fidelity, promised secrecy, and wrote hieroglyphically, and affirmed that the ancient philosophers of Egypt, the Chaldeans, Magi of Persia, and Gymnosophists of the Indies, taught the same doctrine.

ROSS, Cork (S. Ireland), a bishopric founded, it is supposed, by St. Fachnan, in the beginning of the 6th century. It was united to Cork in 1340; and Cloyne to both, by the Irish Church Temporalities act (1833); see Bishops; New Ross.

ROTA CLUB, a society who met at Miles's Coffee-house in New Palace-yard, Westminster, during the administration of Oliver Cromwell: their plan was that all the great officers of state should be chosen by ballot: and that a certain number of members of parliament should be changed annually by rotation, from whence they took their title. Sir William Petty was one of the members in 1659. Biog. Brit.

ROUNDWAY DOWN (near Devizes, Wiltshire). Here the royalists defeated the parliamentarians with great slaughter, 13 July, 1643.

ROVEREDO (Austrian Tyrol) was held by the Venetians from 1416 till 1609, when it was acquired by Austria. It was taken by Bonaparte and the French, 4 Sept. 1796, after a brilliant victory.

ROWING, see Boat Races, Doggett, and University.

ROXBURGHE CLUB was instituted in 1812 by earl Spencer, for the republication of rare books, or unpublished MSS., in memory of John duke of Roxburghe.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL, ASTRONOMICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, HORTICULTURAL, &c.; see under Agriculture, Astronomy, Geography, Horticulture, &c.

ROTHESAY CASTLE, see Wrecks, 1831. ROYAL ACADEMY. A society of artists ROTHSCHILD FAMILY. Meyer Am- met in St. Peter's-court, St. Martin's-lane, about schel, or Anselm, was born at No. 148, Judengasse 1739, which Hogarth established as the society of (Jew-lane), Frankfort, in 1743. In 1772 he began Incorporated Artists, who held their first exhibition business as a money-lender and dealer in old coins, at the Society of Arts, Adelphi, 21 April, 1760. in the same house, over which he placed the sign From this sprang the Royal Academy, in conof the red shield (in German, Roth Schild). Hav-sequence of a dispute between the directors and the ing had dealings with the landgrave of Hesse, that fellows. On 10 Dec. 1768, the institution of the prince entrusted him with his treasure (said to have present Royal Academy was completed under the been 250,000l.) in 1806, when the French held his patronage of George III.; and sir Joshua Reynolds, country. With this sum as capital, Anselm traded knighted on the occasion, was appointed its first and made a large fortune, and restored the 250,000l. president. Leigh. The first exhibition of the to the landgrave in 1815. At his death his sons academicians (at Pall-Mall) was on 26 April, 1769, continued the business as partners. His son, Na- when 136 works appeared. In 1771 the king than, began at Manchester in 1798, removed to granted them apartments in old Somerset-house, London in 1803; and died immensely rich, 28 July, and afterwards, in 1780, in new Somerset-house, 1836. The baron, James, head of the family, died where they remained till 1838, when they removed at Paris, 15 Nov. 1868. to the National Gallery. Among the professors have been Johnson, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Macaulay, and Hallam. Turner, the painter, gave funds to the academy for the award of a medal triennially for landscape-painting, which was awarded to Mr. N. O. Lupton in 1857. A commission of inquiry into the affairs of the academy, appointed in 1862, recommended various changes in July, 1863, which were carried into effect. The hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the academy was celebrated 10 Dec. 1868. The Royal Academy held its first exhibition in the new building, 3 May, 1869. exhibition of pictures by the old masters, with some British, was opened 3 Jan. 1870, and in Jan. 1871-2-3. The money received was devoted to the establishment of a professorship of chemistry and a laboratory.

The

ROTTERDAM, the second city in Holland. Its importance dates from the 13th century. commerce of Antwerp was transferred to it in 1509. In 1572, Rotterdam was taken by the Spaniards by stratagem, and cruelly treated. It suffered much from the French revolutionary wars, and from inundations in 1775 and 1825. Desiderius Erasmus was born here in 1467. The museum and picturegallery of Rotterdam were destroyed at the fire of the Schieland palace, 16 Feb. 1864.

ROUEN (N. France), an archbishopric, 260, became the capital of Normandy in the 10th century. It was held by the English kings till 1204; and was retaken by Henry V., 19 Jan. 1419. Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, was burnt here, 30 May, 1431. It was taken by Charles VII. of France in 1449; and by the duke of Guise from the Huguenots, Oct. 1562 and 1591. Rouen, after slight conflicts, 4, 5 Dec. 1870, surrendered to general Von Göben, 6 Dec. It was ordered to pay a contribution of 17,000,000 francs.

ROUMANIA, the name assumed by the Danubian principalities (which see) on 23 Dec. 1861, when their union was proclaimed at Bucharest and Jassy.

ROUMELIA or ROMANIA (Turkey), part of Thrace (which see). The Roumelian railway opened 17 June, 1873.

ROUND-HEADS. In the civil war which began in 1642, the adherents of Charles I. were called Cavaliers, and the friends of the parliament Round-heads The term, it is said, arose from those persons who had a round bowl or dish put upon their heads, and their hair cut to the edge of the bowl; see Cavaliers.

PRESIDENTS.

1768. Sir Joshua Reynolds.
1792. Benjamin West.
1805. James Wyatt.

1806. Benjamin West.
1820. Sir Thomas Lawrence.
1830. Sir Martin A. Shee.

1850. Sir Charles Eastlake; died, 23 Dec. 1865.
1866. Sir Edwin Landseer elected; declines, 24 Jan.
Sir Francis Grant, Feb. 1.

An

ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC was established in 1823, mainly by the exertions of lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of Westmoreland, who died 16 Oct. 1859), and was incorporated by charter in 1830. The first concert took place 8 Dec. 1828. Its reconstruction was proposed in 1866, and since effected.

ROYAL ADELAIDE, see Wrecks, 1850.

ROYAL ASSENT. If the king assent to a public bill, the clerk of the parliament declares in

Norman French, "Le roy le veult," the king wills it so to be. If the king refuses his assent, it is in the gentle language of Le roy s'avisera," the king will consider it. Hale. By the statute 33 Hen. VIII., 1541, the king may give his assent by letterspatent. Blackstone's Com.

ROYAL BOUNTY, a fund from which sums are granted to female relatives of officers killed or mortally wounded during service.

ROYAL CHARTER, see Wrecks, 1859.

The MUSEUM contains original philosophical apparatus of Young, Cavendish, Davy, and Faraday.

The first LECTURE was delivered 4 March, 1801, by Dr. Garnett, he being the first professor of natural philosophy and chemistry.

In 1802 he was succeeded by Dr. Thomas Young, so cele-
brated for his researches in optics, resulting in the
discovery of the interference of light, and the estab-
lishment of the theory of undulation. His "Lectures
on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts," first
published in 1807, are still considered a text-book of
physical science. His works on antiquarian literature
(hieroglyphic inscriptions, &c.) are also highly es-
teemed.

In Feb. 1801, Mr. (afterwards sir Humphry) Davy was
engaged as assistant lecturer and director of the labo-
ratory, and on 31 May, 1802, he was appointed pro-
fessor of chemistry. His lectures were eminently
successful, and his discoveries in chemistry and elec-
tricity have immortalised his name, and conferred
honour on the institution. By him the alkaloids, po-
tassium and sodium, were discovered in 1807; the
nature of chlorine was determined in 1810, and the
safety-lamp invented in 1815.
William Thomas Brande succeeded sir Humphry as pro-
fessor of chemistry in 1813, and held that office till his
resignation in 1852, since which time, till his death
(Feb. 1866), he was hon, professor. From 1816 to 1850
he delivered, in the laboratory of this institution, his
celebrated chemical lectures to students.

ROYAL EXCHANGE (Cambium Regis), London. The foundation of the original edifice was laid by sir Thomas Gresham, 7 June, 1566, on the site of the ancient Tun prison. Queen Elizabeth opened it on 23 Jan. 1571, and her herald named it the Royal Exchange. Hume. It was totally destroyed by the great fire, Sept. 1666. Charles II. laid the foundation-stone of the next edifice, 23 Oct. 1667, which was completed by Mr. Hawkesmore, a pupil of sir Christopher Wren, in about three years; it was repaired and beautified in 1769. This also was burnt, 10 Jan. 1838. The new Royal Exchange, erected under the direction of Mr. Tite, was opened by the queen, 28 Oct. 1844.-The ROYAL EXCHANGE, Dublin, commenced 1769, opened In 1813 Michael Faraday (born 22 Sept. 1791), on the

1779.

ROYAL GEORGE, a man-of-war of 108 guns, overset off Spithead, and suddenly went down while at anchor, by the guns rolling to one side. Rear-admiral Kempenfeldt, the crew, many marines, women, and Jews, in all about 600 persons, were drowned, 29 Aug. 1782. By the use of the divingbell, the ship, embedded in the deep, was surveyed in May, 1817, et seq. Portions of the vessel and its cargo were brought up in 1839-42, under the superintendence of sir Charles Pasley, when gunpowder was ignited by the agency of electricity.

ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY (London), see Humane Society.

recommendation of sir H. Davy, was engaged as as-
sistant in the laboratory, and in 1825 as its director:
in 1827 he became one of the permanent lecturers of
the institution. In 1820 he commenced those researches
in electricity and magnetism which form an era in the
history of science. In 1823-4 he discovered the con-
densability of chlorine and other gases; in 1831 he
obtained electricity from the magnet; in 1845 he ex
hibited the two-fold magnetism of matter, compre-
hending all known substances, the magnetism of gases,
flame, &c.; in 1850 he published his researches on
atmospheric magnetism: died, 25 Aug. 1867.

John Tyndall, F.R.S., the present professor of natural
philosophy, first elected in July, 1853, is eminent for
his researches on magnetism, heat, glaciers, &e.
Edward Frankland, F. R. S., professor of chemistry 1863-8,
is eminent for his discoveries in organic chemistry.
In 1804, sir J. St. Aubyn and other gentlemen proposed
to form a SCHOOL OF MINES at this institution; but the
plan, although warmly supported by the members, was
withdrawn for want of encouragement by the govern-
ment and by mining proprietors.

The WEEKLY EVENING MEETINGS, on the Fridays, from
January to June, as now arranged, commenced in
1826. Discourses (of which abstracts are printed) are
given at these meetings by the professors of the insti-
tution, and other eminent scientific men.

ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN, the earliest of the kind in London, was founded 9 March, 1799, by count Rumford, sir Joseph Banks, earls Spencer and Morton, and several other noblemen and gentlemen. It received the immediate patronage of George III., and was incorporated 13 Jan. 1800, by royal charter, as "The Royal Institution of Great Britain, for the diffusing ENDOWMENTS. knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements, and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life.' It was enlarged and extended by an act of parliament in 1810; the original plan, as drawn up by count Rumford, in 1799, having been considerably modified. The members are elected by ballot, and pay ten guineas on admission, and five guineas annually, or a composition of sixty guineas. "The Royal Institution, its Founder, and its first Professors," by Dr. Bence Jones, hon. sec., published 1871.

The HOUSE (in Albemarle-street, Piccadilly) was pur-
chased in June, 1799, and the present front was added
by subscription in 1838. The Lecture theatre was
erected in 1803, under the superintendence of Mr. T.
Webster.

The Laboratory established in 1800; was rebuilt, with
the modern improvements, 1872.
The LIBRARY was commenced in 1803, by the munificent
subscriptions of the proprietors of the institution.
It now (1873) comprises about 36,000 volumes.
sified catalogues (by W. Harris) were published in
1809 and 1821; a new one (by B. Vincent) in 1857.

Clas

In 1833, John Fuller, esq., of Rosehill, endowed two professorships, of chemistry and physiology; the former was bestowed on Mr. Faraday for life; (succeeded by Wm. Odling, 1868-73;) the latter on Dr. Roget for three years, to be filled up afterwards by triennial election.-The Fullerian professors of physiology have been R. E. Grant, T. R. Jones, W. B. Carpenter, W. W. Gull, T. W. Jones, T. H. Huxley (twice), R. Owen, J. Marshall, Michael Foster, and William Rutherford.-In 1838, Mrs. Acton gave 1000l. to be invested for paying every seven years 100 guineas for the best essay on the beneficence of the Almighty, as illustrated by discoveries in science; which have been awarded-in 1844 to Mr. G. Fownes; in 1851 to Mr. T. Wharton Jones; in 1858 no award was made; in 1865 to Mr. George Warington; in 1872 to Rev. George Henslow and B. Thompson Lowne.

The Fund for the Promotion of Experimental Re-
searches" was founded on 6 July, 1863, by sir Henry
Holland, Professor Faraday, sir R. I. Murchison, Dr.
Bence Jones, and others.

The first officers were sir Joseph Banks, president, till the
charter was granted, afterwards the earl of Winchilsea;
Mr. (afterwards sir Thomas) Bernard, treasurer; rev.
Dr. Samuel Glasse, secretary. The duke of Northum-
berland, K.G., elected president, 1842; succeeded by
sir Henry Holland, in 1865. W. Pole, esq., treasurer,
elected 1849; succeeded by Wm. Spottiswoode, esq.,
in 1865; by George Busk, esq., 1873. The rev. John

Home, foreign, and colonial secretaries, sir George Grey, church, with toleration of other sects, even Mahome