April to 1 May, 1868; verdict given for plaintiff, by the vice-chancellor, sir G. M. Giffard, 22 May, 1868 [The judge, in concluding, said, regarding spiritualism, that "the system, as presented by the evidence, is mischievous nonsense; well calculated on the one hand to delude the vain, the weak, the foolish, and the superstitious; and on the other, to assist the projects of the needy, and the adventurer."] Richard Burke (alias Geo. Berry, &c.), Theobald Casey, and Henry Shaw (alias Mullady), Fenians, for treason felony, at Old Bailey; Burke and Shaw convicted, Casey acquitted; 28-30 April, Mornington v. Wellesley, and Wellesley v. Mornington, a 29 years' suit in chancery, decided (costs above 30,000l.); 22,000l. awarded to the countess of Mornington 7 May, Esmonde will case, Dublin: Lady Esinonde bequeathed property to support protestantism in Ireland, by endowing a college, &c. : will disputed by her family: no verdict by jury 3-13 June, [New trial; will affirmed, Aug. 1869.1 Thomas Edgeley, convicted of fraud against Leeds Banking Company 11-13 June, Risk Allah v. Whitehurst (for Daily Telegraph): libel case; damages for plaintiff, 960l., 19 June, Attorney-general e. Dakin: appeal case; decision that privilege of exemption from execution of legal process does not extend to Hampton Court palace 20 June, Madame Sarah Rachel Leverson convicted of conspiracy 25 Sept. [Writ of error: new trial refused, 11 May, 1869.] Fred. Aug. Farrar convicted of forgery against lord Dudley 30 ct. Chornford v. Lingo: female suffrage declared illegal 7-9 Nov. Baxter V. Langley Sunday evening lectures declared not illegal 19 Nov. Martin v. Mackonochie: see Church of England, 23 Dec. Phillips v. Eyre: verdict for defendant; see Jamaica 20 Jan. 1869 Saurin v. Star and another (convent case; a sister sued her mother superior, for ill-usage and expulsion); verdict for plaintiff, damages 500l. 3-26 Feb. " " [Case compromised, April, 1870.] James Thos. Gambier, admiralty clerk, and Wm. Rumble, engineer, convicted of fraud and seeking bribes from contractors 9 April, Cooper v. Gordon: verdiet for plaintiff; the vicechancellor decides that a congregation of dissenters may dismiss their minister for unsound doctrine 28 May, Major Frederick Beswick, constable of Birkenhead, convicted of forgery 10 June, Farrer (president of the Amalgamated Carpenters' Society) v. Close (the secretary), for misappropriation of money. In 1867 the justices dismissed the charge because the society had illegal rules. At the trial at the Queen's bench the court was equally divided, and no verdict given 3 July, Fanny F. M. Oliver convicted of murder of her husband 20 July, Lyons v. Rev. N. Thomas and others, for abduction of Esther Lyons, a Jewish girl, a proselyte; damages sol. 31 July, Frederick Hinson convicted of murder of his paramour, Maria Death, and Win. Douglas Boyd 24 Nov. Rev. James John Merest, convicted of simony; deprived. 26-29 Nov. Martin v. Mackonochie: before judicial committee of privy council, defendant censured for evading verdict, and condemned in costs Dec. · 4 Mrs. Kelly v. Rev. J. Kelly; judicial separation for ill usage (not violence) decreed, 7 Dec. Messrs. Gurney and others, for conspiring to defraud; acquitted 13-23 Dec. Smith v. Earl Brownlow: after long litigation decision against the enclosure of the common at Berkhampstead by lord of the manor 14 Jan. 1870 James Clifford, a retired artilleryman, convicted of sweating" sovereigns by the voltaic battery, 1 Feb. Jacob Spinass, a Swiss, convicted of murder of Cecilia Aldridge, an unfortunate . 3 March, Dr. Kinglake convicted of bribery on behalf of his brother at Bridgewater 26 March, 1870 Wicklow peerage case: claim for an infant declared to be unfounded by House of Lords (remarkable evidence) 31 March, Demetrius Pappa, a bank manager, sentenced to 5 years' penal servitude for embezzlement, 6 May, Sir Charles Mordaunt e. lady Mordaunt, and others, for divorce: preliminary trial of her sanity (declared insane on 30 April, 1869), 16-25 Feb. 1870; appeal, 27 April, 1870; judgment affirined 2 June, Bishop Goss (R.C.) v. Hill and Whittaker: will case; Mr. Moreton's will, bequeathing the chief of his property to the bishop, set aside 16 June. Phillips . Eyre, for imprisonment during Jamaica rebellion; verdict for defendant 23 June, Chelsen Murders: Walter Miller convicted of inurder of Rev. Elias Huelin and Anne Boss, his housekeeper (8 or 9 May, 1870) 13, 14 July, Michael Davitt and John Wilson, treason felony; see Fenians 18 July, John Jones or Owen, convicted of murder of Emanuel Marshall and family (7 persons, early 22 May, 1870), at Denham, near Uxbridge 22 July, Shepherd e. Bennett (Arches); decision that defendant had retracted heresy; appeal to privy council, 23 July, Margaret Waters convicted of murder of John Cowen, infant; her sister and accomplice, Sarah Ellis, was convicted of fraud, 22 Sept. (baby farming case; see Infanticide) 21-23 Sept... Rev. C. Voysey v. Noble: appeal to privy counca judicial committee against condemnation for heresy IO NOV. Ebdy v. McGowan: verdict against an architect for refusing to give up the plans of a building he was about to erect. 16 Nov. Catch e. Shaen: for libel on master of Lambeth workhouse; verdict for plaintiff, 600l. damages; execution stayed 15 Der Diamond Robbery: London and Ryder's man made insensible and robbed of diamonds, 12 Jan.: Martha Torpey acquitted. 1 March; James Torpey pleaded guilty (sentenced to 8 years' penal servitude) 1 May, 1871 E. Boulton, L. C. Hurt, F. W. Park, and others (frequently dressed as women) tried for a conspiracy; acquitted 9-15 May, Tichborne v. Lushington: the plaintiff declared himself to be sir Roger Charles Tichborne, supposed to have been lost at sea; and claimed the baronetcy and estates, worth about 24,000l. . 19 May, 1855 The claimant (found by Gibbes and Cubitt in Australia) asserted that he and eight of the crew were saved from the wreck of the Bella; that he went to Australia, and lived there, roughly, 13 years under the name of Castro; married as Castro, Jan.; as Tichborne. 3 July, 1866 He set up his claim; and is accepted by the dowager lady Tichborne as her son at Paris Jan. 187 [No others of the family recognised him; but sir Clifford Constable and some brother officers did.] His claim was resisted on behalf of sir Henry (a minor), son of sir Alfred Tichborne; and after chancery proceedings, a trial began in the court of common pleas before chiefjustice Bovill, 11 May, 1871 The claimant was examined 22 days; the trial adjourned on 40th day, 7 July; resumed, 7 Nov.; case for claimant closed 21 Dec. Trial resumed, 15 Jan.; the attorney-general, sir J. D. Coleridge, spoke 26 days; on 4 March the jury expressed themselves satisfied that the claimant was not sir Roger; on the 103rd day he was declared nonsuited. 6 March, 1872 He was lodged in Newgate to be tried for perjury, 7 March; indicted as Thos. Castro, otherwise Arthur Orton, for perjury and forgery 9 April, 1872 The court of queen's bench decide that he may be admitted to bail, 23 April; released 26 April, Lady Doughty, mother of sir Henry Tichborne, dies 13 Dec. The trial of the claimant for perjury and forgery begun before chief justice Cockburn, and justices Mellor and Lush at bar 23 April, (proceeding, July) 1873 Eltham Murder: E. W. Pook for murder of Jane Maria Clousen; acquitted 12-15 July, 1871 Hannah Newington, or Flora Davey; convicted of manslaughter of Frederick Moon; she was his mistress, and excited by insult 15 July, Capt. H. Hamilton Beamish and others tried for stranding the Agincourt (see Navy), 26 July; reprimanded by the court 8 Aug. Robert Kelly: for murder of Talbot (a police-constable and informer against Fenians) on night of 12 July; acquitted (extraordinary verdict) 30 Oct. 10 Nov. Peek . Gurney and others (Overend and Co.: plaintiff's claim for loss incurred through misrepresentations in the company's prospectus; disallowed by master of rolls on account of his neglecting to verify the prospectus and his too late claim; costs refused to defendants 6 Nov. Mr. Pigott condemned to imprisonment for illegal comments on a trial, in the Irishman . 13 Nov. Rev. John Selby Watson, eminent scholar, killed his wife in a fit of passion, 8 Oct.; convicted and imprisoned for life. 10-12 Jan. 1872 Christiana Edmunds; convicted of poisoning at Brighton; she purchased chocolate creams, and returned poisoned ones to the confectioner, and thus caused death to one child and nearly killed other persons; reprieved as insane 15, 16 Jan. The Queen e. the Lords of the Treasury: for not repaying expenses for prosecutions to the county of Lancaster; mandamus refused 29 Jan. Park-lane Murder: Margaret Dixblanes, a Belgian emigrant, murdered her mistress, madame Riel, on Sunday, 7 April; escaped; taken at Paris; confessed to killing her mistress in a quarrel; convicted, but recommended to mercy, 11-14 June; sentence commuted to penal servitude for life 21 June, Ellen Kettel: charged with poisoning her husband's first wife in order to marry him; acquitted, 24, 25 Oct. Chelsea Tragedy: Hermann Nagel and Paul May, young Prussians, came to London to avoid conscription; their money being spent, they agreed to commit suicide; after wounding May, Nagel shot himself dead, 21 Aug; May recovered, and was indicted for murder, tried, and acquitted, 21 Nov. [He was convicted and punished for forgery at Berlin, Feb. 1873.] Baker r. Loader: widow, to whom 107,000l. had been bequeathed; in ten years is reduced to poverty by imposition; she sues the widow of her friend Loader and solicitors; verdict of vicechancellor Malins, ordering deeds to Loader to be cancelled; the solicitor to pay his own costs, 20 Nov. Mr. Hepworth Dixon v. Smith (Pall-Mall Gazette), for libel; damages, one farthing 26-29 Nov. Mr. Guildford Onslow and Mr. G. H. Whalley, M. P.'s, fined for contempt of court in speeches respecting the Tichborne case, 20 Jan; Mr. Skipworth, barrister, for same offence, condemned to three months' imprisonment and fined; the claimant made to give securities for 100ol., for a similar offence 29 Jan. 1873 Parke Harvey Lewis, sir Joseph McKenna, and others: for misuse of a company's funds while directors: 10days' trial; verdict for plaintiff, 30 Jan. Omagh Murder: (of Mr. Glass, 29 June, 1871); sub-inspector Montgomery tried; 12 days; strong evidence; jury not agreed. 19 March, Broughton r. Knight: will of Mr. Knight set aside Andrews . Salt: decision by lord-chancellor that a O'Keefe v. Cardinal Cullen (for libel, and virtually suspending him from his office); consideration of demurrer; judges (at Dublin) divided in opinions; three decide that the papal ordinance on which the cardinal relied was prohibited by the statutes of Elizabeth; demurrer set aside, 7 May; the trial begun 12 May; verdict for plaintiff; the jury gave one farthing damages 27 May, 1873 TRIBUNES OF THE PEOPLE (Tribuni Plebis), magistrates of Rome, first chosen from among the commons to represent them, 494 B.C., when the people, after a quarrel with the senators, had retired to Mons Sacer. The first two tribunes were C. Licinius and L. Albinus; but their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to ten, which number remained fixed. The office was annual, and as the first had been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was chosen for the election. In A.D. 1347, Nicolo di Rienzi assumed absolute power in Rome as tribune of the people, and reformed many abuses; but committing extravagances, he lost his popularity and was compelled to abdicate. He returned to Rome and was assassinated, 8 Sept. 1354. TRICHINIASIS, a fatal disease, occasioned by eating raw or underdone pork containing a Professor minute worm named Trichina spiralis. Owen discovered these worms in cysts, in human muscle, in 1832. The trichina are thoroughly destroyed by proper cooking. The disease excited much attention in 1865, and was the subject of a lecture by Dr. Thudichum at the Society of Arts on 18 April, 1866. TRICOTEUSES (knitters), a name given to a number of French republican females, who zealously attended political meetings and executions in 1792, knitting at intervals. TRIDENTINE, see Trent, and Catechism. On 15 TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS. Feb. 1641, an act was passed providing for the meeting of a parliament at least once in three years. This law was broken by the Long Parliament, and was repealed in 1664. Another triennial bill, passed in 1694, was repealed by the Septennial act, 1716; see Parliaments, and Septennial Parliaments. TRIESTE, an Austrian port on the Adriatic, declared a free port by the emperor Charles VI., 1719, confirmed by Maria Theresa in 1750. It was held by the French in 1797 and 1805. Since the | establishment of the overland mail to India, it has After risen to great commercial importance. various changes of rulers it was restored to Austria in 1814; see Lloyd's, note. TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, see the Dutch by the peace of 1783. It surrendered to the British, under colonel Stewart, 26 Aug. 1795, and was confirmed to England by the peace of Amiens, in 1802; see Ceylon. Of a series of actions off Trincomalee between sir Edward Hughes and the French admiral Suffrein, one was fought 18 Feb. 1782, the enemy having eleven ships to nine; on 12 April following, they had eighteen ships to eleven, and on 6 July, same year, they had fifteen ships to twelve. In all these conflicts the French were defeated. TRINIDAD, an island in the West Indies, discovered by Columbus in 1498, was taken from the Spaniards by sir Walter Raleigh in 1595; by the French from the English in 1676. Taken by the British, with four ships of the line, and a military force under command of sir Ralph Abercromby, to whom the island capitulated, 18 Feb. 1797; they captured two, and burnt three Spanish ships of war in the harbour. This possession was confirmed to England by the peace of Amiens in 1802. The insurrection of the negroes occurred 4 Jan. 1832. Population in 1861, 84,438. Governor, Hon. Arthur H. Gordon, 1866; James R. Longden, 1870. TRINITY AND TRINITARIANS. Theophilus, bishop of Antioch, who flourished in the 2nd century, was the first who used the term Trinity, to express the three sacred persons in the Godhead. His "Defence of Christianity" was edited by Gesner, at Zurich, in 1546. Watkins. An order of the Trinity, termed Mathurins, was founded about 1198 by John de Matha and Felix de Valois. The Trinity fraternity, originally of fifteen persons, was instituted at Rome by St. Philip Neri, in 1548. The act to exempt from penalties persons denying the doctrine of the Trinity (such as Unitarians and Swedenborgians) passed in 1813. TRINITY COLLEGES, see Cambridge, and Oxford. Trinity College, Dublin, called the University grant of the Augustine monastery of All Saints within the suburbs for erecting this college, conferred by queen Elizabeth, 1591. First stone laid by Thomas Smith, mayor of Dublin, 1 Jan. 1593. New charter, 1637. Made a barrack for soldiers, 1689. Burns. The principal or west front erected, 1759. Library erected, 1732. This college grants degrees upon examination without residence. The Roman Catholics desire exemption from mixed education and special privileges. Great changes were proposed by the Irish University bill, which was brought into parliament Feb. 1873, but withdrawn. Religious tests were abolished in the same year. TRINITY HOUSE, LONDON, founded by sir Thomas Spert, 1512, as an "association for piloting ships," was incorporated in 1514, and reincorporated in 1604, 1660, and 1685. The present Trinity House was erected in 1795. By their charter the brethren of the Trinity House have the power of examining, licensing, and regulating pilots, and of erecting beacons and lighthouses, and of placing buoys in the channels and rivers. Spert, the first master, died 8 Sept. 1541.-TRINITY HOUSES, originally guilds or fraternities, founded at Deptford, Hull, and Newcastle, were incorporated by Henry VIII., 1536-41. William Pitt Earl Spencer. Duke of Portland Earl Camden. Earl of Liverpool Marquis Camden RECENT MASTERS. TRINITY SUNDAY, the Sunday following Whitsunday. The festival of the Holy Trinity wa instituted by pope Gregory IV. in 828, on his ascending the papal chair, and is observed by the Latin and protestant churches on the Sunday next following Pentecost or Whitsuntide, of which, originally, it was merely an octave. The observance of the festival was first enjoined in the council of Arles, 1260. It was appointed to be held on the present day by pope John XXI. in 1334. TRINOBANTES, a British tribe which occupied Middlesex and Essex, and joined in opposing the invasion of Julius Caesar, 54 B.C.; but soon submitted. They joined Boadicea and were defeated by Suetonius Paulinus near London, 61. TRIPLE ALLIANCE was ratified between the States-General and England against France, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands; Sweden Triple Alliance, 23 Jan. 1668.-Another Triple afterwards joining the league, it was known as the Alliance was that between England, Holland, and Great Britain, Russia, and Austria, 28 Sept. 1795 TRIPOLI (three cities). I., in Syria, comprised three quarters built by the Tyrians, Sidonians, and Arabians; was taken by the Crusaders 1100, and made a county for Raymond of Toulouse. It was conquered by the Egyptians in 1832; restored to the Porte 1835; surrendered to the British 1841. II., a Turkish province, N. Africa, comprised the cities Sabrata, Ea (the present Tripoli, the capital), and Leptis (the ancient Tripolitana), after having been held by Greeks, Romans, Vandals, and Saracens, was conquered and annexed by the Turks 1551. Hamet Bey, pacha in 1741, made himself independent, and the government remained in his family till 1835, when Tripoli was restored to nominal subjugation to the sultan. Population (1871) about 1,150,000. Greeks, who committed dreadful cruelties, 5 Oct. TRIPOLITZA (Greece), was stormed by the 1821; retaken by the Egyptians, 30 June, 1825; given up to the Greeks, 1828. TRIREMES, galleys with three banks of oars, are said to have been invented by the Corinthians, 784 or 700 B.C. TRIUMPHS were granted by the Roman senate to generals of armies after they had won great victories. They were received into the city with great magnificence and public acclamations. There were the great, called the Triumph; and the less, the Ovation; see Ovation. TRIUMVIRATES, ROMAN. In 60 B.C., Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus formed a coali tion to rule the state. This lasted ten years, and the civil war ensued. The second triumvirate, 43 B.C., was formed by Octavius Cæsar, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, through whom the Romans totally lost their liberty. Lepidus was expelled in 36; Antony was subdued in 31, and Octavius made himself absolute; see Rome. In Feb. 1849, a triumvirate was appointed at Rome, consisting of Joseph Maz1807 zini, Armellini, and Saffi, which resigned on 1 July, 1809 1849, when the city was taken by the French. 1790 . 1806 1815 1828 TRIVIUM, see Arts. TROPPAU. TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF, in Austrian Silesia. The emperors Francis of Austria and Alexandria of Russia met at Troppau, 20 Oct. 1820. and The congress between them and the king of Prussia, against Naples, took place 10 Nov.; the conference was transferred to Laybach, as nearer to Italy, 17 Dec. 1820; see Laybach. TROUBADOURS AND TROUVERES (from troubar, trouver, to find or invent), the poets of the middle ages (from the 11th to the 15th century). The former flourished in the south of France and north of Spain, and used the Langue d'oc (that is, oc for oui, yes); the latter flourished in the north of France, and used the Langue d'oil (that is, oil for oui). The Troubadours produced romances, but excelled chiefly in lyric poetry; the Trouvères excelled in romances, several of which are extant; as, the Brut d'Angleterre, and the Rou, by Wace; the "Romance of the Rose," by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung. The Troubadours were usually accompanied by Jongleurs, who sang their masters' verses, with the accompaniment of the guitar. Histories of these French poets, and specimens of their works, have been published in France. These poets, although frequently very licentious, tended to promote civilisation during those warlike times. TROY or ILIUM, capital of the Troas, Asia Arrival of Scamander in Phrygia. Blair. Dardanus succeeds; builds Dardania Reign of Erichthonius . B.C. 1546 Reign of Tros; from whom the people are called Trojans, and the city Troas Ilus, his son, reigns; the city called Ilium. Reign of Laomedon Arrival of Hercules in Phrygia. Hesione delivered from the sea monster. Blair; Usher War of Hercules and Laomedon Reign of Priam or Podarces. Rape of Helen, by Alexander Paris, son of Priam, 20 years before the sacking of Troy. Homer's Iliad, book xxiv. Commencement of the invasion of the Greeks to recover Helen Troy taken and burnt in the night of the ith of June, i.e., 23rd of the month Thargelion. Parian Marbles. 408 years before the first Olympiad. Apollodorus, Hales, and Clinton, 1183; others. Eneas arrives in Italy. Lenglet. [Some time after the destruction of Troy, a new city was built with the same name, about thirty It was favoured stadia distant from the old site. by Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition, but never rose to much importance, and in the age of Strabo was nearly in ruins. Priestley.] Dr. Schliemann, during his excavations at Hissarlek in the Troad, discovered the remains of a very ancient city with temples, which he named "Novum Ilium" 1502 1480 1449 . 1374 1314 1260 1204 1193 1184 1183 A.D. 1872-3 The Romans introduced TROY WEIGHT. their ounce, our avoirdupois ounce, into Britain. The present ounce was brought from Grand Cairo into Europe, about the time of the Crusades, 1095, and was first adopted at Troyes, a city of France, It is used to weigh gold, silver, whence the name. The Troy weight, Scots, was and precious stones. established by James VI. (our James I.) in 1618; see Standard. TROYES (Central France), where a treaty was concluded between England, France, and Burgundy, whereby it was stipulated that Henry V. should marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI., be appointed regent of France, and, after the death of Charles, should inherit the crown, 21 May, 1420. Troyes was taken by the allied armies, 7 Feb. ; retaken by Napoleon, 23 Feb.; and again taken by the allies, 4 March, 1814. TRUCE OF GOD (Frera or Treuga Dei), a term given to a cessation of the private feuds and conflicts so general during the middle ages all over Europe, said to have been strongly advocated by the bishop of Aquitaine, in 1032. The clergy strenuously exerted their influence for the purpose. A synod at Roussillon, 1027, decreed that none should attack his enemy between Saturday evening (at Similar regulations were adopted in England, 1042 nones) and Monday morning (at the hour of prime). the time). The truce of God was confirmed by (sometimes Friday and Wednesday being chosen for many councils of the church, especially the Lateran Council, in 1179. TRUCK SYSTEM of paying workmen's wages, in goods (sold at "tommy shops") instead of money, was prohibited by parliament in 1831. By the Truck act a commission to inquire into its alleged prevalence was appointed; act passed 10 Aug. 1870. TRUMPET. Some of the Greek historians ascribe the invention of the trumpet to the Tyrrhenians, and others to the Egyptians. It was in First torches, then shells of fish, sounded like trumpets, were the Potter. The Jewish use in the time of Homer. signals in primitive wars. feast of trumpets was appointed 1490 B.C. (Lev. xxiii. 24). Offa, king of Mercia, is said to have had trumpets sounded before him when travelling, about A.D. 790. The speaking trumpet is said to have been used by Alexander the Great in 335 B.C.; improved by Kircher in A.D. 1652; by Salland, 1654; and philosophically explained by Morland, 1671. TRUMPET-FLOWER, Bignonia radicans, was brought hither from North America, about 1640. The Trumpet Honeysuckle, Lonicera sempervirens, came from North America in 1656. The Bignonia capensis was brought to England from the The Large-flowered TrumpetCape in 1823. flower, or Bignonia grandiflora, was brought from China in 1800. TRUSS. A transverse spring-truss for ruptures was patented by Robert Brand in 1771, and by The National Truss many other persons since. Society, to assist indigent persons, was established in 1786; and many similar societies since. TUAM (W. Ireland). St. Jarlath, the son of Loga, who lived about 501, is looked upon as the first founder of the cathedral of Tuam, though the abbey is said to have been founded in 487. The church was anciently called Tuaim-da-Gualand. In 1151, Edan O'Hoisin was the first archbishop, at least the first who received the pall, for some of his predecessors are sometimes called bishops of Connaught, and sometimes archbishops, by Irish historians. The see of Mayo was annexed to Tuam in 1559. Tuam is valued in the king's books, by an extent returned anno 28 Eliz., at 50l. sterling per Beatson. It ceased to be archiepiscopal, conformably with the statute 3 & 4 Will. IV., 1833; and is now a bishopric only, to which Killala and Achonry, a joint see, has been added; see Archbishops. annum. TUBULAR BRIDGES. The Britannia Tubular Suspension Bridge, then the most wonderful enterprise in engineering in the world, was constructed, 1846-50 (Mr. R. Stephenson and Mr. Fair. bairn, engineers), about a mile southward of the in the register of Alkmaer in Holland, that in 1639, Menai Strait Suspension Bridge. On the Britannia rock, near the centre of the Menai Strait, the surface of which is about ten feet above low water level, is built a tower two hundred feet above high water (commenced building, May, 1846), and on which rest two lines of tubes or hollow girders strong enough to bear their weight and laden trains in addition, the ends resting on the abutments on each shore; each tube being more than a quarter of a mile in length. The height of the tube within is thirty feet at the Britannia tower, diminishing to twenty-three feet at the abutments. The lifting of these tubes to their places was a most gigantic operation, successfully performed, 27 June, 1849 March, 1850 The first locomotive passed through At Chepstow, a railway tubular bridge A bridge or viaduct on the tubular principle (called the Albert viaduct) over the river Tamar at Ply 1846-8 1852 mouth, opened by the prince consort 2 May, 1859 The most stupendous tubular bridge in the world is that over the St. Lawrence, Canada; see Victoria Bridge. TUDELA (N. Spain). Near here marshal Lannes totally defeated the Spaniards, 23 Nov. 1808; see Ebro. TUDOR SOVEREIGNS; see England, 14851603. TUESDAY, in Latin Dies Martis, the day of Mars, the third day of the week, so called from Tuisto, Tiw, or Tuesco, a Saxon deity, worshipped on this day. Tuisto is mentioned by Tacitus; see Week Days. TUGENDBUND ("league of Virtue "), formed in Prussia soon after the peace of Tilsit, June, 1807, ostensibly for relieving the sufferers by the late wars, and for the revival of morality and patriotism, mainly by the instrumentality of the statesman von Stein, gradually became a formidable secret political society, opposed to the French predominance in Germany. Its head-quarters were at Königsberg. It excited the jealousy of Napoleon, who demanded its suppression in 1809. It was dissolved at the peace in 1815. TUILERIES (Paris), the imperial palace of France, commenced by Catherine de Medicis, after the plans of Philibert de l'Orme, 1564; continued by Henry IV.; and finished by Louis XIV. This palace was stormed by the mob, 10 Aug. 1792; and ransacked in the revolutions of July, 1830, and Feb. 1848. Louis Napoleon made it his residence in 1851, and greatly renovated it. The restoration of the Tuileries (much injured by fire by the communists, May 1871), was determined on Oct. 1872. TULIPS, indigenous in the east of Europe, came to England from Vienna about 1578. It is recorded *The Britannia tubular bridge was intended to supply the place of one of the finest bridges in the kingdom: and the railway, of which the tubular bridge forms a part, is in like manner a substitute for one of the finest mail-coach roads ever constructed. The road from London to Holyhead has been long regarded as the highway from the British metropolis to Dublin; and the late Mr. Telford was applied to by the government to perfect this route by the London and Holyhead mailcoach road, which he did by erecting a beautiful suspension bridge over the river Conway and over the Menai Strait; commenced in July, 1818, and finished in July, 1825. 120 tulips, with the offsets, sold for 90,000 florins: and that one, called the Viceroy, sold for 4203 guilders! The States stopped this ruinous trate. The tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, was brought to England from America, about 1663. TUNBRIDGE WELLS (Kent). The springs were discovered, it is stated by Dudley, lord North, who, when very ill, was restored to health by the use of the waters, 1606. The wells were visited by the queens of Charles I. and II., and soon became fashionable. TUNGSTEN (also called wolfram and scheelium), a hard whitish brittle metal. From tungstate of lead, Scheele in 1781 obtained tungstic acid, whence the brothers De Luyart in 1786 obtained the metal. In 1859 it was employed in making a new kind of steel. TUNIS (N. Africa) stands nearly on the site of Carthage. Tunis was besieged by Louis IX., of France, who died near it 25 Aug. 1270. It remained under African kings till taken by Barbarossa, for Solyman the Magnificent, 1531. Barbarossa was expelled, by the emperor Charles V., when 10,000 Christian slaves were set at liberty, June 1535The country was recovered by the Turks under Selim II. The bey of Tunis was first appointed in 1574; Tunis was reduced by admiral Blake, on the bey refusing to deliver up the British captives, 1655. In July, 1856, the bey agreed to make constitutional reforms. He died 22 Sept. 1859; and the oath of fidelity to the constitution. An insurrection broke out 18 April, 1864, and in May the European powers sent ships of war to protect their subjects. Tunis, previously a regency, and often insubordinate, was decreed to be an integral part of the empire, 23 Oct. 1871. his brother and successor Mohamed Essadok took TUNNAGE AND POUNDAGE were ancient duties levied on every tun of wine and pound of other goods, imported or exported, and were the origin of our "customs." They commenced in England about 1346, and were granted to the kings for life, beginning with Edward IV. Charles I. gave great offence by levying them on his own authority, 1628. They were granted to Charles II. for his lifetime, 24 June, 1660. By the act 27 Geo. III. c. 13, these and other duties were repealed, 1787, and a new arrangement of excise and customs was introduced. TUNNELS, for drainage, are ancient. The earliest tunnel for internal navigation was executed by M. Riguet, in the reign of Louis XIV., at Bezières in France. The first in England was by Mr. Brinley, on the duke of Bridgewater's navigation, near Manchester, about 1766. Project of the Gravesend tunnel, 1800-the report upon it, 1801. The Thames Tunnel was projected by Mr. Brunel in 1823, and opened for foot passengers, 25 March, 1843; see Thames Tunnel. Innumerable tunnels have been made for railways. The railway tunnel at Liverpool was completed in the middle of 1829, lit up with gas, and exhibited once a week. On the London and Birmingham railway there are eight tunnels (the Primrose-hill, Watford, Kilsby, &c.), their total length being 7336 yards. Smiles. It was computed by Mr. Fowler, that there were 80 miles of tunnels in the United Kingdom in 1865, which cost about 6,500,000l., at the average of 457. a yard; see Alps and Thames. A tunnel for a |