Post-office Directory for London, published by Kelly & Co. since 1800. County directories and trade now published.

Post-office Money-orders Acts, 11 & 12 Vict. c. 88 (1848), 43 & 44 Vict. c. 33 (1880).

Posts, said to have originated in the regular couriers established by Cyrus, who erected post-houses throughout the kingdom of Persia, about 550 B.C. Augustus was the first who introduced this institution among the Romans, 31 B.C. This was imitated by Charlemagne about A.D. 800.-Ashe. Louis XI. first established posthouses in France owing to his eagerness for news, and they were the first institution of this nature in Europe, 1470.-Hénault. An international commission respecting postal arrangements met at Paris, 11 May, and broke up 9 June, 1863.

Potassium, a remarkable metal, discovered by Humphry Davy, who first succeeded in separating it from its oxide, potash, by means of a powerful voltaic battery, in the laboratory of the Royal Institution, Lon

don, about 19 Oct. 1807; and also the metals Sodium from soda, and Calcium from lime, etc. The alkalies and earths had been previously regarded as simple substances. Potassium ignites on contact with moisture.

Potatoes, natives of Chili and Peru, generally considered to have been brought to England from Santa Fé, in America, by sir John Hawkins, 1565. Others ascribe their introduction to sir Francis Drake in 1586; their general introduction, 1592. Their first culture in Ireland is referred to sir Walter Raleigh, who had large estates in that country, about Youghal, in the county of Cork. It is said that potatoes were not known in Flanders until 1620. A fine kind of potato was first brought from Amer

ica by Mr. Howard, who cultivated it at Cardington, near Bedford, 1765; and its culture became general soon after. The failure of the potato crop in Ireland several years, especially in 1846, caused famine, to which succeeded pestilent disease, of which multitudes died; among them many priests and physicians. Parliament voted ten millions sterling; and several countries of Europe, and the United States of America, forwarded provisions and other succors; see Ireland. In 1868 it was reported that in England and Wales 500,000 acres, and in Ireland 1,000,000 acres, were under cultivation for potatoes. Potato disease prevailed greatly in England, autumn of 1872. In consequence, the value of potatoes imported in 1872 was 1,654,2407.; in 1871, only 225,7327.; in 1877, 7,964,840 cwt., value 2,348,749. Temporary alarm respecting the American Colorado beetle, or bug, autumn, 1876. Acres cultivated for potatoes in Great Britain in 1867, 492,217; 1871, 627,691; 1877, 512,471.

[Mr. W. Carruthers considers that the disease did not appear in Britain before 1844; Mr. Thiselton Dyer thinks that it did.] International potato exhibition, Crystal Palace, 17, 18 Sept. Rain and want of sunshine greatly injured the crops in 1879. Report of a select committee on the failure of the potato crop, Aug. 1880.

1879.

7th annual potato show (the 1st, 1874) at the Crystal Palace, very good, 23 Sept. 1880.

Potidæa, a town in Macedonia, a tributary of Athens, against which it revolted 432 B.C., but submitted in 429. It was taken from the Athenians, after three years' siege, by Philip II. of Macedon in 358 B.C.

Potomac, see United States, Aug. 1861.

Potosi (Peru). Silver-mines here were discovered by the Spaniards in 1545; they are in a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf.

Potsdam (near Berlin), the Versailles of Prussia. It was made an arsenal in 1721. Here is situated the palace of Sans-souci (built 1660-73), embellished by Frederick II., and occupied by Napoleon I. in Oct. 1806; and the new palace, the residence of prince Frederick William and his wife, the princess royal of England,

married 25 Jan. 1858.

Pottery and Porcelain. The manufacture of earthenware (the ceramic art) existed among the Jews as an honorable occupation (see 1 Chron. iv. 23), and the power of the potter over the clay as a symbol of the power of God is described by Jeremiah, 605 B.C. (ch. xviii.). Earthenware was made by the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, Etruscans, and Romaus. The Majolica, Raffaelle, or Umbrian ware of the fifteenth century was probably introduced into Italy from the Moors from Majorca. Raffaelle and other artists made designs for this ware.

twelfth century.

..about 1688

Pottery manufactured at Beauvais, in France, in the Enamelled pottery made at St. Cloud.. Luca della Robbia (born about 1410) applied tin enamel to terra-cotta. Fayence ware was made in France by PORCELAIN, formed of earth kaolin, was made in China Bernard Palissy (died 1589) and his family. in the second century after Christ. Chinese porcelain is mentioned in histories of the sixteenth century, when it was introduced into England, and eagerly sought after.

Porcelain made at Bow, near London, early in the eighBirch's "History of Ancient Pottery" (1858); Marryat's teenth century, and at Chelsea before...

"History of Pottery and Porcelain, Mediæval and Modern" (1857); and Brongniart's "Arts Céramiques," are valuable works.

1698

London, Jan. 1853, when nearly 1000 cocks were exhibited; and similar exhibitions have been held at the Crystal palace since.

Poultry Compter (London) was one of the most noted of the old city prisons. The compter of Wood street belonged to the sheriff of London, and was made a prison-house in 1555. This latter and Broad-street compter were rebuilt in 1667. The Giltspur-street prison, built to supply the place of the old city compters, was pulled down in 1855. The Poultry chapel was erected on the site of the Poultry compter in 1819.-Leigh. Pound (from the Latin pondus). The value of the Roman pondo is not precisely known, though some suppose it was equivalent to an Attic mina, or 3l. 4s. 7d. The pound sterling was in Saxon times, about 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present.-Peacham. Our avoirdupois pound weight came from the French, and contains sixteen ounces; it is in proportion to our troy weight as seventeen to fourteen; see under Standard.

Powdering the Hair, see Hair-powder. Power-looms, see Looms and Cotton. Poynings's Law, named after sir Edward Poynings, lord deputy of Ireland at the time of its passing, at Drogheda, 13 Sept. 1494. By this law all legislation in the Irish parliament was confined to matters first approved of by the king and the English council. The act was repealed, together with the English Declaratory act of 6 Geo. I. and other obnoxious Irish statutes, April,

1782.

Præmonstratensian Order, or WHITE CANONS, founded in 1120 by Norbert, a monk, at Pré Montré, near Laon. Its first house in England was founded by Peter de Gousla, or Gousel, at Newsham, in Lincolnshire, 1143-Tunner; according to others in 1146. The order spread widely through England soon after. The house at Newsham was dedicated to St. Mary and St. Martial. -Lewis.

Præmunire, Law of.

This law (which obtained its name from the first two words “Præmoneri," or "Præmuniri facias," "Cause to be forewarned," which is applied to any offence in the way of contempt of the sovereign or his government), derived its origin from the aggressive power of the pope in England. The offence introduced a foreign power into the land, and created an imperium in imperio. The first statute of præmunire was enacted 35 Edward I. 1306.-Coke. The pope bestowed most of the bishoprics, abbeys, etc., before they were void, upon favorites, on pretence of providing the church with better qualified successors before the vacancies occurred. To put a stop to these encroachments, Edward III. enacted a statute in 1353. The statute commonly referred to as the statute of Præmunire is 16 Richard II. 1392. Several similar enactments followed. The assertion that parliament is independent of the soyereign was declared a præmunire, 1661.

Prætorian Guards, instituted by the emperor Augustus (13 B.C.); their numbers enlarged by Tiberius, Vitellius, and their successors. At first supporters of the imperial tyrants, they eventually became their masters, actually putting up the diadem for sale (as in March, A.D. 193, when it was bought by Didius Julianus). They committed many atrocities, and were finally disbanded by Constantine in 312.

ers.

ated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12; till, in the decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers were reduced to three.

Praga, a suburb of Warsaw, where a bloody battle was fought, 4 Nov. 1794; 30,000 Poles were killed by the Russian general Suwarrow. Near here, on 25 Feb. 1831, the Poles, commanded by Skrznecki, defeated the Russians, under gen. Giemsar, who lost 4000 killed and wounded, 6000 prisoners, and 12 pieces of cannon.

Pragmatic Sanction, an ordinance relating to church and state affairs. The ordinances of the kings of France are thus called; in one the rights of the Gallican church were asserted against the usurpation of the pope in the choice of bishops by Charles VII. in 1438. The Pragmatic Sanction for settling the empire of Germany in the house of Austria, 1439. The emperor Charles VI. published the Pragmatic Sanction, whereby, in default of male issue, his daughters should succeed in preference to the daughters of his brother Joseph I., 19 April, 1713; and he settled his dominions on his daughter Maria Theresa, in conformity thereto, 1723. She succeeded in Oct. 1740; but it gave rise to a war in which most of the powers of Europe were engaged, and which lasted till 1748.

Prague, the capital of Bohemia (which see). The old city was founded about 759; the new city rebuilt in 1348 by the emperor Charles IV., who made it his capital and erected a university. Prague has suffered much by war.

Prague taken by the Swedes in 1648, and by the French
in 1741; they left it....
Taken by the king of Prussia; obliged to abandon it.... 1744
Great battle of Prague (the Austrians defeated by prince
Henry of Prussia, and their whole camp taken; their
commander, gen. Braun, mortally wounded, and the
Prussian marshal Schwerin killed).
Insurrection in Prague; soon suppressed

.6 May, 1757 June, 1848

A treaty of peace between Austria and Prussia signed at Prague (by its articles Austria consented to the breaking-up of the Germanic confederation, and to Prussia's annexing Hanover, Hesse-Cassel. Nassau, and Frankfort; and gave up Holstein, and her political influence in North Germany; and North Schleswig to Denmark if the people vote for it-the last not carried out), 23 Aug. 1866; abrogated.. .. Feb. 1879

Riots; marshal Krause appointed governor about 10 July, 1881

Praguerie, WAR OF (so named from Prague, then celebrated for its civil disorders); the revolt of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI., against his father, Charles VII., aided by Alexander, the bastard of Bourbon, and other nobles. It was soon quelled; Louis was exiled, and Alexander put to death by drowning, July, 1440.

Prairial Insurrection AT PARIS. On 1, 2, 3 Prairial, year 3 (20, 21, 22 April, 1795), the faubourgs rose against the Directory, and were quelled by the military. Praise God Barebones' Parliament, see Barebones.

Praslin Murder. The duchesse de Choiseul-Pras

She was the

lin was murdered by her husband, the duc de Praslin, at his own house, in Paris, 17 Aug. 1847. only daughter of the celebrated marshal Sebastiani, the mother of nine children, and in her forty-first year. Circumstances were so managed by him as to give it the appearance of being the act of another. During the arrangements for the trial, the duke took poison.

Prayer-book, see Common Prayer. The Prayerbook and Homily Society, London, was founded in 1812.

Prayers. "Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord" (Gen. iv. 26), 3875 B.C. The mode of praying with the face to the east was instituted by pope Boniface II., A.D. 532. Prayers for the dead, first introduced into the Christian church about 190, are now advocated by ministers of the English church, 1872. Prayers addressed to the Virgin Mary and to saints are said to have been introduced by pope Gregory, 593; see

or collegiate church, who receives an income termed prebenda for officiating at stated times. The office slightly differs from that of a canon.

odists.

Prehistoric Archæology began in Sweden, and was first systematized by Mr. Nillson. Daniel Wilson's "Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland," published 1851. An international congress for treating prehistorical subjects met at Neufchâtel in 1866, and at Paris in 1867. At the third meeting at Norwich, Aug. 1858, it assumed the name of "International Congress for Prehistoric Archæology," and published its transactions in 1869. A meeting was held at Stockholm 7-14 Aug. 1874; see Burrows, Man, and Ancient Monuments. Sir John Lubbock divides prehistoric archæology into four great epochs: 1. The Drift or Palæolithic or old stone age; 2. The Neolithic or polished stone age; 3. The Bronze age; 4. The Iron age, when bronze was superseded. — (1880.) Pre-Raphaelite School, a name given about 1850 to J. E. Millais, Wm. Holman Hunt, D. G. Rossetti, and other artists, who opposed the routine conventionality of academic teaching, and resolved to study nature as it appeared to them, and not as it appeared in the antique. For a short time they published "The Germ, or Art and Poetry," beginning in 1850. Their works have been much criticised, but their influence has been beneficial. Their principles are much advocated by the great art-critic, John Ruskin.

Prerogative Court, in which formerly all wills were proved, and all administrations taken; which belonged to the archbishop of Canterbury by his prerogative, a judge being appointed by him to decide disputes.* Appeals from this court, previously to the pope, were commanded to be made to the king in chancery, 1533; to the privy council in 1830–2. This court was abolished, and the Probate Court established in 1857. Sir John Dodson, the last judge, died in 1858.

Prerogative Royal. In England the sovereign is the supreme magistrate, and it is a maxim that he can do no wrong. He is the head of the established church, of the army and navy, and the fountain of office, honor, and privilege; but is subject to the laws, unless exempted by name. The royal prerogatives were greatly exceeded by several despotic sovereigns, such as Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. Elizabeth used the phrase "We, of our royal prerogative, which we will not have argued or brought in question" (1591). James I. told his parliament "that as it was blasphemy to question what the Almighty could do of his power, so it was sedition to inquire what a king could do by virtue of his prerogative." These extreme doctrines were nullified by the revolution of 1688, and the exercise of the prerogative is now virtually subject to parliament; see Lords.

Presburg, the ancient capital of Hungary, where the diets were held and the kings crowned. On 26 Dec.

*The records date from 1383; but the testamentary jurisdiction from that year to 1433 was exercised by the court of arches. Then archbishop Stafford transferred it to a new court; president, the commissary of the prerogative court of Canterbury. There was also a prerogative court of the archbishop of York.

13 June, 1876

A Pan-Presbyterian congress, held at Edinburgh, began 3 July, 1877; at 1hiladelphia, U.S.A., 23 Sept. 1880. The next congress is to be at Belfast.. (See Church of Scotland, Cameronians, Burghers, Relief, Glasites, Free Church, etc.)

1884

Prescott (Upper Canada). On 17 Nov. 1838, the Canadian rebels were attacked by the British under major Young, and (on the 18th) by lieut.-col. Dundas, who dispersed the insurgents, several of whom were killed and many taken prisoners, and the remainder surrendered. The troops also suffered considerably.

Preserved Meat, see Provisions.

France, 1848, 1871; Wrecks, 1841.-PRESIDENT OF THE President, see Privy Council; United States, 1789; COUNCIL, LORD, the fourth great officer of state, is appointed under the great seal, durante beneplacito; and, by his office, is to attend the sovereign's royal person, and to manage the debates in council; to propose matters from the sovereign at the council-table, and to report to his majesty the resolutions taken thereupon.

Press, LIBERTY OF THE. The imprimatur (“Let it be printed ") was much used on the title-pages of books printed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The liberty of the press was severely restrained, and the number of master-printers in London and Westminster limited by the Star-chamber, 13 Charles I., 1 July, 1637.

"Disorders in printing" were repressed by the parliament in 1643 and 1649, and by Charles II...

The censorship of the press (by a license established in

1655 and 1693) abandoned..

1662

1695

The toast, "The liberty of the press; it is like the air we breathe-if we have it not, we die," was first given at the Crown and Anchor tavern, at a Whig dinner..... 1795 Presses licensed, and the printer's name required to be The severity of the restrictions on the French press re placed on both the first and last pages of a book, July, 1799

laxed by M. Persiguy, minister of the interior, but soon restored

.Dec. 1860

..1861-5

The liberty of the press in the United States greatly checked during the civil war.. Certain restrictions on printers in the United Kingdom removed by act passed..

the chamber...

.July, 1869

.24 Jan. 1881

Bill greatly freeing the press in France introduced into Press (newspaper), a revolutionary journal, published in Dublin; commenced in Oct. 1797; Arthur O'Connor, Mr. Emmet, the barrister (whose brother was executed in 1803), and other conspicuous men, contrib utors to it; it inflamed the public mind in Ireland on the eve of the rebellion in 1798. The paper was suppressed by a military force... .6 March, 1798

The existing weekly conservative paper, the Press, first published in..........

.May, 1853 Press-gang for the royal navy was regulated by statute, 1378, and by 5 & 6 Will. IV. 1835; the compulsory service is limited to five years; see Impressment. Pressing to Death, see Mute.

Preston (Lancashire). Near here Cromwell totally defeated the royalists under sir Marmaduke Langdale, 17 Aug. 1648. Preston was taken in 1715 by the Scotch insurgents, under Forster, who proclaimed king James VII. They were defeated in a battle on 12, 13 Nov. by gens. Willes and Carpenter, who with the royal army invested Preston on all sides. The Scots laid down their arms, and their nobles and leaders were secured; some were shot as deserters, and others sent to London pinioned and bound together, to intimidate their party. The stoppage of the cotton manufacture in 1861 and 1862, through the civil war in America, occasioned great suffering in Preston.

"The Preston guild festival," said to have been instituted in Saxon times, and to have been kept once in 20 years regularly since 1562, was duly celebrated in Sept. 1862 A fine-art and industrial exhibition here opened, 21 Sept. 1865 The new town hall opened by the duke of Cambridge, 3 Oct. 1867 Statue of the late earl of Derby publicly inaugurated, 3 June, 1873

Preston Strikes. In 1853, a great number of strikes took place among the workmen in the north of England. Those at Preston struck for an increase of 10 per cent. on their wages. On 15 Oct. the masters, in consequence, closed forty-nine mills, and 20,000 persons were thrown out of employment, who were mostly maintained for a long time by subscriptions from their fellows. In the week ending 17 Dec. 14,972 were relieved, at the cost of 28201, 88. The committee of workmen addressed lord Palmerston, 15 Nov., who gave them his advice..

24 Dec. 1853 After many attempts at reconciliation, the strike closed for want of funds.. ..1 May, 1854 Another strike was closed in May, 1869 The executors of Mr. E. C. Harris, a solicitor, awarded 70,000l. for a free library, museum, etc.... .Sept. 1879 Prestonpans, near Edinburgh, the scene of a battle between the young Pretender, prince Charles Stuart, and his Scotch adherents, and the royal army under sir John Cope, 21 Sept. 1745. The latter was defeated with the loss of 500 men, and fled.

Prices, see Corn, Bread, and Provisions. Mr. T. Tooke, in 1838, published a "History of Prices from 1793 to 1856." He was latterly aided by Mr. W. Newmarch.

Pride's Purge. On the 6th Dec. 1648, col. Pride, with two regiments, surrounded the house of parliament, and seizing in the passage forty-one members of the Presbyterian party, sent them to a low room, then called hell. Above 160 other members were excluded, and none admitted but the most furious of the Independents. The privileged members were named the Rump parliament, which was dismissed by Cromwell, 20 April, 1653.

league in Asia Minor. The temple of Minerva Polias, Priene, one of the twelve cities of the Ionian founded here by Alexander the Great, and the work of Pythios, was excavated by Mr. R. P. Pullan, for the Dilettanti Society, in 1868–9.

Priest (from Greek πρεσßúrεроç, elder), in the English church the minister who presides over the public worship. In Gen. xiv. 18, Melchizedek, king of Salem, is termed "priest of the most high God" (1913 B.C.; see Hebrews vii.). The Greek hiereus, like the Jewish priest, had a sacrificial character, which idea of the priesthood is still maintained by the Romanists and those who favor their views. Among the Jews, the priests assumed their office at the age of thirty years. The dignity of high or chief priest was fixed in Aaron's family, 1491 B.C. After the captivity of Babylon, the civil government and the crown were superadded to the high-priesthood; it was the peculiar privilege of the high-priest that he could be prosecuted in no court but that of the great Sanhedrim. The heathens had their arch-flamen, or high priest, resembling the Christian archbishop. For “Priest in Absolution," see Holy Cross.

Primer. A book so named from the Romish book of devotions, and formerly set forth or published by authority, as the first book children should publicly learn or read in schools, containing prayers and portions of the Scripture. Primers were printed 1535, 1539. Henry VIII. issued a prayer-book called a "primer" in 1546. The three were published by Dr. Burton in 1834. Primitive Culture, see Civilization. Primogeniture, RIGHT OF. A usage brought down from the earliest times. The first-born, in the

THE OLD PRETENDER, James Francis Edward Stuart,
Chevalier de St. George, born 10 June, 1688, was ac-
knowledged by Louis XIV. as James III. of England,
in 1701.

Proclaimed, and his standard set up, at Braemar and
Castletown, in Scotland.....

..3 Sept. 1715 Landed at Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, from France, to encourage the rebellion that the earl of Mar and his other adherents had prompted 25 Dec. 66 This rebellion having been soon suppressed, the Pretender escaped to Montrose (from whence he proceeded to Gravelines)..

4 Feb. 1716 Died at Rome.. ..30 Dec. 1765 The YOUNG PRETENDER, Charles Edward, was born in .. 1720 Landed in Scotland, and proclaimed his father king, 25 July, 1745 Gained the battle of Prestonpans, 21 Sept. 1745; and of Falkirk.. .17 Jan. 1746 66 16 April,

Defeated at Culloden, and sought safety by flight,

He continued wandering among the wilds of Scotland
for nearly six months; and as 30,000, were offered for
taking him, he was constantly pursued by the British
troops, often hemmed round by his enemies, but still
rescued by some lucky accident, and at length escaped
from the Isle of Uist to Morlaix in Sept. He died,
His natural daughter assumed the title of duchess of
Albany; died in...

31 Jan. 1788

1789

His brother, the cardinal York, calling himself Henry IX. of England, born March, 1725; died at Rome in Aug. 1807 His alleged grandson, Charles Edward Stuart, comte d'Albanie, died... ..24 Dec. 1880 (See France, Louis XVII.; and Impostors, 1606.) Prevention of Crime Act, 42 & 43 Vict. c. 55, passed 15 Aug. 1879.

and in the absence of his father was priest to the family. In some parts of England, by the ancient customs of gavel-kind and borough - English, primogeniture was superseded. It came in with the feudal law, 3 Will. I. 1068. The rights of primogeniture abolished in France, 1790.

Prince Edward Island (North America) was discovered by Cabot in 1597; was finally taken from the French by the British in 1758; united with Cape Breton as a colony in 1763, but separated in 1768. W. F. Robinson governor, Aug. 1870; sir Robert Hodgson,

1874.

Prince of Wales's Island, see Penang. Prince Rupert's Land, see Rupert's Land, and Hudson Bay.

"Princess Alice," an iron saloon-steamer, belonging to the London Steamboat Company, while carrying, it is supposed, above 900 persons, principally women and children, on their return from Sheerness, was immediately sunk by collision with the Bywell Castle, a large iron screw-steamer, about 7.40 P.M. on Tuesday, 3 Sept. 1878, in the Thames, in Gallion's Reach, about a mile below Woolwich arsenal. About 200 persons were saved, but of these about 16 died afterwards. About 640 bodies were recovered and buried; many at Woolwich. The Princess Alice was 251 tons gross; 219 ft. 4 in. long, 20 ft. 2 in. broad, 8 ft. 4 in. deep. Engines, 140 horse-power, by Caird, of Glasgow. Capt. Wm. Grinstead (lost), with (it is said) 6 sailors, 2 engineers, 3 firemen, 6 stewards, and 5 boys.

The Bywell Castle, 1376 tons gross; 254 ft. 3 in. long, 33 ft.

1 in. broad, 19 ft. 6 in. deep.

Engines, 120 horse power. Owners, Hall Brothers, London. Captain, Thomas Harri

son.

Mansion-house Relief Fund opened, 5 Sept. The queen sent 1051.; subscriptions came from royal family; 38,2461. 2s. 6d. received; final meeting, 30 Dec. 1878. Board of Trade Inquiry.-Result: Officers of Bywell Castle and Princess Alice not considered responsible for the accident, but some were censured for carelessness, 28 Oct. The Princess Alice considered to be equal to her load; inquiry concluded, 31 Oct. Decision: "That the cause of the casualty was the breach of Rule 29 of the Thames Conservancy Regulations, by the Princess Alice not porting her helm when she came end on to the Bywell Castle, a vessel coming in the opposite direction." Report dated 6 Nov. 1878. Coroner's Inquest. - Verdict: "Bywell Castle did not take necessary precautions in time, of easing, etc.; Princess Alice contributed to the collision by not stopping her engines and going astern, etc. ;" 14 Nov. 1878.

An action for damage against owners of Bywell Castle in Admiralty division began 27 Nov.; decision that both vessels were to blame, 11 Dec. 1878; decision, on appeal, that the Princess Alice was solely to blame, 15 July, 1879. Princess's Theatre, see under Theatres. Princeton, New Jersey (North America). Washington defeated the British, 3 Jan. 1777.

Printed Goods, see Calico.

The first edition of the whole Bible was, strictly speaking, the Complutensian Polyglot" of cardinal Ximenes (see Polyglot).

The "Liturgy," the first book printed in Ireland, by Humphrey Powell..

Printing in Irish characters introduced by Nicholas Walsh, chancellor of St. Patrick's.

The first newspaper said to be printed in England (see Newspapers).

First patent granted for printing.

First printing - press improved by William Blaeu, at
Amsterdam.

First printing in America in New England, when the
Freeman's Outh and an almanac were printed..
"Bay Psalm Book," printed at Cambridge, Mass...
First Bible printed in Ireland was at Belfast. - Hardy's
Tour....

1517

1550

1571

1588

1591

1601

1639 1640

1704 1720

Printers' Pension Society, founded 1827; chartered, 1865; almshouses instituted, 1841; orphan schools have been set up.

Printing. Block-printing invented by the Chinese about 593 A.D.; movable types made in the tenth century. The honor of first printing with single types in Europe has been appropriated to Mentz, Strasburg, Haarlem, Venice, Rome, Florence, Basle, and Augsburg; but the names of the first three only are entitled to attention; see Press.

Adrian Junius awards the honor of the invention to Laurenz Jansen Coster of Haarlem, "who printed with blocks a book of images and letters, Speculum Humanæ Salvationis,' and compounded an ink more viscous and tenacious than common ink, which blotted, about 1438. "

[The leaves of this book, being printed on one side only, were afterwards pasted together.]

[In 1859, Mr. Samuel Leigh Sotheby issued an elaborate work compiled by his father and himself, entitled "Principia Typographica," containing fac-similes, etc., of the block books of the fifteenth century; and Mr. J. Russell Smith published a fac-simile of the "Biblia Pauperum," a very early block-book.] John Fust established a printing-office at Mentz, and printed the "Tractatus Petri Hispani'

John Gutenberg invented cut metal types, and used them in printing the earliest edition of the Latin Bible (termed the Mazarine, from the discovery of a copy in the cardinal's library) at Mentz..

1442

..1450-5

[A similar process was invented by Mr. Cocks of Falmouth in 1836.] Printing-types electro faced with copper. ......about 1850 Engraved copper-plate electro-faced with iron and nickel 1858 Type-composing machines.-By James Young's several numbers of the Family Herald were set up, beginning 17 Dec. 1842; Hattersley's appeared at the Exhibition of 1862; Hart's was shown at the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge. ....6 Oct. 1862 W. H. Mitchel's composing-machine was tried at Messrs. Spottiswoode's, 1861; these machines were said to be in use in America in. .......Jan. 1863 Kastenbein's composing and distributing machines (in use at the Times office) shown at the International Exhibition.

1872

The Clowes" type-composing machine (Hooker's patent), in which electro-magnets are employed, was shown at the Caxton celebration exhibition, South Kensington... ....July, 1877

[10,000 types per hour may be set up in page form.] Alexander Mackie's type-composing machine in use at his office in Warrington, and at Messrs. Clay's, London, in 1871. It was said to be able to set up four columns of the Times in an hour.

Miss Emily Faithfull established the Victoria printingoffice in Great Coram street, London, in which female compositors are employed; the Englishwoman's Journal printed there, Aug. 1861; appointed printer and publisher in ordinary to her Majesty... June, 1862 (See Printing-machine, Stereotype, and Nature Printing.) TITLES OF THE EARLIEST BOOKS OF CAXTON AND WYNKYN DE WORDE

THE GAME AND PLAYE OF THE CHESSE. Translated out of the Frenche and emprynted by me William Caxton. Fynysshid the last day of Marche the yer of our Lord God a thousand foure hondred and lxxiiij.

[A fac-simile of this book was printed by Mr. Vincent Figgins in 1859.]

THE DICTES AND WISE SAYINGS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS is stated to be the first book printed by Caxton in England, 1477. (Fac-simile published by Elliot Stock, 1877.)

THE BOKE OF TULLE OF OLDE AGE Emprynted by me simple persone William Caxton into Englysshe as the playsir solace and reverence of men growing in to old age the zij day of August the yere of our Lord M. cccc. lrxxj. HERBERT. THE POLYCRONYCON conteyning the Berynges and Drdes of many Tymes in eyght Bokes. Imprinted by William Caxton after having somewhat chaunged the rude and olde Englysshe, that is to wete [to wit] certain Words which in these Days be neither vsyd ne understanden. Ended the second day of