He proclaims an amnesty; and authorises a national guard and municipal institutions 1847 The Romans desire to join the king of Sardinia against the Austrians; the pope hesitates; the Antonelli ministry retires; and the Mamiani ministry is formed Count Rossi, minister of justice of the pontifical government, assassinated on the staircase of the Chamber of Deputies at Rome. 15 Nov. Insurrection at Rome, the populace demand a democratic ministry and the proclamation of Italian nationality; the pope (Pius IX.) hesitates, the Romans surround the palace, and a conflict ensues. The pope accepts a popular ministry (Cardinal Palma, the pope's secretary, shot in this conflict) 16 Nov. 20 Nov. A free constitution published The pope escapes in disguise from Rome to Gaëta, 24 Nov. M. de Corcelles leaves Paris for Rome, a French armed expedition to Civita Vecchia having preceded him, to afford protection to the pope, 27 Nov. Protest of the pope against the acts of the provisional government 28 Nov. A constituent assembly meets at Rome 5 Feb. The Roman National Assembly divests the pope of all temporal power, and adopts the republican form of government 8 Feb. powers, 18 Feb. The pope appeals to the great Catholic Civita Vecchia occupied by the French force under Marshal Oudinot : 1848 June, 1859 33 The pope appeals to Europe for help against Sardinia 12 July, The Legations form a defensive alliance with Tuscany, Parma, and Modena 20 Aug. The queen of Spain engages to send troops to Rome, if the French retire 26 Aug. The assembly at Bologna vote annexation to Piedmont, 7 Sept.; the king engages to support their cause before the great powers, 15 Sept.; the pope annuls the acts of the assembly at Bologna; and announces the punishment due to those who attack the holy see, 26 Sept.; and dismisses the Sardinian chargé d'affaires at Rome 1 Oct. The Romagna, Modena, and Parma formed into a province, to be called Emilia 24 Dec. The Sardinian government annul the Tuscan and Lombard concordats 27 Jan., 20 March, 1860 Riots at Rome suppressed by the police with great cruelty. 19 March, The pope excommunicates all concerned in the rebellion in his states 26 March, General Lamoricière takes command of the papal army, March; which is re-organised, and increased by volunteers from Ireland, &c. May, Tuscan volunteers enter the papal states and are repulsed 19 May, Irish volunteers are severely treated for insubordination; many dismissed July, The papal army estimated at 20,000 Aug. Insurrection in the Marches, 8 Sept.; Fossembrone subdued by the papal troops; the people appeal to the Sardinian government, whose troops, under Cialdini and Fanti, enter the Papal States, 11 Sept. Fanti takes Pesaro, 12 Sept.; and Perugia, including general Schmidt and 1600 prisoners, 14 Sept. Ancona besieged by sea and land 17 Sept. Severe allocution of the pope against France and Sardinia; he appeals to Europe for help, 28 Sept. Cialdini defeats Lamoricière at Castel-Fidardo, 18 Sept.; and takes Ancona 29 Sept. Oct. A French force repulsed with loss Engagement between the Romans and Neapolitans; the former capture 60 prisoners and 400 muskets, 5 May, The French under marshal Oudinot commence an attack on Rome 3 June, After a brave resistance, the Romans capitulate to the French army 30 June, 4 July, The Roman assembly dissolved. An officer from Oudinot's camp arrives at Gaeta, to present the pope with the keys of the two gates of Rome by which the French army had entered the city 4 July, Additional French troops sent to Rome The Marches vote for annexation to Sardinia, Nov. Subscriptions raised for the pope in various countries; the formal collection forbidden in France and Belgium; permitted in England Nov. Monastic establishments suppressed in the Legations; the monks pensioned; educational institutions founded Dec. The French emperor advises the pope to give up his revolted provinces 21 Dec. Publication of Rome et les Evêques, 6 Jan.; and of La France, Rome et l'Italie, 15 Feb.; great excitement, and strong advocacy of the pope's temporal government (attacked by prince Napoleon) in the French chambers March, 1861 Cavour claims Rome as capital of Italy, 27 March, Petition to the emperor Napoleon to withdraw French troops from Rome 10 May, The emperor of France declines a union with Austria and Spain for the maintenance of the pope's temporal power Railway between Rome and Naples completed; its opening opposed by the papal government, Nov. 1862 Earl Russell's offer to the pope of a residence at Malta, 25 Oct.; declined 11 Nov. Antonelli's resignation of his office not accepted, 5 March, 1863 Convention between France and Italy: French troops to quit Rome within two years, 15 Sept. 1864 Encyclical letter of the pope, publishing a "syllabus," censuring 80 errors in religion, philosophy, and politics; (caused much dissatisfaction, and was forbidden to be read in churches in France and other countries) Jews persecuted at Rome Fruitless negotiations between the pope and the king of Italy (by Vegezzi); mutual concessions proposed 21 April to 23 June, 1865 Pope's severe allocution against secret societies (Freemasons, Fenians, &c.) 25 Sept. Merode, the papal minister of war, dismissed, 8 Dec. Dec. 20 Oct. A part of the French troops leave the papal dominions Nov. Rupture with Russia Dec. 1865-Jan. 1866 A Franco-pontifical legion (1200 men) formed at Antibes, arrives; blessed by the pope, 24 Sept. Pope's severe allocution against Italy and Russia, 29 Oct. The pope invites all catholic bishops to meet at Rome to celebrate the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of Peter and Paul 8 Dec. The pope's blessing given to French troops, 6 Dec., who all quit Rome 2-12 Dec. 13 Dec. Rome tranquil Law prohibiting protestant worship except at embassies in Rome enforced 31 Dec. Negotiation with Italy fruitless; the Italian councillor, Tonello, quits Rome April, 1867 599 bishops and thousands of priests present at the pope's allocution, 26 June; and canonization of 25 martyrs . 29 June, The pope receives an album and address from 100 cities of Italy. 8 July, Cholera in Rome: death of cardinal Altieri, while assisting the afflicted II Aug. The pope's allocution censures the sacrilegious audacity of the Sub-alpine kingdom, in confiscating ecclesiastical property 20 Sept. Garibaldi arrested at Sinalunga, near the Roman 23 Sept. frontier Irruption of Garibaldians in Viterbo-conflicts with various results; reported appeal of Antonelli for help from the great powers Oct. Zouave barracks at Rome blown up, many killed, 22 Oct. Attempt at insurrection in Rome suppressed, 22 Oct.; state of siege proclaimed; Garibaldi within 20 miles of Rome, 24 Oct.; takes Monte Rotondo 26 Oct. French brigades enter Rome 30 Oct. Italian troops cross the frontier, 30 Oct.; occupy several posts I Nov. Garibaldians defeated by the papal and French troops at Mentana (which see). 3 Nov. Italian troops retire from the papal states, Nov. The Roman committee of insurrection issue a narrative, and state that their watchword is "Try again and do better" Dec. " 13 March, 1868 . 15 May, Sudden death of cardinal Andrea The pope, in his allocution, censures the Austrian new civil marriage law 22 June, Arrangement respecting the papal debt made with Italy 30 July, Encyclical letter of the pope, summoning an ocumenical council at Rome on 8 Dec. 1869, and inviting ministers of the Greek and other churches, 13 Sept. The patriarch of the Greek church declined to attend, about 3 Oct. Monti and Tognetti (for complicity in the explosion of the Zouave barrrcks, 22 Oct. 1867), executed, 24 Νον. The council opened, see Council XXI. An exhibition of objects of Christian art opened by the pope 7 Feb. 1870 British and American bishops protest against discussing the dogma of papal infallibility in the council, 11 April; the discussion begins, 14 May, Count Arnim, on behalf of the North German confederation, protests against the dogma May, Papal infallibility adopted by the council and promulgated (533 for; 2 against; many retire); the council adjourns to 11 Nov. 18 July, Rome completely evacuated by French troops in consequence of the war; 8 mortars and 15,000 shells said to be ceded to the pope, 8 Aug.; the troops sent from Civita Vecchia 21 Aug. Conciliatory letter from Victor Emmanuel to the pope 8 Sept. Agitation in the papal provinces; the Italian troops invited to enter about to Sept. The pope refuses terms offered him by the king of Italy (sovereignty of the Leonine city and retention of his income) 11 Sept. Gen. Cadorna crosses the Tiber at Casale; sends flags of truce to gen. Kanzler, commander of the Zouaves, who refuses to surrender; baron Arnim in vain negotiates between them Skirmish with papal Zouaves; several killed, 14 Sept. The Italians occupy Civita Vecchia without resistabout 15 Sept. Letter from the pope to gen. Kanzler directing that a merely formal defence be made at Rome, and that bloodshed be avoided 19 Sept. After a brief resistance from the foreign papal troops, stopped by order of the pope, the Italian troops under Cadorna make a breach and enter Rome amid enthusiastic acclamations of the people 20 Sept. [Reported Italian loss, about 22 killed, wounded; papal troops, 55 killed and wounded.j Cardinal Antonelli issues a diplomatic protest against the Italian occupation of Rome, 21 Sept. The papal troops surrender arms; about 8500 foreigners march out with honours of war; they insult the Italians; the native troops retained, 22 Sept. Castle of St. Angelo occupied by Italian the pope's request 117 Aboutro,000 persons assemble in the Coliseum, choose 44 names for a provisional government (giunta), 22 Sept. Protest of the pope 26 Sept. troops at 28 Sept. Circular letter from the pope to the cardinals complaining of the invasion and of his loss of liberty, and interference with his private post bag, 29 Sept. A giunta of 14 (the duke Gaetani chief) selected from the 44 names chosen ; approved by Cadorna, 30 Sept. General Masi in command of Rome and the provinces; S.P.Q. R. appears on the proclamations, 30 Sept. Plébiscite out of 167,548 votes, 133,681 for union with the kingdom of Italy; 1507 against; the remainder did not vote 2 Oct. Cardinal Antonelli issues a protest; published, 4 Oct. The pope said to have accepted 50,000 crowns (his monthly civil list) from the Italian government, 4 Oct. The result of the plébiscite sent to the king, 8 Oct.; Rome and its provinces incorporated with the kingdom by royal decree 9 Oct. General La Marmora enters Rome as viceroy; he proclaims that the pope shall be guaranteed in his sovereign powers as head of the church, II Oct. The Roman provinces united into one by decree, 19 Oct. The pope issues an encyclical letter adjourning the meeting of the council 20 Oct. . Antonelli protests against the occupation of the . . 15 May, 1871 4 A. M. 31 Dec. Law guaranteeing to the pope full personal liberty and honours, a revenue of 3,225,000 livres, &c., 13 May; rejected by the pope in his allocution, 2624th anniversary of the city kept; the pope celebrates a jubilee on the 25th anniversary of his election 16 June, The Italian government remove to Rome, 2, 3 July, Allocution of the pope, appointing some Italian bishops; still rejecting guarantees 27 Oct. Grand reception of the king 21 Nov. He opens the parliament, saying, "The work to which we have consecrated our life is completed," 27 Nov. The pope receives an address from nobles and others 27 Nov. Commission appointed to dredge the bed of the Tiber to recover antiquities Dec. Easter solemnities not performed by the pope, 31 March, 1872 The pope delivers an allocution complaining of persecution of the church in Italy, Germany, and Spain 23 Dec. American Protestant church dedicated to St. Paul; founded A. D. 117. Adrian or Hadrian (Publius Elius). 180. Commodus (L. Aurelius Antoninus), son of Marcus 193. Publius Helvius-Pertinax; put to death by the prætorian band. [Four emperors now start up: Didianus Julianus, at Rome; Pescennius Niger, in Syria; Lucius Septimius Severus, in Pannonia; and Clodius Albinus, in Britain.] Lucius Septimius Severus; died at York in Britain, in 211; succeeded by his sons, 211. M. Aurelius Caracalla and Septimius Geta. Geta murdered by Caracalla, 212; who is slain by his successor 217. M. Opilius Macrinus, prefect of the guards; beheaded in a mutiny. 218. Heliogobalus (M. Aurelius Antoninus), a youth; put to death for his enormities. 222. Alexander Severus; assassinated by some soldiers corrupted by Maximinus. 235. Caius Julius Verus Maximinus; assassinated in his 237. M. Antonius Gordianus, and his son; the latter 25 Jan. 1873 244. Philip the Arabian; assassinated by his own soldiers; Romulus; murdered by the senators. 716. [Interregnum.] 715. Numa Pompilius, son-in-law of Tatius the Sabine, elected; died at the age of 82. 673. Tullus Hostilius; murdered by his successor, by 640. Ancus Martius, grandson of Numa. 578. Servius Tullius, a manumitted slave; married the 534. Tarquinius Superbus, grandson of Tarquinius Pris cus; assassinates his father-in-law, and usurps the throne. 510. [The rape of Lucretia, by Sextus, son of Tarquin, and consequent insurrection, leads to the abolition of royalty and the establishment of the consulate.] 249. Metius Decius; he perished with his two sons, and their army, in an engagement with the Goths. 251. 253. Gallus Hostilius, and his son Volusianus ; both slain by the soldiery. Emilianus; put to death after a reign of only four months. Valerianus, and his son Gallienus; the first was taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and flayed alive. 260. Gallienus reigned alone. [About this time thirty pretenders to imperial power arise in different parts of the empire; of these Cyriades is the first, but he is slain.] 268. Claudius II. (Gallienus having been assassinated by the officers of the guard) succeeds; dies of the plague. 270. Quintillus, his brother, elected at Rome by the senate and troops; Aurelian by the army in Illyricum. Quintillus, despairing of success against his rival, who was marching against him, opened his veins and bled himself to death. 307. Flavius Valerianus Licinius, the brother-in-law of Constantine. [Of these, Maximianus Hercules was strangled in Gaul, in 310; Galerius Maximianus dies wretchedly in 311; Maxentius was drowned in the Tiber in 312; and Licinius was put to death by order of Constantine in 324.] 323. Constantine the Great now reigned alone; died on Whitsunday, 22 May, 337. Sons of Constantine: divided the empire between them; the first was slain in 340, and the second murdered in 350, when the third became sole emperor. 337 Constantine II. Constantius II. 360. Julian, the Apostate, so called for abjuring Chris- charcoal. 364. Valentinian and Valens. 375. Valens with Gratian and Valentinian II. 379. Theodosius I., &c. 392. Theodosius alone. Austrians, in which the latter were defeated with severe loss, 5 Nov. 1757. ROSE, see under Flowers. The rose, a symbol of silence, gave rise to the phrase sub rosa, "under the rose;" said, by Italian writers, to have risen from the circumstance of the pope's presenting consecrated roses, which were placed over the confessionals at Rome, to denote secrecy, 1526. The pope sent a golden rose to the queen of Spain, which was given to her with much solemnity, 8 Feb. 1868. See Flowers. ROSE'S ACT, 33 Geo. III. c. 54 (1793) brought benefit societies under the control of government. ROSES, WARS OF THE, between the Lancastrians (who chose the red rose as their emblem) and the Yorkists (who chose the white rose), 14551485. It is stated that in the Wars of the Roses there perished 12 princes of the blood, 200 nobles, and 100,000 gentry and common people. The union of the roses was effected in the marriage of Henry VII. with the princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. The Roman empire divided: see Eastern Empire, 1486. ROMILLY'S ACT, SIR SAMUEL, 52 Geo. RONCESVALLES (in the Pyrenees), where, it is said, Charlemagne's paladin, Roland, or Orlando, was surprised, defeated and slain by the Gascons, 778. On 25 July, 1813, marshal Soult was defeated here by the British entering France. ROOF. The largest in the world was said to be that over a riding-school at Moscow, erected in 1791, being 235 feet in span. The roof of the London station of the Midland railway, in Eustonroad, London, N.W., is 240 feet wide, 690 feet long, 125 feet high. The extent of ground covered is about 165,000 square feet. ROPE-MAKING MACHINE. One was patented by Richard March in 1784, and by Edmd. Cartwright, in 1792. Many improvements have been made since. ROSAMOND'S BOWER. Rosamond was daughter of lord Clifford, and mistress of Henry II. about 1154. A conspiracy against her was formed by the queen, prince Henry, and his other sons. Henry kept her in a labyrinth at Woodstock, where his queen, Eleanor, it is said, discovered her apartments by the clue of a silk thread, and poisoned her. She was buried at Godstow church, from whence Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, had her ashes removed, 1191. ROSARY, see Beads. ROSAS (N. E. Spain), BAY OF, where a brilliant naval action was fought by the boats of the Tigre, Cumberland, Volontaire, Apollo, Topaze, Philomel, Scout, and Tuscan, led by lieut. John Tailour (of the Tigre), which ended in the capture or destruction of eleven armed vessels in the bay, I Nov. 1809; for which purpose lord Collingwood had organised the expedition commanded by capt. Hallowell. Rosas was gallantly defended by lord Cochrane, 27 Nov.; but surrendered, 4 Dec. 1809. Here ROSBACH (Rosebecque), Flanders. Charles VI. of France beat the Flemings, who had revolted against their count, 27 Nov. 1382.-At ROSBACH, in Prussia, a great battle was fought between the Prussians, commanded by Frederick the Great, and the combined army of French and Richard II., who succeeded his grandfather Edward III. in 1377, was deposed and succeeded in 1399 by his cousin Henry IV. (son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, the fourth son of Edward III.), in prejudice to the right of Roger Mortimer (grandson of Lionel, duke of Clarence, Edward's third son), who was declared presumptive heir to the throne in. Roger's grandson, Richard duke of York, first in openly claimed the crown in Attempts at compromise failed, and the war began The Lancastrians were defeated at St. Alban's; the protector Somerset was slain; a truce was made, and Richard was declared successor to Henry VI. 23 May, The war was renewed, and the Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians at Bloreheath The Yorkists eventually dispersed, and the duke was attainted. He defeated his opponents at Northampton, took Henry prisoner, and was declared heir to the crown; but fell into an ambuscade near Wakefield, and was put to death 31 Dec. 1460 His son (Edward) continued the struggle; was in- Defeated the Lancastrians at Towton 29 March, Sept. 1470 Edward defeated the Lancastrians at Barnet, 14 4 May, 1471 The struggle ended with the defeat and death of 22 Aug. 1485 ROSETTA (in Egypt), taken by the French in 1798; and by the British and Turks, 19 April, 1801. The Turks repulsed the British here, 22 April, 1807. Near Rosetta was fought the battle of the Nile, I Aug. 1798; see Nile. Mehemet Ali rendered great service to his country by constructing a canal between Rosetta and Alexandria. The Rosetta Stone, discovered by the French in 1799, was brought from Rosetta in a French vessel, from whence it was taken by Mr. Wm. R. Hamilton, who deposited it in the British Museum. In 1841, Mr. Letronne published the text and a translation of the Greek inscription. It is a piece of black basalt, about 3 feet long and 2 feet wide, with an inscription in three languages, viz., hieroglyphics, modified hieroglyphics (enchorial), and Greek, setting forth the praises of Ptolemy Epiphanes (about 196 B.C.). It has been studied by Dr. T. Young and Champollion. ROSICRUCIANS, a sect of mystical philosophers who appeared in Germany in the 14th century, and again early in the 17th century. The latter derived their name from the Confessa Roseæ Crucis of Valentine Andreas, 1615. They swore P P |
