in Carnarvon castle on the 25th April, 1284. Immediately after his birth he was presented by his father to the Welsh chieftains as their future

* At the commencement of the civil war of the 17th century, Pembroke castle was the only Welsh fortress in the possession of the parliament, and it was entrusted to the command of colonel Langharne. In 1647, this officer and colonels Powel and Poyer embraced the cause of the king, and made Pembroke their head-quarters; and after their disastrous defeat at the battle of St. Fagan's, they retired to the castle, followed by an army led by Cromwell in person. Here they were besieged, and at length capitulated, the garrison having endured great sufferings from want of water. Langbarne, Powel, and Poyer were tried by a court-martial, and condemned to death; but Cromwell having been induced to spare the lives of two of them, it was ordered that they should draw lots for the favour, and three papers were folded up, on two of which were written the words "Life given by God," and the third was left blank. The latter was drawn by colonel Poyer, who was shot accordingly, on the above day.-Pennant. Hist. of Pembroke.

sovereign, the king holding up the royal infant in his arms, and saying, in the Welsh language, "Eich Dyn," literally in English "This your man," but signifying, "This is your countryman and king." These words were afterwards changed, or corrupted, as some historians assert, to "Ich Dien," which is the motto attached to the arms of the princes of Wales to this day. Owing to the premature death of his elder brother, this prince succeeded to the throne of England, by the title of Edward II., in 1307.-Myvyrian Archæology. Hist. Wales. For another and

very different account of the origin of the motto "Ich Dien," see the article under that head.

WALES, PRINCESS OF. This title was held during the earlier period of her life by the princess Mary of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII., and afterwards queen Mary I. She was created by her father princess of Wales, in order to conciliate the Welsh people and keep alive the name, and was the first and only princess of Wales in her own right, a rank she enjoyed until the birth of a son to Henry, who was afterwards Edward VI., born in 1537.

WALLIS' VOYAGE. Captain Wallis set sail from England on his voyage round the world, July 26, 1766; and accomplishing his voyage, be returned to England May 20, 1768, a period of less than two years.-See Circumnavigators.

WALLOONS. The people who fled to England from the persecution of the cruel duke of Alva, the governor of the Low Countries for Philip II. of Spain. On account of the duke's religious proscriptions, those countries revolted from Philip, 1566.— Mariana's Hist. of Spain. The Walloons were well received in England. A large Protestant church was given to them by queen Elizabeth, at Canterbury, and many of their posterity still remain in this part of England.-Pardon. WALNUT-TREE. This tree has existed a long time in England. Near Welwyn, in Hertfordshire, there was the largest walnut-tree on record; it was felled in 1627, and from it were cut nineteen loads of planks: and as much was sold to a gunsmith in London as cost 101. carriage; besides which there were thirty loads of roots and branches. When standing, it covered seventy-six poles of ground; consequently this tree covered a space equal to 2299 square yards statute measure. A sitting-room twelve feet in diameter was lately shown in London, hollowed from an American walnut-tree, eighty feet in the trunk, and 150 feet in the branches. The black walnut-tree (Juglans nigra) was brought to these countries from North America before 1629.

WALPOLE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. Mr. Walpole (afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Orford) became first lord of the treasury in 1715. He resigned, on a disunion of the cabinet, in 1717, bringing in the sinking-fund bill on the day of his resignation. Resumed as head of the ministry, on the earl of Sunderland retiring, in 1721; and continued as premier until 1742, when his administration was finally shaken by its unpopular endeavours for some time previously to maintain peace with Spain. WANDERING JEW. The following is the strange account given of this personage. -His original name was Calaphilus, Pontius Pilate's porter. When they were dragging Jesus out of the door of the Judgment-hall, he struck him on the back, saying, "Go faster, Jesus! go faster; why dost thou linger? "' Upon which Jesus looked on him with a frown, and said, "I am indeed going; but thou shalt tarry till I come." Soon after he was converted, and took the name of Joseph. He lives for ever; but at the end of every hundred years falls into a fit or trance, upon which when he recovers, he returns to the same state of youth he was in when our Saviour suffered, being about thirty years of age. He always preserves the utmost gravity of deportment. He was never seen to smile. He perfectly remembers the death and resurrection of Christ.-Calmet's Hist. of the Bible.

WANDSWORTH. In this village, near London, was established the first place of worship for Dissenters in England, Nov. 20, 1572. And in Garret-lane, near this place, a mock election was formerly held, after every general election of parliament, of a mayor of Garret; to which Foote's dramatic piece of that name (the Mayor of Garratt), gave no small celebrity.

WARBECK'S INSURRECTION. Perkin Warbeck, the son of a Florentine Jew, to whom Edward IV. had stood godfather, was persuaded by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sister to Richard III., to personate her nephew Richard, Edward V.'s brother, which he did first in Ireland, where he landed, 1492. The imposture was discovere

by Henry VII., 1493. Made an attempt to land in Kent with 600 men, when 150 were taken prisoners and executed, 1495. Recommended by the king of France to James IV. of Scotland, who gave him his kinswoman, Lord Huntley's daughter, in marriage, the same year. James IV. invaded England in his favour, 1496. Left Scotland, and went to Bodmin, in Cornwall, where 3000 joined him, and he took the title of Richard IV., 1497. Taken prisoner by Henry VII., 1498. Set in the stocks at Westminster and Cheapside, and sent to the Tower, 1499. Plotted with the earl of Warwick to escape out of the Tower, by murdering the lieutenant, for which he was hanged at Tyburn, 1499.

WARE, GREAT Bed of. In the town of Ware, Herts, at a public inn, was the celebrated bed called the great bed of Ware. It was twelve feet square, and it is said that forty people could sleep at a time in it. The only method possible, however, to realise this seems to be to place them in a circle with their feet to the centre. WARS. War is called by Erasmus "the malady of princes." Scriptural writers date the first war as having been begun by the impious son of Cain, 3563 B.C. Osymandyas of Egypt was the first warlike king; he passed into Asia, and conquered Bactria, 2100 B.C.-Usher. He is supposed by some to be the Osiris of the priests. The most famous siege recorded in the annals of antiquity was that of Troy, 1193—1184 B.C. The longest siege was that of Azoth, 647 B.C. The most famous sortie was that of the Platæans from their city, 428 B.C. It is computed that from the beginning of the world to the present time, no less than 6,860,000,000 of men have perished in the field of battle, being about seven times as many of the human species as now inhabit our whole earth.

WARS, CIVIL, OF GREAT BRITAIN. The most remarkable civil wars of Great Britain are the following:-That of A.D. 1215-16. The war of the barons against Henry III., 1265; of the usurpation of Henry IV., 1400; of the White and Red Roses, or houses of York and Lancaster, from 1452 to 1471. The war between Richard III. and Henry VII., 1485. The war against Charles I. from 1642 to 1651. The Scottish civil war under the Pretender, 1715-16; that under the Young Pretender, 1745. In Ireland, that under Tyrone, 1599; under O'Neill, 1641; and that produced by the great rebellion, 1798.-See Rebellions, &c. WARS, FOREIGN, OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The wars in France, in which England was involved for nearly two centuries, arose from the dukes of Normandy being kings of England. They held Normandy as a fief of the crown of France; and when William I. conquered England, it became an English province, but was lost in the reign of king John, 1204. Our wars with France were many: the English princes gained bloody victories at Cressy, Poictiers, and Agincourt; but they were finally driven out of France in the reign of our Henry VI., and lost Calais, by surprise, in the reign of Mary. It was to the English people a fortunate loss; but the rival policy and interests of the two governments have, ever since then, caused half as many years of war as of peace.-See the countries respectively, Battles, &c.

FOREIGN WARS OF GREAT BRITAIN SINCE THE CONQUEST.
Peace

War with Scotiand, 1068

1092 | War with Scotland, 1542

Peace

1546

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The general peace of Ryswick between England, Germany, Holland, France, and Spain, was signed by the ministers of these powers, at the palace of Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697. It concluded this last war.

WARS, FOREIGN, OF GREAT BRITAIN-continued.

THE GREAT MODERN AND EXPENSIVE WARS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
War with France, Feb. 6, 1778.
Paris, Jan. 20, 1783.

War of the Succession, commenced May 4,
1702. Peace of Utrecht, March 13, 1713.
War with Spain, Dec. 16, 1718. Peace con-
cluded, 1721.

War; the Spanish War, Oct. 23, 1739. Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, April 30, 1748.
War with France, March 31, 1744. Closed
also on April 30, 1748.

War; the Seven years' war, June 9, 1756.
Peace of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763.

War with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762. General peace
of, Feb. 10, 1763.

War with America, July 14, 1774. Peace of
Paris, Nov. 30, 1782.

Peace of

War with Spain, April 17, 1780. Closed same time, Jan. 20, 1783.

War with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. Peace signed, Sept. 2, 1783.

War of the Revolution, Feb. 1, 1793. Peace of Amiens, March 27, 1802.

War against Buonaparte, April 29, 1803. Fi-
nally closed, June 18, 1815.

War with America, June 18, 1812. Peace of
Ghent, Dec. 24. 1814.

For the wars with India and China, see those
countries respectively.

In the war against Buonaparte, the great powers of Europe leagued sometimes with, and sometimes against Great Britain. England spent 65 years in war, and 62 in peace, in the 127 years previous to the close of the last war in 1815. In the war of 1688, we spent 36 millions sterling; in the war of the Spanish Succession, 62 millions; in the Spanish war, 54 millions; in the Seven Years' war, 112 millions; in the American war, 136 millions; in the war of the French Revolution, 464 millions; and in the war against Buonaparte, 1159 millions; thus forming a total expenditure for war, in 127 years (from the Revolution in 1688 to the downfal of Napoleon in 1815), of 2023 millions of pounds sterling. M. de Pradt estimates the loss of life sustained by the French forces in the six campaigns of the Peninsular war at six hundred thousand men. The loss sustained by the Spaniards and their allies was probably as great. During the war many districts of the Peninsula were from time to time laid waste by the contending armies, and the inhabitants were victims to all the calamities and horrors thus produced. The total destruction of human beings in this last war must have amounted to one million two hundred thousand. WARSAW. Late the metropolis of Poland. The diet was transferred to this city from Cracow, in 1566. Warsaw surrendered to Charles XII. in 1703. It has been a great prey to war of late years. In the beginning of 1794, the empress of Russia put a garrison into this city, in order to compel the Poles to acquiesce in the usurpations she had in view; but this garrison was expelled by the citizens, with the loss of 2000 killed and 500 wounded, and 36 pieces of cannon, April 17, 1794. The king of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July 1794, but was compelled to raise the siege in September, same year. It was taken by the Russians in the November following. See next article. Warsaw was constituted a duchy and annexed to the house of Saxony in August 1807; but the duchy was overrun by the Russians in 1813, and soon afterwards Warsaw again became the residence of a Russian viceroy. The late Polish revolution commenced here, November 29, 1830. See Poland. WARSAW, BATTLES OF. The Poles suffered a great defeat in a battle with the Russians, October 10, 12, 1794; and Suwarrow, the Russian general, after the siege and destruction of Warsaw, cruelly butchered 30,000 Poles, of all ages and conditions, in cold blood, Nov. 8, 1794. The battle preceding the surrender was very bloody; of 26,000 men, more than 10,000 were killed, nearly 10,000 were made prisoners, and 2000 only escaped the fury of the merciless conqueror. Battle of Growchow, near Warsaw, in which the Russians were defeated, and forced to retreat with the loss of 7000 men, Feb. 20, 1831. Battle of Warsaw, when, after two days' hard fighting, the city capitulated, and was taken possession of by the Russians. Great part of the Polish army retired towards Plock and Modlin. This last battle was fought Sept. 7 and 8, 1831.

WARSAW, TREATIES OF. The treaty of alliance of Warsaw, between Austria and Poland, against Turkey, in pursuance of which John Sobieski assisted in raising the siege of Vienna (on the 18th of September following), signed March 31, 1683. Treaty of Warsaw, between Russia and Poland, Feb. 24, 1768.

WASHINGTON. The capital of the United States, founded in 1791, and first made the seat of government in 1800. The house of representatives was opened for the first time, May 30, 1808. Washington was taken in the late war by the British

forces under general Ross, when all its superb national structures were consumed by a general conflagration, the troops not sparing even the national library, August 24, 1814. General Ross was soon afterwards killed by some American riflemen, in a desperate engagement at Baltimore, Sept. 12, following.-See United States. WASTE LANDS. The inclosure of waste lands and commons, in order to promote agriculture, first began in England about the year 1547, and gave rise to Ket's rebellion, 1549. Inclosures again promoted by the authority of parliament, 1785. The waste lands in England were estimated in 1794 to amount to 14 millions of acres, of which there were taken into cultivation, 2,837,476 acres before June 1801. There are now about 6,700,000 acres of waste land, of which more than half is capable of improvement. See Agriculture.

WATCH OF LONDON. The nightly watch of London was first appointed 38 Henry III., 1253. This species of protection was not thought of previously to that year.Stowe's Chron. Watchmen were first appointed in London with a bell, with which they proclaimed the hour of the night before the introduction of public clocks.— Hardie. The old watch were discontinued, and a new force commenced duty, Sept. 29, 1829. See Police.

WATCHES. They are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg, a.d. 1477; although it is affirmed that Robert, king of Scotland, had a watch about A.D. 1310. Watches were first used in astronomical observations by Purbach, 1500. Authors assert that the emperor Charles V. was the first who had anything that might be called a watch, though some call it a small table-clock, 1530. Watches were first brought to England from Germany, in 1577.-Hume. Spring pocket-watches (watches properly so called) have had their invention ascribed to Dr. Hooke by the English, and to M. Huygens by the Dutch. Dr. Derham, in his Artificial Clockmaker, says that Dr. Hooke was the inventor; and he appears certainly to have produced what is called the pendulum watch. The time of this invention was about 1658; as is manifest, among other evidences, from an inscription on one of the double-balance watches presented to Charles II., viz., “Rob. Hooke inven. 1658. T. Tompion fecit, 1675." Repeating watches were invented by Barlowe, 1676. Harrison's time-piece was invented in 1735; improved 1739, 1749, and 1753. In 1759, he made the time-piece which procured him the reward of 20,0007, offered by the Board of Longitude, 1763. Watches and clocks were taxed in 1797. The tax was repealed in 1798. See Clocks.

WATER. Thales of Miletus, founder of the Ionic sect, looked upon water (as also did Homer, and several of the ancient philosophers) as being the original principle of everything besides, about 594 B.C.-Stanley. It is the universal drink of man. The ancients usually diluted their wines with much water; and Hesiod prescribes three measures of water to one of wine in summer.-Madame Dacier. In the Roman church water was first mixed with the sacramental wine, A.D. 122.-Lenglet. "Honest water is too weak to be a sinner; it never left a man in the mire."-Shakspeare. WATER IN LONDON. Water was first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21 Henry III., 1237.-Stowe. It took near fifty years to complete it; the whole being finished, and Cheapside conduit erected, only in 1285. The New River water was brought to London from Amwell in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense, by sir Hugh Middleton, in 1613. The city was supplied with its water, by conveyances of wooden pipes in the streets and small leaden ones to the houses, and the New River Company incorporated, 1620. So late as queen Anne's time there were watercarriers at Aldgate pump. London is now supplied by eight companies. The water-works at Chelsea were completed, and the company incorporated, 1722. London-bridge ancient waterworks were destroyed by fire, Oct. 29, 1779. WATER-CLOCKS. The first instruments used to measure the lapse of time, independently of the sunshine, were clepsydra, or water-clocks. These were most probably vessels of water, with a small hole through the bottom: through this hole the water ran out in a certain time, possibly an hour; after which the vessel was again filled to be emptied as before. This invention was a manifest improvement on the old sun-dials, whose perpendicular gnomon gave hours of different length at the various seasons of the year. Something similar to the hour-glass was occasionally used; and our Alfred, probably ignorant of these methods, adopted the burning of a taper as a measure of time.

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