plantations) began, much land being granted to the corporation of London; see Irish Society. The rebellion of the Irish chieftains, Roger More, Phelim O'Neale, McGuire, earl of Inniskillen, and others, broke out on 23 Oct. 1641. Ulster King of Arms appointed for Ireland, 1553.-By the ancient "Ulster tenant-right," the outgoing tenant of a farm received from his successor a sum of money for the privilege of occupancy. A modified form of this right was adopted in the Irish land act, passed 8 July, 1870. ULTRAMONTANISTS (from ultra montes, beyond the mountains), a term originally applied in France to those who upheld the extreme authority of the pope in opposition to the freedom of the Gallican church, which had been secured by various bulls, and especially by the concordat of 15 July, 1801. Ultramontanists now are those who maintain the official infallibility of the bishop of Rome. UMBRELLA, described in early dictionaries a portable pent-house to carry in a person's hand to screen him from violent rain or heat." Umbrellas appear in the carvings at Persepolis. Niebuhr saw a great Arabian prince returning from a mosque, he and each of his family having a large umbrella carried by his side. Old chinaware shows the Chinese shaded by umbrellas. It is said that the first person who generally used an umbrella in the streets of London was the benevolent Jonas Hanway, who died in 1786. as 66 John Macdonald, a footman, who wrote his own life, in- but with little analogy to the modern dress. See UNIGENITUS, see Bull. SALTS. At the British Association, 15 Sept. 1859, MM. Versmann and Oppenheim announced their discovery that fabrics steeped in solutions of tungstate of soda, or sulphate or phosphate of ammonia, burn without flame. UNION OF CALMAR, 1397; of Utrecht, 1579UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND by the accession of James VI. of Scotland as James L. of England, 24 March, 1603. The legislative union of the two kingdoms (as Great Britain) was attempted, but failed in 1604 and 1670; in the reign of Anne, commissioners were appointed, the articles discussed, and, notwithstanding a great opposition made by the Tories, every article in the union was approved by a great majority, first in the house of commons, and afterwards by the peers, 22 July, 1706; was ratified by the Scottish parliament, io Jan. 1707, and became law, I May, same year. UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND effected, 2 July, 1800. 22 Jan. 1799 Proposed in the Irish parliament Lord Castlereagh detailed his plan of the union, in For attempts to dissolve this union, see Repeal. UNION JACK. The original flag of England was the banner of St. George, i.e., white with a red cross, which, 12 April, 1606 (three years after James I. ascended the throne) was incorporated with the banner of Scotland, .e., blue with a white diagonal cross. This combination obtained the name of Union Jack," in allusion to the union with Scotland, and the word Jack is considered a corrup tion of the word Jacobus, Jacques, or James. This arrangement continued until the union with Ireland, 1 Jan. 1801, when the banner of St. Patrick, i.e., white with a diagonal red cross, was amalgamated with it, and forms the present Union flag. UNION CHARGEABILITY ACT, pro relieving the poor in unions, was passed in June, 1865. One object of the act is the improvement of the dwellings of agricultural labourers. UNIFORMITY ACTS. That of 2 & 3 Edward VI., 15 Jan. 1549, ordained that the order of divine worship, drawn up by Cranmer and others, "with the aid of the Holy Ghost," should be the only one used after 20 May. The penalties for refusing to use it were fine and imprisonment. This act was confirmed in 1552; repealed by Mary, 1554; and re-enacted by Elizabethi in 1559. The act of Uniformity, 14 Charles II. c. 4, was passed inviding for the better distribution of the charge for 1662. It enjoined uniformity in matters of religion, and obliged all clergy to subscribe to the thirtynine articles, and use the same form of worship, and same book of common prayer. Its enforcement on 24 Aug. 1662, termed Black Bartholomew's day, caused upwards of 2000 ministers to quit the church of England. This day was commemorated by dissenters in 1862. The Act of Uniformity Amendment act, whereby shortened services were authorised, and other changes made, was passed 18 July, 1872. The Uniformity of Process act, which made many law changes, was passed 23 May, 1832. UNIFORMS. Military uniforms were first used in France, "in a regular manner," by Louis XIV. about 1668. In England the uniform was soon afterwards adopted in the military service, UNION RELIEF ACT, passed in 1862, continued in 1863, to enable boards of guardians of certain unions to obtain temporary aid to meet the extraordinary expenditure for relief occasioned by the distress in the cotton manufacturing districts. UNION APPEAL ASSOCIATION, IRELAND, see Repeal of the Union. UNIONISTS. A Spanish political party, long headed by marshal Serrano. In 1869 they advocated the election of the due de Montpensier as king. See Progresistas and Spain. UNIONS, see Poor, and Trades, UNIT, a gold coin, value 208., issued by James I. in 1604. UNITARIANS, termed Socinians from Lælius Socinus, who founded a sect in Italy about 1546. They profess to believe in and worship one only self-existent God, in opposition to those who worship the Trinity in unity. They consider Christ to have been a mere man; and do not admit the need of an atonement or of the complete inspiration of the Scriptures. Michael Servetus printed a tract in disparagement of the doctrine of the Trinity. In 1553, proceeding to Naples through Geneva, Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy. Servetus, refusing to retract his opinions, was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution, 27 May, 1553. Servetus is numbered among those anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, before Harvey established that doctrine. Matthew Hamont was burnt at Norwich for asserting Christ not to be the Son of God, I June, 1579. The Unitarians were numerous in Transylvania in the 17th century; they came to England about 1700, and many of the original English presbyterian churches became Unitarians about 1730. They were not included in the Toleration act till 1813. There were 229 congregations in England in 1851. Their tenets resemble those of the Arians and Socinians (which see). The Unitarian marriage bill was passed, June, 1827. In Dec. 1833, by a decision of the vice-chancellors the Unitarians (as such) lost the possession of lady Hewley's charity; the decision was affirmed on appeal in 1842. UNITED BRETHREN, see Moravians. UNITED IRISHMEN, a political society which met secretly, was formed to establish a republic about 1795. Theobald Wolf Tone, the founder, was captured by sir John Warren in the Hoche, one of six frigates destined to support the rebellion, in Oct. 1798. He anticipated his punishment by suicide in prison Nov. 1798. UNITED KINGDOM. England and Wales were united in 1283; Scotland to both in 1707; and the British realm was named the United Kingdom on the union of Ireland, I Jan. 1801; see Union.The UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE, for the total suppression of liquor traffic, was founded, I June, 1853. See Permissive Bill. The subscribed manifesto of this alliance occupied a page of the Times, II Dec. 1871. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, in Scotland, was formed 13 May, 1847; see Burghers, and Relief Church. UNITED PROVINCES (Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssell, and Guelderland), the deputies of which met at Utrecht, 23 Jan. 1579, and signed a treaty for their mutual defence; see Holland. UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION, Whitehall, London, was established in 1830. Its museum contains many remarkable military and naval relics. The lectures given are reported in its journal, which first appeared in 1857. The United Service Gazette first published 9 Feb. 1833. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA were so styled by the congress of the revolted British provinces, 9 Sept. 1776. Their flag was declared to be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white, and thirteen stars in a blue field, corresponding with the then number of states of the union, 20 June, 1777. The government of the United States is a pure democracy. Each of the 37 states has a sepation of its local affairs, but all are ruled in matters rate and independent legislature for the administrasenate, elected for six years, and the house of repreof imperial policy by two houses of legislature, the sentatives, elected for two years, to which delegates are sent from the different members of the conelected every fourth year by the free voice of the federacy. The president of the United States is people. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president on 4 Nov. 1860, was followed by the secession of eleven slaveholding states, and led to the great civil war, 1861-5; see Confederates, and below. The thirteen states of the union at the declaration of independence in 1776: the italics indicate the then slaveholding states; those with a prefixed, seceded from the federal government in 1860 and 1861, and were subdued in 1865. See Slavery in America. Slaves. Total. 2,009,050 12,858,670 1860. 3,204,313 23,191,876 1870 The senate is composed of 2 members for each state, elected for 6 years. The representatives in congress were formerly elected for 2 years in the ratio of 1 in 93,423 persons (five slaves were counted as three per ditto ditto ditto ditto sons); but this system ended with the abolition of slavery. In 1872 the number of representatives was raised from 233 to 283, to commence 3 March, 1873 Revenue. Total receipts, 1 July, 1854, to 30 June, 1855 1 July, 1858. to 30 June, 1859 1 July, 1862, to 30 June, 1863 1 July, 1865, to 30 June, 1866 June, 1870, 411,255,478 dollars. Expenditure.-1 July, 1854, to 30 June, 1855 1 July, 1858, to 30 June, 1859 ditto 1 July, 1862, to 30 June, 1863 ditto 1 July, 1865, to 30 June, 1866 ditto June, 1870, 309,653,561 dollars. Public Debt.-June, 1867, 2,515,615,936 dollars. ditto June, 1871, 2,292,030,835 dollars. ditto ARMY.-That which achieved independence was disbanded at the end of the war. In 1789, a war department was established, and in 1790 the army consisted of 1216 men for the Indian frontier. In 1808. the militia was newly equipped. When war with Great Britain was declared on 18 June, 1812, 35,000 men were voted; and this army was disbanded at the peace in 1815. Armies were voted for the wars in 1833 and and 1835, afterwards disbanded. In 1855, Army, 11,658. Militia, 1,873,558. Fleet, 72 vessels (2290 guns). In 1860, the United States Militia were 3,070,987. Fleet, 92 vessels (of all kinds); in Oct. 1862, 256 vessels of war. Federal Army, 29 July, 1861, estimated at 660,971. In Dec. 1862, nearly 1,000,000 men. In April, 1865, about 1,500,000, at the end of the war, when the reduction began at once. Number of soldiers in 1867, 54,890; in July, 1871, 32,135 men. Fleet, in July, 1867, 261 vessels of all kinds, 2218 guns; Jan. 1871, 179 vessels, 1440 guns. Act of the British parliament, imposing new heavy duties on imports 11 March, 1764 Obnoxious stamp act passed First American congress held at New York, June; the stamp-act resisted Stamp-act repealed 22 March, 1765 1 Nov. 18 March, 1766 14 June, 1767 British act, levying duties on tea, paper, painted glass, &c. Gen. Gates sent to Boston. . Oct. 1768 Dec. 1773 840 chests of tea destroyed by the populace at General Howe takes Long Island, 27 Aug.; new 25 Dec. The Hessians surrender to Washington Washington defeated at Brandywine 65,003,930 dollars. 53,405,071 dollars. 888,082,128 dollars. 1,273,960,215 dollars. 56.365.303 dollars66,346,226 dollars. 714,709,996 dollars. 1,141,072,666 dollars. abbey. Impartial judges justify the severity of this punishment.] American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston founded 1780 The federal government accepted by all the states, 1 March; congress assembles 2 March, 1781 Cornwallis defeats Green at Guildford, 15 March; Arnold defeats the Americans at Eutaw 8 Sept. Surrender of lord Cornwallis and his whole army of 7000 men to generals Washington and Rochambeau, at Yorktown. 19 Oct. Arrival of sir Guy Carleton to treat for peace, 5 May; provisional articles signed at Paris by commissioners 30 Nov. 1782 Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, 3 Sept. 1783; ratified by congress Fort Détroit taken A federal government adopted by congress 15 Nov. The states recognised by France 16 Dec. Alliance with France 6 Feb. 1778 June, 3 March, 1779 13 May, 1780 16 Aug. 2 Oct. The king's troops quit Philadelphia. Americans defeated at Brier's Creek Charleston surrenders to the British. Cornwallis defeats Gates at Camden Major André hanged as a spy [André (born 1751) was an adjutant-general in the British army, and was taken in disguise on his return from a secret expedition to the traitorous American general Arnold, 23 Sept. 1780. He was sentenced to execution as a spy by a court of general Washington's officers at Tappan, New York, and suffered death, 2 Oct. following. His remains were removed to England in a sarcophagus, 10 Aug. 1821, and interred in Westminster 19 Aug. 21 Aug. The British sloop Frolic taken by the American sloop Wasp. 18 Oct. The ship United States of 54 guns, great calibre (commodore Decatur), captures the British frigate Macedonia Battles of Frenchtown (which see). 25 Oct. 22-24 Jan. 1813 The Hornet captures the British sloop of war Peacock 25 Feb. Fort Erie and Fort George abandoned by the British, 27 May, The American frigate Chesapeake captured by the Shannon frigate, captain Broke June, At Burlington Heights, Americans defeated, 6 June, H.M. sloop Pelican takes the sloop Argus 14 Aug. Buffalo town burnt by the British Dec. "" 39 19 May, 1848 March, 1849 Gen. Zachary Taylor, 12th president Riot at the theatre, New York, occasioned by the dispute between Mr. Forrest and Mr. Macready, 10 May, Proclamation of the president against the marauding expedition to Cuba 11 Aug. [Lopez, a Spanish adventurer, landed 600 men at Cuba; after a short but obstinate struggle they took the town of Cardenas; and soon after had a land engagement with some Spanish soldiers, in which many of them were killed or taken prisoners; the others embarked with Lopez in the Creole steamer, and thus escaped from a Spanish war steamer, the Pizarro, May, 1850.] The French ambassador dismissed from Washington, 14 Sept. Treaty with England for a transit way across Panamá (see Bulwer), 19 April; ratified President Zachary Taylor dies; death of M. Cal houn union 4 July, 1850 31 March, March, 15 Aug. Aug. Millard Fillmore, 13th president California admitted a state Fugitive slave bill passed. President Fillmore issues a second proclamation against the promoters of a second expedition to Cuba, and the ship Cleopatra, freighted with military stores destined for that island, is seized, 25 April, 1851 Census of the United States taken, the population ascertained to amount to 23,347,884, in the whole 16 June, Henry Clay, American statesman, dies 29 June, Failure of the second expedition against Cuba by Lopez and his followers; they are all defeated and taken; 51 are shot by the Cuban authorities, Lopez is garotted, and the rest are sent prisoners to Spain, where, after some negotiation, they are mercifully set at liberty (see Cuba) Aug.-Sept. J. F. Cooper, American novelist, dies 14 Sept. The president issues a proclamation against the sympathisers with the revolutionary movement in Mexico 22 Oct. Part of the capitol of Washington, and the whole of the library of the United States congress, destroyed by fire .24 Dec. M. Kossuth, the Hungarian chief, arrives at Wash " 39 Y Y lish at the Chinese engagement on the river Peiho, saying, "Blood is thicker than water," 25 June, 1859 Gen. Ward, the United States envoy, goes to Pekin, but does not see the emperor. July, ington, on the invitation of the United States legislature Stowe 30 Dec. 1851 Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Mrs. 20 March, 1852 The dispute with England relating to the Fisheries occurs about this time; Mr. Webster's note,upon the subject Lone Star Society (see Lone Star). The United States Ship Crescent City 14 July, Aug. boarded at Great fire at New York-Great Republic stroyed Astor Library, New York, opened 18 Dec. clipper de 26 Dec. 9 Jan. 1854 William Walker proclaims the republic of Sonora divided into two states-Sonora and Lower California 18 Jan. American steamer Black Warrior seized at Cuba, 28 Feb. The Spanish government remitted the fine, but considered the seizure legal April, Commercial treaty concluded between Japan and United States by commodore Perry (sent there for the purpose). 23 March, Reciprocity treaty between Great Britain and United States (respecting Newfoundland fishery, international trade, &e.) concluded 7 June, Captain Hollins in American sloop Cyane, bombards San Juan de Nicaragua 13 July, . Negotiation for the annexation of the Sandwich Islands. Oct. Gen. Harney sends troops to San Juan Island, near Vancouver's Island, "to protect the American settlers; moderation of the British, who have a naval force at hand; governor Douglas also sends troops. 27 July, Insurrection at Harper's Ferry 16 Oct. [John Brown, called captain Brown and old Brown. was a prominent leader in the violent conflicts in Kansas, during the agitation respecting the question of its becoming a slave state. He was a monomaniac on the slavery question, and contended that all means for annihilating slavery were justifiable. He gathered together a band of desperate characters, who so much annoyed Missouri and other slave states, that a reward was offered for his head. He had arranged for the successful issue of the insurrection above mentioned, so far as to devise a provisional government and a new constitution. On 16 Oct. he and his band, aided by a mob, seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, a town on the borders of Virginia and Maryland, stopped the railway trains, and cut the telegraph wires; a conflict with the military ensued, when many of the insurgents were killed. Temporary panic in southern states.] Gen. Harney superseded by gen. Scott at San Juan, who makes conciliatory overtures; accepted by governor Douglas. Death of Washington Irving 1 Feb. 1800 President Buchanan protests against a proposed in quiry into his acts Companions of John Brown executed The national republican convention Chicago; Abraham Lincoln chosen as candidate for the presidency 28 March, March, meet at 23 16 May, Dreadful election riots in Kansas, March and April, 1855 Indian war: they are defeated 25, 29 April, Dispute with British government on enlistment (see Foreign Legion) July, Gen. Harney gains a victory over the Sioux Indians, 3 Sept. Senator Charles Sumner savagely assaulted by senator Preston Brooks in the senate-house for speaking against slavery 2 May, 1856 Mr. Crampton, British envoy, dismissed, 28 May, John C. Fremont nominated the " Republican" candidate for the presidency. 17 Jult, Battle in Kansas; the slavers (under capt. Reid) Lord Napier appointed British envoy to United Disorganised state of Utah; troops march to sup- Japanese embassy received by the president at Washington The national democratic convention meet at Baltimore; a large number of delegates secede; the remainder nominate Stephen Douglas as president the seceders nominate John Breckinridge, 18 June, The Great Eastern arrives at New York 23 June, The prince of Wales arrives at Detroit in the United States, 20 Sept.; visits Washington, 3 Oct.; Philadelphia, 9 Oct.; New York, 11 Oct; Boston, 17 Oct.; embarks at Portland 20 Oct. Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate, elected 16th president (see Southern Confederacy), 6 Nov. [303 electors are appointed to vote for a president; 152 to be a majority. The numbers were, for A. Lincoln, 180; John C. Breckinridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12.] Intense excitement at Charleston, South Carolina, and in other southern states. South Carolina secedes from the union Major Anderson, of United States army, occupies Fort Sumter in Carolina. 26 Dec. Delegates from South Carolina not received by the president 30 Dec. Vacillating policy of president Buchanan; the secretaries Cass, Cobb, Floyd, and Thompson resign, Dec. 1860-Jan. 1861 New York and other northern states protest against the secession; a general fast proclaimed; observed |